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Sun rise 12عبدالعزیزzwnjهاشمzwnjمیكائیل ئامادهzwnjكردنی zwnj
07504411840مۆبایلzwnj1-grammar2-readings3-episode4-vocabulary5-sounds
شیكردنه وه و شیوازی پرسیاری هه لبژاردن
Unite one grammargiving instructions رينماييzwnjكردن
بؤرينماييzwnjكردنzwnjئةمzwnjووش-انةzwnjبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjثييانzwnjدة-وتريتzwnjzwnjzwnjئاوة-لفرمانيzwnjريزكردن
Adverbs of sequensing 1-first 2يةكةمجارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj -then 3دواترzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj - after that ثاشيzwnjئةوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj 4-next 5ئينجاzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj -finally لةكؤتاييداbull ثيويستة شيوازي بةكارهينانيان بةريز بيت وةكو سةرةوة ئةطينا هةلة
دةردةضيتbull thenلةدواي هةموو ئةوانةي سةرةوة فاريزة ديت جطة لة
bull لةدواي ئةم ووشانةي سةرةوةش ئةم برطانة بةكار دةهينريت بؤئةوةي رستةكة تةواو دةربضيت
bull 1-you have to +(infinitive without to )to ضاوط ديت بةبيbull 2- you need to +(infinitive without to )to ضاوط ديت بةبي bull 3- you should +(infinitive without to )to ضاوط ديت بةبي
Giving instruction كردن رێنمایی یاسایAdverbs of squencing +you needto يانyou shouldيانyou have to +infinitive (with out to )
+object
For completing a landing card بؤئة-وةيzwnjكةسيكzwnjشارةزاzwnjبكة-يzwnjلةضؤنيةتيzwnjثركردنةوةيzwnjzwnjكارتيzwnjطةيشتنzwnjبةوالتيكFirst you have to fill in your name يةكةمجارzwnjثيويستةzwnjناويzwnjخؤتzwnjبنوسيThen you need to write your flight details دواترzwnjزانيارةكانيzwnjطةشتيzwnjئاسمانيةكانتzwnjبنوسيAfter that you add your address in the countryثاشيzwnjئةوzwnjناونيشانيzwnjخؤتzwnjلةمzwnjوآلتة-zwnjدةنوسي
must تيبينيتةنها لةو كاتة بةكار دةهينين كة زؤر بةهيز رينمايي كةسيك بكةينئةطةر زؤر بةكاري بهينين
ئةوا بيسةرةكةي تورة دةكات youواتة ثيويستة وةكو فرمان ثيكردن واية بؤنمونة must ضونكة
must fill the form mustشيوازي ثرسيار بؤ bull
bull Qfor strong instruction You helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Fill all the forms (a- need to b- have to c- must d-should )bull Qgive strong instruction You helliphelliphelliphelliphellip visit the police station (a- have to b- must c- should d- need)
رينمايي كردنbull تيبيني
بؤ ئاوةلفرمانةكاني تر دةتوانين لة دوايان تةنها ئةوو فرمانة)كار( دابنيين كة bullطرنطةبؤنمونة
bull After that add your address لةثيش فرمان دادةنيين بؤنموونةyouبةالم زؤربةي جار تيبينيbull
bull After that you add your addressbull ئةطةر كؤمةليك ريناييمان هةبيت لةدواي يةكتر ئةوا بةم شيوةية ئاوةلفرامانةكان تيبيني
ينبةكار دةهين bull First of all you (have to) go to the traffic lights يةكةمجار برؤ بؤ ترافيك اليتةكةbull
bullThen you (need to) turn left and go to the roundabout دواتر ثيويستة بةالي ضةثدا برؤي هةروةها بةدةوري فلكةكة بسورييةوة
bull After that you (should) turn right ثاش ئةودةبيت الي راست بطري
bull Finally you take the first left and yoursquoll see it opposite youلة كؤتاييدا يةكةم فلكةي الي ضةث بطرة دةكةويتة بةرامبةر تؤ bull
bull Qhelliphelliphelliphelliphellip you need to fill in your namehelliphelliphelliphellip you should write your addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphellip you have to sign in the bottom
bull ) a- first finally then b-finally then first c- first then finally d- finally first then )
bull Qhelliphelliphelliphellip You have to write your cv helliphelliphelliphellip you need to go to the officehelliphelliphelliphellip you should give it to them
bull (a-after that next first b- first after that next c- next first after that d- first next after that)
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن
Making suggestion ثيشنيارzwnjكردنضوار ياسامان هةية بؤ شيوازي ثيشنيار كردن
1-what about + v(ing ) بة o + فرمانEx what about going to JordanEx what about having coffee
( ing ئةم شيوازة بةوة جيا دةكريتةوة لةواني دي كة فرمانةكةي )تيبيني whyثيوةيةهةروةها لة كؤتاييدا نيشانةي ثرسيار هةيةجياوازي لةطةل
not ئةوةية كة فرمانةكةي ingثيوةية واتة ضاوط نية شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن
Q helliphelliphelliphellip eating food (a- why not b- lets c- what about d- I suggest )Qwhat about helliphelliphelliphellip foot ball ( a- play b- to play c- playing d-played )
2-why not + baseضاووط +o
Ex why not visit Duhok Ex why not watch the weekly program
لةمzwnjشيوازةداzwnjفرمانةكةzwnjضاووطةzwnjzwnjهةروةهاzwnjلةzwnjتيبينيzwnjbull whatكؤتاييzwnjنيشانةيzwnjثرسيارzwnjدانراوةzwnjجياوازيzwnjلةطةلzwnj
aboutئةوةيةzwnjكةzwnjفرمانةيzwnjضاووطةzwnjواتةzwnjzwnjingثيوةzwnjنيةzwnjQhelliphelliphelliphellip stay at my home ( a- what about b- why not c- lets d- I suggest )Qwhy not helliphelliphelliphellip For walk ( a- going b- to go c- went d- go )Q Your friends have vacation suggest to have picnic at Dokan (a- why not having picnic b-why not have to picnic c-why not have picnic at dokan d- why not go to picnic for Shaqlawa
ثيشنياركردن3- Letrsquos + base +oEx Lets find out about flightsEx lets read the story
لةم شيوازةدا ئةوياساية شيوازي ثرسيار نية فرمانةكةي تيبينيbullضاووطة
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip talk about the problem ( a- why not b- what about c- Lets d- I suggest )QLets helliphelliphelliphellip a piece of cake ( a- eating b- eat c- to eat d- eats ) Q helliphelliphellip have a rest Yoursquove been working hard( a- what about b- why not c- I suggest d- lets )Qyour friend is sick suggest to him to go to doctor(a- I suggest to go to doctor b- I am suggesting to go to doctor c- lets go to doctor d- I suggest go to doctor)
4- I suggest (you we )+base +o
ExI suggest you check prices on the internetEx I suggest we listen for some musicEx I suggest that you play tennis
جياوازي ئةم ياساية لةوداية كة بكةر لةثيش فرمان هةية هةروةها تيبنيي فرمانةكة ضاووط دةبيتبةوة جيا دةكريتةوة لةواني تر كة شيوازي ثرسيار
( لة نيوان ئامرازي ثيشنيار وفرمانةكة you weنية هةروةها بكةر ) ( بةكار بهينينI suggest( لة دSواي )thatدةيتهةروةها دةتوانين )
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردSنbull Qhelliphelliphelliphelliphellip You visit the tower ( a- I suggest b- what about c- why
not d- lets )bull Q I suggest helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a picnic ( a- have b- you have c- to have d-
having )bull Q you are tired helliphelliphelliphellipyou have a rest ( a- what about b- I suggest
c- lets d- why not )
comparative and superlative forms شيوازةكانيzwnjثلةيzwnjبةراوردzwnj)باال(وباالترين
zwnjzwnjشيوازةكانيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjئاوةلفرمانzwnjوئاوةلناوzwnjبؤzwnjثلةكانيzwnjباآلzwnjتيبيني((comparative((وباآلترينzwnjsuperlativeبةمzwnjشيوةيةzwnjدةبيتzwnjzwnjer-ئةطةرzwnjئاوةلفرمانةكةوئاوةلناوةكةzwnjلةيةكzwnjبرطةzwnjثيكهاتبووzwnjئةواzwnjتةنهاzwnjzwnj1
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjزيادzwnjدةكريتestبؤzwnjزيادzwnjدةكريتzwnjلةzwnjثلةيzwnjباالzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةثلةيzwnjباالترينzwnj-ئةمzwnjئاوةلفرمانzwnjوئاوةلناوةيzwnjكةzwnjكؤتاييانzwnjبةzwnjثيتيzwnjنةبزوينzwnjzwnjهاتبووzwnj2
zwnjلةzwnjثلةيzwnjestلةثلةيzwnjباالوzwnjzwnjzwnjerلةثيشيzwnjئةوzwnjهةرzwnjنةبزوينzwnjهاتبووzwnjئةواzwnjتةنهاzwnjzwnjيانtall ndashtaller ndash the tallest))باالترينzwnjبؤيzwnjزيادzwnjدةكةينzwnjzwnjنمونةzwnj
zwnj(old-older ndashthe oldestzwnj)يانzwnj(fast ndashfaster ndashthe fastest)
zwnjzwnjهاتبووzwnjئةواzwnjتةنهاzwnje-ئةطةرzwnjئاوةلفرمانzwnjيانzwnjئاوةلناوةكةzwnjكؤتاييzwnjبةzwnjثيتيzwnj3zwnjzwnjrزيادzwnjدةكةينzwnjلةzwnjثلةيzwnjباالzwnjوzwnjstبؤzwnjزيادzwnjدةكةينzwnjلةzwnjثلةيzwnjباالترينبؤنمونةzwnjzwnjbullzwnj(Large-larger-the largest)zwnj(يانzwnjnice-nicer ndashthe nicest)-ئةطةرzwnjئاوةلفرمانةكةzwnjيانzwnjئاوةلناوةكةzwnjكؤ-تاييzwnjبةzwnjثتيكيzwnjنةبزوينzwnjهاتبووzwnj4
بةآلمzwnjلةzwnjثيشيzwnjئةوzwnjثيتيكيzwnjبزوينzwnjهاتبووzwnjئةواzwnjثيتيzwnjنةبزوينzwnjدةبيتةzwnjدةبلzwnjzwnjبؤzwnjزيادzwnjدةكةينzwnjzwnjنمونةzwnjzwnjestيانzwnjerئينجاzwnj
bull(big-bigger ndashthe biggest)zwnj(يانzwnjfat ndashfatter ndashthe fattest)يانzwnjzwnjbull(thin-thinner ndash the thinnest)
comparative and superlative forms شيوازةكانيzwnjثلةيzwnjبةراوردzwnj)باال(وباالترين
zwnjzwnjzwnjyهاتبووzwnjوة-لةzwnjثيش-يzwnjثيتيzwnjنةبزوينzwnjهةبووzwnjئةواzwnjy-ئةطةرzwnjكؤتاييzwnjبةzwnjثيتي-zwnj5zwnjzwnjzwnjبؤzwnjزيادzwnjدةكريتzwnjوةكوzwnjzwnjestيانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjerئينج-اzwnjzwnjiدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjثيتيzwnj
bullHappy-happier-the happiestيانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjsilly ndashsillier ndash the silliestzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjوة-كوzwnjly-هةنديzwnjئاوةلناوzwnjدة-طؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjئاوة-لف-رمانzwnjتةنهاzwnjبةzwnjزيادzwnjكردنيzwnjzwnj6
quick+ly= quicklyيانzwnjzwnjhappy +ly = happilyيانzwnjcareful+ly=carefullyzwnjzwnjوةردةطرنzwnjولةzwnjثلةيzwnjzwnjmoreلةzwnjثلةيzwnjباالzwnjly-ئةمzwnjئاوة-لفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjكؤتاييzwnjبةzwnjzwnj7
zwnjوةردةط-رنzwnjضونكةzwnjلةzwnjيةكzwnjبرطةzwnjزياترنzwnjوة-كوzwnjmostباالترينzwnjbullQuickly-more quickly-most quicklyيانzwnjbullcarefully ndashmore carefully ndashmost care fully
zwnjmore-بةهةمانzwnjشيوة-zwnjئةمzwnjئاوة-لناوانةيzwnjكةzwnjلةيةكzwnjبرطةzwnjزياترzwnjبؤzwnjثلةيzwnjباالzwnj8bullzwnjوةردةطرنوةكوmostوةردة-طرنzwnjوبؤzwnjثلةيzwnjباالترينzwnj
bullSuccessful-more successful-most successfulيانzwnjzwnjzwnjbullzwnjbeautiful ndash more beautiful ndashmost beautifulzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjmostيانzwnjzwnjzwnjmoreيانzwnjبةzwnjestيانzwnjer-هةنديzwnjئاوةلناوzwnjهةنzwnjناياسايينzwnjواتةzwnjبةzwnjهؤيzwnjzwnj9
ناطؤرينzwnjzwnjبةلكوzwnjبةناياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبؤيةzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjئةوانةzwnjلةبةرzwnjبكرينzwnjوةكوbullzwnjGood ndashbetter ndashthe bestيانzwnjzwnjzwnjbad ndashworse ndashthe worst
comparative and superlative forms شيوازةكانيzwnjثلةيzwnjبةراوردzwnj)باال(وباالترين
بؤ باال )بةراورد(بةكار دةهينين ووشةي lessبؤ كةمكرنةوةي شتيك لةضاو شتيكي تر ووشةي bullleast بؤ ثلةي باالترين بةكار دةهينين
بؤنمونة bull this one is less successful than thatلةثلةي بةراورد ئةكةر بليين ئةمة كةمترزيرةكترة لةوة bull
one this one is least successfulلةثلةي باالترين ئةطةر بليين ئةوة كةمترينة لة زيرةكي دةليين bull بةكارهيناني لةرستةداتيبيني bull هةيةكة لةدواي )ئاوةلفرمان than-لة ورستةيةي كة ثلةي باالية )بةراورد(ة ووشةي 1 bull
وئاولناوةكة( ديت- لةرستةي باال بةراورد لةنيوان دوو شت دةكريت واتة بةزؤري لةرستةكة دوو ناو هةية 2 bullTom is taller than me نمونة bullHe is more beautiful than his brother يان bull لة رستةي ثلةي باالترين واتة شتيك لةهةموو ئةواني تر باشترة بةزؤري لةثيش تيبيني bull
ديت وتةنيا يةك ناو لة رستةكةدا هةية theئاوةلناوةكة يان ئاوةلفرمانكة نمونة bull
bull Ex -China has the best economy in the eastbull Ex -Kurdistan is the most beautiful on earth
Noun1+ auxiliaries+ comparative adjective or adverb +than +noun2
(ياسايzwnjثلةيzwnjباالzwnj)بةراورد ) auxiliaries verb to be(is am are) verb to have(has have)
Ex Dana is taller than DaraEx Iraq has larger population than SyriaEx The Chinese now have a better life than their parents did
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQShaqlawa is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip than Koya ( a- bigger b- big c- the biggest d- too big )Q Japan have helliphelliphelliphellipeconomy than Jordan ( a- most developed b- more developed c- developed b- too developed)
( ياساي ثلةي باالترين)S+ auxiliaries+ the + superlative adjective or adverbئاولناويانzwnjئاوةلفرمانيzwnjثلةيzwnj
o+ ((باالترين
Ex He is the best man in the cityEx Dana is the most important person in the office
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQHe is the helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipstudent ( a- better b- good c-best d- bad )Q We have the helliphelliphelliphellip country ( a- more beautiful b-most beautiful c- beautiful d- not beautiful )
past simple and past perfect tenses رابردوويzwnjسادةzwnjورابردووةzwnjتةواوةكانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj
past simpleرابردوويzwnjسادةzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارديت بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كةلة رابردوو روويدا بيتbull
(S + v(ed) + o ياساكة ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+فرماني رابردوو +تةواوكةر ( Ex he played the game Ex they arrived early
رستةي رابردووي سادة لةطةل ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةزؤري دةناسريتةوة bullhellipago five centuries ago ten days ago 4 months ago 11 hours ago+ كاتEx I visited him ten months agoEx I saw the film 2 years agohelliphellipin 1994 in 2010 in 1990 سالة رابردووةكانEx I was born in 1985Ex She became a teacher in 2005Yesterday واتة دوينيEx I met him yesterdayEx They released the man yesterdayLast+كات last year last week last month last ten days بةم شيوةيةش دةبيت night before lasthelliphellipEx Tom won the price last yearEx The war started last weekشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip London last month (a- arrive b- arrives c- arrived d- to arrive)Q We helped the boy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- tomorrow b- next morning c- today d- yesterday)
Present perfect بردووي تةواوSرانة
رانةبردوويzwnjتةواوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjبؤzwnjرووداويكzwnjكةلةzwnjكاتيكيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjلةzwnjرابردووzwnjbullروويداوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjروونzwnjنيةzwnjكةيzwnjبةتةواويzwnjروودياوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjتاوةكوzwnjئيستاzwnj
بةردةوامةS + have يانzwnjhas + pp + o ياسايةكةzwnjثيكهاتووةzwnjلة Ex The population has increased to about 300 millionEx They have escaped from the jail
بةكارzwnjدينzwnjبةآلمzwnjfor sinceتيبينيzwnjلةطةلzwnjئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjهةردووzwnjووشةيzwnjzwnjbullهةريةكيكيانzwnjبؤzwnjمةبةستيكيzwnjدياريكراوة
Forبؤماوةيةكيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj for 10 days for two years for seven weeks helliphelliphelliphellipEx NY has remained Americarsquos top city for nearly 200 yearsEx We have stayed at London for two weeksSince بؤzwnjكاتيكيzwnjدياريكراوzwnj since 2010 since last night since January helliphelliphelliphelliphellipEx She has lived there since 2010Ex They have occupied our country since 2003
zwnjzwnjهةنديzwnjووشةيzwnjترzwnjلةzwnjطةلzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواوzwnjبةكارzwnjدينzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjتيبينيbullثةيوةنديzwnjلةنيوانzwnjرووداويكzwnjzwnjلةzwnjرابردوولةzwnjئيستاzwnjدروستzwnjبكريتzwnjووشةكانzwnj
ئةمانةن Already just now not hellip yetS + (have يانhas )+ already يانjust يانnow + pp +oئةمةzwnjياسايzwnjئةمzwnjسيzwnjووشةيةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has just visited her uncleEx We have already finished the jobEx Asians have now become NYrsquos newest immigrant group
Present perfect رانةبردووي تةواو
S + haveيان has+ not +p p +yet Not hellipyet ياساي ئةمةExHe hasnt finished the job yetEx I havenrsquot seen the man yet
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQHe has helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the job ( a- did b- do c- done d- does)Q The boy helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the game ( a- has won b- have won c- is win d- to win )Q Use already in this sentence I see him ( a- I already see him b- I see him already c- I have already seen him d-I am already see him ) Q we havenrsquot fished helliphelliphelliphellip ( a- just b- yet c- already d- now)Q I have lived there since helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ( a- four days b- ten months c-now d- January)
Present perfect continuous تةواويرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
ئةم ياساية بؤ ئةوةية نيشان بدةين كةوا رووداويك لةرابردوو روويداوةو تاوةكو bullئيستاش بةردةوامة بؤ جةخت كردنةوة ليي
هةروةها بؤ ئةوة بةكارديت بؤ نيشانداني ئةوةي كة ماوةكة دروودريذ بووةbullS + has have +been +v(ing ) +o ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام Ex I have been waiting for 2 hours ضاوةروان كردن بؤ ماوةيةكي دووروودريذ Ex We have been living there ten monthsEx It has been raining Ex Asian immigrant numbers have been increasing steadily شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن Q I have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip for long time ( a- waiting b- been waiting c- waits d-been waited )Q The woman helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 hours ( a- has been waiting b- wait c- have been waiting d- is waited )Q I have watched the movie change to present perfect continuous(a- I am watching the movie b- I was watching the movie c- I have been watching the movie d- I watched the movie )
Past perfect ةواوترابردوويzwnj zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj
بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لة ثيش رووداويكي تر لة رابردوو روويداوة ليرةدا bullرستةيةكيان رابردووي سادةية وئةوةي تر رابردووي تةواوةرستةي رابردووي تةواو ثيش رابردووي
سادة روويداوةدةتوانين بؤ نيشانداني ثةيوةندي نيوان كاتةكان ئةم دوو ووشةية بةكار بهينين كةلة ثيشةوةي رستةكة
Until byدادةنرين S + had +pp +o ياساي رابردووي تةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjUntil +s +v(ed)+o s +had+pp +o until ياسايzwnjبةكارzwnjهينانيEx Until Europeans started arriving Americarsquos population had remained small ئةم رستةية رابردووي سادةية ئةم رستةية رابردووي تةواوة By +سال +s +had +pp +o by ياساي بةكارهيناني Ex By 1900 NYrsquos population had passed one million
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذارندن Q She had helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the exam (a- pass b- passing c- passed d- to pass )Q helliphelliphellip we left the party the weather had rained ( a- for b- until c- since d- just )Q By 2004 the USA helliphelliphelliphellip Iraq from Saddam regime( a- has liberated b- had liberated c- have liberated d- liberated) Q Until the teacher helliphelliphelliphellip the class the student helliphelliphelliphelliphellip noisy (a- enter has make b- entered had made c-had made entered d- enter make )
Unite two grammar
Prepositions of time ئامرازيzwnjثةيوةنديzwnjبؤzwnjكاتzwnjzwnjzwnj1-On on Sunday on Mondayhelliphelliphelliphellipلةطةل رؤذكاني حةفتة بةكارديت نمونةExThe meeting is on MondayExI have appointment on Saturday2-From hellip To from 200 pm to 400 pm ئةم دووانة بةزؤري بةيةكةوة دين 3-At at 215 pm at 1030amhelliphelliphellip لةطةل كاتذمير بةكارديت atEx I have meeting at 1130 am Ex we have conference at 1000 pm4-In in the morning in the afternoon in the evening لةطةل كاتةكاني ناو رؤذ بةكارديتExI will see in the afternoonExI have meeting at 900 in the morning 5-During during June during May during summer during the ww2 لةطةل مانطةكانووةرزةكان ورووداوة طرنطةكانEx I was at Duhok during summerEx my father was soldier during the ww2EXWersquore going to write our report during May
Prepositions of time 6-By by Thursday 31st by Monday 12th hellipلةطةلzwnjبةروارورؤذzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjExWersquore planning to send it to everyone by Thursday the 31st7-Before after before 400 after 300 لةطةلzwnjسةعاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjzwnjzwnjExWe aim to finish everything just before after 4008-Between between 1000 and 1200 لةطةلداية and لةنيوانzwnjدووzwnjكاتيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjبةكارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjديتzwnjبةوةzwnjجيادةكري-تةوةEx They want to do most of the work between 1000 and 300Till untiluntil tonight till tonight until today لةطةلzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارديتzwnjيانzwnjبةzwnjطويرةيzwnjمانايzwnjرستةكةzwnjكةمةبةستيzwnjماوةيةكzwnjبيExIrsquoll have to work until late tonight Ex I ll have to work till late tonightشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ We have meeting helliphelliphelliphelliphellipMondayhelliphelliphellip 400In at b- on to c- on at d- from to)QThe conference is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip1000 helliphelliphelliphellip 200(a-from to b- to from c- in to d- until till)Q they will be here helliphelliphelliphellip 400 and 500 helliphelliphelliphellip the afternoonFrom between b- between in c- on until d-after on )Q they are trying to achieve the aim helliphelliphelliphellip Saturday 25th helliphelliphelliphellip JanuaryTo on b-in by c-by on d- by during ) Q I will stay with you helliphelliphelliphellip the nightIn b-until c- after d- by )
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
ثرسياري نةري ضون دروست دةكريت bull هةنطاوي يةكةم ثيضةوانةكردنةوةي بكةروفرماني ياريدةرةكةبؤنمونةbull
You are are youYou can can you
هةنطاوي دووةم ئينجا دواي ثيضةوانةكردنةوةيان دةطؤرين بؤ نةري واتة bull(notي بؤ زياد دةكةين ئينجا تةواوكةري رستةكة دةنووسينةوةبؤنمونة)
You are arent you You can cant you
نمونةbullbull You are going to leave the party
Arenrsquot you going دةليينnegative question))طؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري bullto leave the party
بؤطؤريني ئةم رستةيةي خوارةوة بؤ ثرسياري نةري bullYou can leave me aloneCant you leave me alone
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
تيبينيzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(رستةzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjbullلةzwnjzwnjzwnjis are can))بةكارzwnjدةهينينواتةzwnjzwnjdont + s(zwnj)doesnt)بكةرzwnj+)نةريzwnj
رستةداzwnjنةبوونzwnjنمونةYou have to donrsquot you have tohellipShe visits me doesnrsquot she visit me
نمونةbullHe play for our team طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdoesnrsquot he play for our teamThey drive very fast طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdonrsquot they drive very fast
zwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(يzwnjرستةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjتيبيني bull(zwnjبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjبؤzwnjنمونةzwnjdidntبكةرzwnj+ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnj)
You lost the game بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot you lose the gameThey played very bad بؤطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot they play very bad
لةرستة بةكار ديت ئةSوكات فرمانةكةS دةبيتةوة didnrsquot كاتيك تيبينيbullضاووط
Negative questionثرسياريzwnjنةريثرسياري نةري دروست بكةين why دةتوانين بة هؤي تيبينيbull
You can stop the noisy بؤطؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري دةليين Why cant you stop the noisy
ثرسياري شيوازي هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip going too bit fast (a- is you b- you are c- arenrsquot you b- donrsquot you )Q She live in the city helliphelliphelliphellip live in the city (a- do you b- donrsquot you c- cant she d- doesnrsquot she )Q You can leave me alone helliphelliphelliphellip leave me alone( a- why can they b- why cant you c-why will you)d- donrsquot you )Q You stayed for a long time The negative question is (a-donrsquot you stay for a long time b- cant you stay for a long time c- didnrsquot you stay for a long time d- arenrsquot you staying for a long time )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjبؤzwnjرووداويك-zwnjكةzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبيتzwnjبةآلمzwnjباسيzwnjداهاتووzwnjتيبينيدةكاتzwnjنةكzwnjئيستاzwnjواتةzwnjتؤzwnjلةzwnjداهاتووzwnjلةzwnjكاتيكيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjخةريكيzwnjضيzwnjدةبيت
bull s + will +be +v(ing)+oياساكة bull Ex I will be playing football Ex They will be watching the matchياساي ثرسياردوو شيوازي ثرسيار هةية
دةبيت no يان yes وةالمي ئةم ثرسيارة بةشيوازي يةكةمي ثرسيارbullwill + s+ be +v(ing)+o
Ex Will you be travelling to London Yes I will يان no I wont Ex Will they be digging the land Yes they will يان no they wont
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
helliphellip( كة هةموويان بة what why when whereئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة )bullwhدةست ثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
تیبینیzwnjzwnjوهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjbullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
كة هةموويان بة helliphellip( what why when where)ئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة bullwhثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان دةست
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن bullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphelliphelliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
وهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
S + (have has ) +been + v(ing) ياساي ئةريEx I have been watching TV بؤzwnjرداويكzwnjبةكارzwnjديت-zwnjكةzwnjماوةيةكيzwnjزؤريzwnjخاياندووةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has been waiting for many hours
ياساي-zwnjثرسياردووzwnjش-يوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةيةzwnjzwnjbull o + s + been +v(ing) + (have دةبيت No يان yes كة وةالمي بة شيوازي يةكةمbull
has)Ex Have you been waiting yes I have يانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjno I havenrsquot Ex Has she been running for 2 hours Yes she has --- no she hasnrsquot
وةالمي بةرستةي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام دةدريتةوةشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullWh + havehas + s+been+v(ing) + o Ex What has she been doing وةالمzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjrarrzwnjShe has been doing her homeworkEx Where have they been staying وةالمzwnjrarrzwnjzwnjzwnjThey have been staying in the hotel
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip For a long time (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting d-wait)Q I stay at London change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in London b- I had stayed in London c- I have to stay at London D- I have been staying in London)Q what has she been doing (a- she has played tennis b- she had played tennis c- she has been playing tennis d- she has to play tennis
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Present perfect continuous تةواويرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
ئةم ياساية بؤ ئةوةية نيشان بدةين كةوا رووداويك لةرابردوو روويداوةو تاوةكو bullئيستاش بةردةوامة بؤ جةخت كردنةوة ليي
هةروةها بؤ ئةوة بةكارديت بؤ نيشانداني ئةوةي كة ماوةكة دروودريذ بووةbullS + has have +been +v(ing ) +o ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام Ex I have been waiting for 2 hours ضاوةروان كردن بؤ ماوةيةكي دووروودريذ Ex We have been living there ten monthsEx It has been raining Ex Asian immigrant numbers have been increasing steadily شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن Q I have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip for long time ( a- waiting b- been waiting c- waits d-been waited )Q The woman helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 hours ( a- has been waiting b- wait c- have been waiting d- is waited )Q I have watched the movie change to present perfect continuous(a- I am watching the movie b- I was watching the movie c- I have been watching the movie d- I watched the movie )
Past perfect ةواوترابردوويzwnj zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj
بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لة ثيش رووداويكي تر لة رابردوو روويداوة ليرةدا bullرستةيةكيان رابردووي سادةية وئةوةي تر رابردووي تةواوةرستةي رابردووي تةواو ثيش رابردووي
سادة روويداوةدةتوانين بؤ نيشانداني ثةيوةندي نيوان كاتةكان ئةم دوو ووشةية بةكار بهينين كةلة ثيشةوةي رستةكة
Until byدادةنرين S + had +pp +o ياساي رابردووي تةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjUntil +s +v(ed)+o s +had+pp +o until ياسايzwnjبةكارzwnjهينانيEx Until Europeans started arriving Americarsquos population had remained small ئةم رستةية رابردووي سادةية ئةم رستةية رابردووي تةواوة By +سال +s +had +pp +o by ياساي بةكارهيناني Ex By 1900 NYrsquos population had passed one million
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذارندن Q She had helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the exam (a- pass b- passing c- passed d- to pass )Q helliphelliphellip we left the party the weather had rained ( a- for b- until c- since d- just )Q By 2004 the USA helliphelliphelliphellip Iraq from Saddam regime( a- has liberated b- had liberated c- have liberated d- liberated) Q Until the teacher helliphelliphelliphellip the class the student helliphelliphelliphelliphellip noisy (a- enter has make b- entered had made c-had made entered d- enter make )
Unite two grammar
Prepositions of time ئامرازيzwnjثةيوةنديzwnjبؤzwnjكاتzwnjzwnjzwnj1-On on Sunday on Mondayhelliphelliphelliphellipلةطةل رؤذكاني حةفتة بةكارديت نمونةExThe meeting is on MondayExI have appointment on Saturday2-From hellip To from 200 pm to 400 pm ئةم دووانة بةزؤري بةيةكةوة دين 3-At at 215 pm at 1030amhelliphelliphellip لةطةل كاتذمير بةكارديت atEx I have meeting at 1130 am Ex we have conference at 1000 pm4-In in the morning in the afternoon in the evening لةطةل كاتةكاني ناو رؤذ بةكارديتExI will see in the afternoonExI have meeting at 900 in the morning 5-During during June during May during summer during the ww2 لةطةل مانطةكانووةرزةكان ورووداوة طرنطةكانEx I was at Duhok during summerEx my father was soldier during the ww2EXWersquore going to write our report during May
Prepositions of time 6-By by Thursday 31st by Monday 12th hellipلةطةلzwnjبةروارورؤذzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjExWersquore planning to send it to everyone by Thursday the 31st7-Before after before 400 after 300 لةطةلzwnjسةعاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjzwnjzwnjExWe aim to finish everything just before after 4008-Between between 1000 and 1200 لةطةلداية and لةنيوانzwnjدووzwnjكاتيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjبةكارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjديتzwnjبةوةzwnjجيادةكري-تةوةEx They want to do most of the work between 1000 and 300Till untiluntil tonight till tonight until today لةطةلzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارديتzwnjيانzwnjبةzwnjطويرةيzwnjمانايzwnjرستةكةzwnjكةمةبةستيzwnjماوةيةكzwnjبيExIrsquoll have to work until late tonight Ex I ll have to work till late tonightشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ We have meeting helliphelliphelliphelliphellipMondayhelliphelliphellip 400In at b- on to c- on at d- from to)QThe conference is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip1000 helliphelliphelliphellip 200(a-from to b- to from c- in to d- until till)Q they will be here helliphelliphelliphellip 400 and 500 helliphelliphelliphellip the afternoonFrom between b- between in c- on until d-after on )Q they are trying to achieve the aim helliphelliphelliphellip Saturday 25th helliphelliphelliphellip JanuaryTo on b-in by c-by on d- by during ) Q I will stay with you helliphelliphelliphellip the nightIn b-until c- after d- by )
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
ثرسياري نةري ضون دروست دةكريت bull هةنطاوي يةكةم ثيضةوانةكردنةوةي بكةروفرماني ياريدةرةكةبؤنمونةbull
You are are youYou can can you
هةنطاوي دووةم ئينجا دواي ثيضةوانةكردنةوةيان دةطؤرين بؤ نةري واتة bull(notي بؤ زياد دةكةين ئينجا تةواوكةري رستةكة دةنووسينةوةبؤنمونة)
You are arent you You can cant you
نمونةbullbull You are going to leave the party
Arenrsquot you going دةليينnegative question))طؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري bullto leave the party
بؤطؤريني ئةم رستةيةي خوارةوة بؤ ثرسياري نةري bullYou can leave me aloneCant you leave me alone
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
تيبينيzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(رستةzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjbullلةzwnjzwnjzwnjis are can))بةكارzwnjدةهينينواتةzwnjzwnjdont + s(zwnj)doesnt)بكةرzwnj+)نةريzwnj
رستةداzwnjنةبوونzwnjنمونةYou have to donrsquot you have tohellipShe visits me doesnrsquot she visit me
نمونةbullHe play for our team طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdoesnrsquot he play for our teamThey drive very fast طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdonrsquot they drive very fast
zwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(يzwnjرستةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjتيبيني bull(zwnjبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjبؤzwnjنمونةzwnjdidntبكةرzwnj+ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnj)
You lost the game بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot you lose the gameThey played very bad بؤطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot they play very bad
لةرستة بةكار ديت ئةSوكات فرمانةكةS دةبيتةوة didnrsquot كاتيك تيبينيbullضاووط
Negative questionثرسياريzwnjنةريثرسياري نةري دروست بكةين why دةتوانين بة هؤي تيبينيbull
You can stop the noisy بؤطؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري دةليين Why cant you stop the noisy
ثرسياري شيوازي هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip going too bit fast (a- is you b- you are c- arenrsquot you b- donrsquot you )Q She live in the city helliphelliphelliphellip live in the city (a- do you b- donrsquot you c- cant she d- doesnrsquot she )Q You can leave me alone helliphelliphelliphellip leave me alone( a- why can they b- why cant you c-why will you)d- donrsquot you )Q You stayed for a long time The negative question is (a-donrsquot you stay for a long time b- cant you stay for a long time c- didnrsquot you stay for a long time d- arenrsquot you staying for a long time )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjبؤzwnjرووداويك-zwnjكةzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبيتzwnjبةآلمzwnjباسيzwnjداهاتووzwnjتيبينيدةكاتzwnjنةكzwnjئيستاzwnjواتةzwnjتؤzwnjلةzwnjداهاتووzwnjلةzwnjكاتيكيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjخةريكيzwnjضيzwnjدةبيت
bull s + will +be +v(ing)+oياساكة bull Ex I will be playing football Ex They will be watching the matchياساي ثرسياردوو شيوازي ثرسيار هةية
دةبيت no يان yes وةالمي ئةم ثرسيارة بةشيوازي يةكةمي ثرسيارbullwill + s+ be +v(ing)+o
Ex Will you be travelling to London Yes I will يان no I wont Ex Will they be digging the land Yes they will يان no they wont
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
helliphellip( كة هةموويان بة what why when whereئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة )bullwhدةست ثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
تیبینیzwnjzwnjوهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjbullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
كة هةموويان بة helliphellip( what why when where)ئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة bullwhثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان دةست
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن bullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphelliphelliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
وهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
S + (have has ) +been + v(ing) ياساي ئةريEx I have been watching TV بؤzwnjرداويكzwnjبةكارzwnjديت-zwnjكةzwnjماوةيةكيzwnjزؤريzwnjخاياندووةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has been waiting for many hours
ياساي-zwnjثرسياردووzwnjش-يوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةيةzwnjzwnjbull o + s + been +v(ing) + (have دةبيت No يان yes كة وةالمي بة شيوازي يةكةمbull
has)Ex Have you been waiting yes I have يانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjno I havenrsquot Ex Has she been running for 2 hours Yes she has --- no she hasnrsquot
وةالمي بةرستةي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام دةدريتةوةشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullWh + havehas + s+been+v(ing) + o Ex What has she been doing وةالمzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjrarrzwnjShe has been doing her homeworkEx Where have they been staying وةالمzwnjrarrzwnjzwnjzwnjThey have been staying in the hotel
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip For a long time (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting d-wait)Q I stay at London change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in London b- I had stayed in London c- I have to stay at London D- I have been staying in London)Q what has she been doing (a- she has played tennis b- she had played tennis c- she has been playing tennis d- she has to play tennis
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Past perfect ةواوترابردوويzwnj zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj
بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لة ثيش رووداويكي تر لة رابردوو روويداوة ليرةدا bullرستةيةكيان رابردووي سادةية وئةوةي تر رابردووي تةواوةرستةي رابردووي تةواو ثيش رابردووي
سادة روويداوةدةتوانين بؤ نيشانداني ثةيوةندي نيوان كاتةكان ئةم دوو ووشةية بةكار بهينين كةلة ثيشةوةي رستةكة
Until byدادةنرين S + had +pp +o ياساي رابردووي تةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjUntil +s +v(ed)+o s +had+pp +o until ياسايzwnjبةكارzwnjهينانيEx Until Europeans started arriving Americarsquos population had remained small ئةم رستةية رابردووي سادةية ئةم رستةية رابردووي تةواوة By +سال +s +had +pp +o by ياساي بةكارهيناني Ex By 1900 NYrsquos population had passed one million
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذارندن Q She had helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the exam (a- pass b- passing c- passed d- to pass )Q helliphelliphellip we left the party the weather had rained ( a- for b- until c- since d- just )Q By 2004 the USA helliphelliphelliphellip Iraq from Saddam regime( a- has liberated b- had liberated c- have liberated d- liberated) Q Until the teacher helliphelliphelliphellip the class the student helliphelliphelliphelliphellip noisy (a- enter has make b- entered had made c-had made entered d- enter make )
Unite two grammar
Prepositions of time ئامرازيzwnjثةيوةنديzwnjبؤzwnjكاتzwnjzwnjzwnj1-On on Sunday on Mondayhelliphelliphelliphellipلةطةل رؤذكاني حةفتة بةكارديت نمونةExThe meeting is on MondayExI have appointment on Saturday2-From hellip To from 200 pm to 400 pm ئةم دووانة بةزؤري بةيةكةوة دين 3-At at 215 pm at 1030amhelliphelliphellip لةطةل كاتذمير بةكارديت atEx I have meeting at 1130 am Ex we have conference at 1000 pm4-In in the morning in the afternoon in the evening لةطةل كاتةكاني ناو رؤذ بةكارديتExI will see in the afternoonExI have meeting at 900 in the morning 5-During during June during May during summer during the ww2 لةطةل مانطةكانووةرزةكان ورووداوة طرنطةكانEx I was at Duhok during summerEx my father was soldier during the ww2EXWersquore going to write our report during May
Prepositions of time 6-By by Thursday 31st by Monday 12th hellipلةطةلzwnjبةروارورؤذzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjExWersquore planning to send it to everyone by Thursday the 31st7-Before after before 400 after 300 لةطةلzwnjسةعاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjzwnjzwnjExWe aim to finish everything just before after 4008-Between between 1000 and 1200 لةطةلداية and لةنيوانzwnjدووzwnjكاتيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjبةكارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjديتzwnjبةوةzwnjجيادةكري-تةوةEx They want to do most of the work between 1000 and 300Till untiluntil tonight till tonight until today لةطةلzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارديتzwnjيانzwnjبةzwnjطويرةيzwnjمانايzwnjرستةكةzwnjكةمةبةستيzwnjماوةيةكzwnjبيExIrsquoll have to work until late tonight Ex I ll have to work till late tonightشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ We have meeting helliphelliphelliphelliphellipMondayhelliphelliphellip 400In at b- on to c- on at d- from to)QThe conference is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip1000 helliphelliphelliphellip 200(a-from to b- to from c- in to d- until till)Q they will be here helliphelliphelliphellip 400 and 500 helliphelliphelliphellip the afternoonFrom between b- between in c- on until d-after on )Q they are trying to achieve the aim helliphelliphelliphellip Saturday 25th helliphelliphelliphellip JanuaryTo on b-in by c-by on d- by during ) Q I will stay with you helliphelliphelliphellip the nightIn b-until c- after d- by )
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
ثرسياري نةري ضون دروست دةكريت bull هةنطاوي يةكةم ثيضةوانةكردنةوةي بكةروفرماني ياريدةرةكةبؤنمونةbull
You are are youYou can can you
هةنطاوي دووةم ئينجا دواي ثيضةوانةكردنةوةيان دةطؤرين بؤ نةري واتة bull(notي بؤ زياد دةكةين ئينجا تةواوكةري رستةكة دةنووسينةوةبؤنمونة)
You are arent you You can cant you
نمونةbullbull You are going to leave the party
Arenrsquot you going دةليينnegative question))طؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري bullto leave the party
بؤطؤريني ئةم رستةيةي خوارةوة بؤ ثرسياري نةري bullYou can leave me aloneCant you leave me alone
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
تيبينيzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(رستةzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjbullلةzwnjzwnjzwnjis are can))بةكارzwnjدةهينينواتةzwnjzwnjdont + s(zwnj)doesnt)بكةرzwnj+)نةريzwnj
رستةداzwnjنةبوونzwnjنمونةYou have to donrsquot you have tohellipShe visits me doesnrsquot she visit me
نمونةbullHe play for our team طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdoesnrsquot he play for our teamThey drive very fast طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdonrsquot they drive very fast
zwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(يzwnjرستةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjتيبيني bull(zwnjبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjبؤzwnjنمونةzwnjdidntبكةرzwnj+ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnj)
You lost the game بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot you lose the gameThey played very bad بؤطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot they play very bad
لةرستة بةكار ديت ئةSوكات فرمانةكةS دةبيتةوة didnrsquot كاتيك تيبينيbullضاووط
Negative questionثرسياريzwnjنةريثرسياري نةري دروست بكةين why دةتوانين بة هؤي تيبينيbull
You can stop the noisy بؤطؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري دةليين Why cant you stop the noisy
ثرسياري شيوازي هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip going too bit fast (a- is you b- you are c- arenrsquot you b- donrsquot you )Q She live in the city helliphelliphelliphellip live in the city (a- do you b- donrsquot you c- cant she d- doesnrsquot she )Q You can leave me alone helliphelliphelliphellip leave me alone( a- why can they b- why cant you c-why will you)d- donrsquot you )Q You stayed for a long time The negative question is (a-donrsquot you stay for a long time b- cant you stay for a long time c- didnrsquot you stay for a long time d- arenrsquot you staying for a long time )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjبؤzwnjرووداويك-zwnjكةzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبيتzwnjبةآلمzwnjباسيzwnjداهاتووzwnjتيبينيدةكاتzwnjنةكzwnjئيستاzwnjواتةzwnjتؤzwnjلةzwnjداهاتووzwnjلةzwnjكاتيكيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjخةريكيzwnjضيzwnjدةبيت
bull s + will +be +v(ing)+oياساكة bull Ex I will be playing football Ex They will be watching the matchياساي ثرسياردوو شيوازي ثرسيار هةية
دةبيت no يان yes وةالمي ئةم ثرسيارة بةشيوازي يةكةمي ثرسيارbullwill + s+ be +v(ing)+o
Ex Will you be travelling to London Yes I will يان no I wont Ex Will they be digging the land Yes they will يان no they wont
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
helliphellip( كة هةموويان بة what why when whereئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة )bullwhدةست ثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
تیبینیzwnjzwnjوهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjbullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
كة هةموويان بة helliphellip( what why when where)ئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة bullwhثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان دةست
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن bullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphelliphelliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
وهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
S + (have has ) +been + v(ing) ياساي ئةريEx I have been watching TV بؤzwnjرداويكzwnjبةكارzwnjديت-zwnjكةzwnjماوةيةكيzwnjزؤريzwnjخاياندووةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has been waiting for many hours
ياساي-zwnjثرسياردووzwnjش-يوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةيةzwnjzwnjbull o + s + been +v(ing) + (have دةبيت No يان yes كة وةالمي بة شيوازي يةكةمbull
has)Ex Have you been waiting yes I have يانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjno I havenrsquot Ex Has she been running for 2 hours Yes she has --- no she hasnrsquot
وةالمي بةرستةي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام دةدريتةوةشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullWh + havehas + s+been+v(ing) + o Ex What has she been doing وةالمzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjrarrzwnjShe has been doing her homeworkEx Where have they been staying وةالمzwnjrarrzwnjzwnjzwnjThey have been staying in the hotel
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip For a long time (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting d-wait)Q I stay at London change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in London b- I had stayed in London c- I have to stay at London D- I have been staying in London)Q what has she been doing (a- she has played tennis b- she had played tennis c- she has been playing tennis d- she has to play tennis
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Unite two grammar
Prepositions of time ئامرازيzwnjثةيوةنديzwnjبؤzwnjكاتzwnjzwnjzwnj1-On on Sunday on Mondayhelliphelliphelliphellipلةطةل رؤذكاني حةفتة بةكارديت نمونةExThe meeting is on MondayExI have appointment on Saturday2-From hellip To from 200 pm to 400 pm ئةم دووانة بةزؤري بةيةكةوة دين 3-At at 215 pm at 1030amhelliphelliphellip لةطةل كاتذمير بةكارديت atEx I have meeting at 1130 am Ex we have conference at 1000 pm4-In in the morning in the afternoon in the evening لةطةل كاتةكاني ناو رؤذ بةكارديتExI will see in the afternoonExI have meeting at 900 in the morning 5-During during June during May during summer during the ww2 لةطةل مانطةكانووةرزةكان ورووداوة طرنطةكانEx I was at Duhok during summerEx my father was soldier during the ww2EXWersquore going to write our report during May
Prepositions of time 6-By by Thursday 31st by Monday 12th hellipلةطةلzwnjبةروارورؤذzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjExWersquore planning to send it to everyone by Thursday the 31st7-Before after before 400 after 300 لةطةلzwnjسةعاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjzwnjzwnjExWe aim to finish everything just before after 4008-Between between 1000 and 1200 لةطةلداية and لةنيوانzwnjدووzwnjكاتيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjبةكارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjديتzwnjبةوةzwnjجيادةكري-تةوةEx They want to do most of the work between 1000 and 300Till untiluntil tonight till tonight until today لةطةلzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارديتzwnjيانzwnjبةzwnjطويرةيzwnjمانايzwnjرستةكةzwnjكةمةبةستيzwnjماوةيةكzwnjبيExIrsquoll have to work until late tonight Ex I ll have to work till late tonightشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ We have meeting helliphelliphelliphelliphellipMondayhelliphelliphellip 400In at b- on to c- on at d- from to)QThe conference is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip1000 helliphelliphelliphellip 200(a-from to b- to from c- in to d- until till)Q they will be here helliphelliphelliphellip 400 and 500 helliphelliphelliphellip the afternoonFrom between b- between in c- on until d-after on )Q they are trying to achieve the aim helliphelliphelliphellip Saturday 25th helliphelliphelliphellip JanuaryTo on b-in by c-by on d- by during ) Q I will stay with you helliphelliphelliphellip the nightIn b-until c- after d- by )
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
ثرسياري نةري ضون دروست دةكريت bull هةنطاوي يةكةم ثيضةوانةكردنةوةي بكةروفرماني ياريدةرةكةبؤنمونةbull
You are are youYou can can you
هةنطاوي دووةم ئينجا دواي ثيضةوانةكردنةوةيان دةطؤرين بؤ نةري واتة bull(notي بؤ زياد دةكةين ئينجا تةواوكةري رستةكة دةنووسينةوةبؤنمونة)
You are arent you You can cant you
نمونةbullbull You are going to leave the party
Arenrsquot you going دةليينnegative question))طؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري bullto leave the party
بؤطؤريني ئةم رستةيةي خوارةوة بؤ ثرسياري نةري bullYou can leave me aloneCant you leave me alone
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
تيبينيzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(رستةzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjbullلةzwnjzwnjzwnjis are can))بةكارzwnjدةهينينواتةzwnjzwnjdont + s(zwnj)doesnt)بكةرzwnj+)نةريzwnj
رستةداzwnjنةبوونzwnjنمونةYou have to donrsquot you have tohellipShe visits me doesnrsquot she visit me
نمونةbullHe play for our team طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdoesnrsquot he play for our teamThey drive very fast طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdonrsquot they drive very fast
zwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(يzwnjرستةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjتيبيني bull(zwnjبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjبؤzwnjنمونةzwnjdidntبكةرzwnj+ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnj)
You lost the game بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot you lose the gameThey played very bad بؤطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot they play very bad
لةرستة بةكار ديت ئةSوكات فرمانةكةS دةبيتةوة didnrsquot كاتيك تيبينيbullضاووط
Negative questionثرسياريzwnjنةريثرسياري نةري دروست بكةين why دةتوانين بة هؤي تيبينيbull
You can stop the noisy بؤطؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري دةليين Why cant you stop the noisy
ثرسياري شيوازي هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip going too bit fast (a- is you b- you are c- arenrsquot you b- donrsquot you )Q She live in the city helliphelliphelliphellip live in the city (a- do you b- donrsquot you c- cant she d- doesnrsquot she )Q You can leave me alone helliphelliphelliphellip leave me alone( a- why can they b- why cant you c-why will you)d- donrsquot you )Q You stayed for a long time The negative question is (a-donrsquot you stay for a long time b- cant you stay for a long time c- didnrsquot you stay for a long time d- arenrsquot you staying for a long time )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjبؤzwnjرووداويك-zwnjكةzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبيتzwnjبةآلمzwnjباسيzwnjداهاتووzwnjتيبينيدةكاتzwnjنةكzwnjئيستاzwnjواتةzwnjتؤzwnjلةzwnjداهاتووzwnjلةzwnjكاتيكيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjخةريكيzwnjضيzwnjدةبيت
bull s + will +be +v(ing)+oياساكة bull Ex I will be playing football Ex They will be watching the matchياساي ثرسياردوو شيوازي ثرسيار هةية
دةبيت no يان yes وةالمي ئةم ثرسيارة بةشيوازي يةكةمي ثرسيارbullwill + s+ be +v(ing)+o
Ex Will you be travelling to London Yes I will يان no I wont Ex Will they be digging the land Yes they will يان no they wont
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
helliphellip( كة هةموويان بة what why when whereئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة )bullwhدةست ثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
تیبینیzwnjzwnjوهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjbullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
كة هةموويان بة helliphellip( what why when where)ئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة bullwhثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان دةست
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن bullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphelliphelliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
وهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
S + (have has ) +been + v(ing) ياساي ئةريEx I have been watching TV بؤzwnjرداويكzwnjبةكارzwnjديت-zwnjكةzwnjماوةيةكيzwnjزؤريzwnjخاياندووةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has been waiting for many hours
ياساي-zwnjثرسياردووzwnjش-يوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةيةzwnjzwnjbull o + s + been +v(ing) + (have دةبيت No يان yes كة وةالمي بة شيوازي يةكةمbull
has)Ex Have you been waiting yes I have يانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjno I havenrsquot Ex Has she been running for 2 hours Yes she has --- no she hasnrsquot
وةالمي بةرستةي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام دةدريتةوةشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullWh + havehas + s+been+v(ing) + o Ex What has she been doing وةالمzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjrarrzwnjShe has been doing her homeworkEx Where have they been staying وةالمzwnjrarrzwnjzwnjzwnjThey have been staying in the hotel
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip For a long time (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting d-wait)Q I stay at London change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in London b- I had stayed in London c- I have to stay at London D- I have been staying in London)Q what has she been doing (a- she has played tennis b- she had played tennis c- she has been playing tennis d- she has to play tennis
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Prepositions of time 6-By by Thursday 31st by Monday 12th hellipلةطةلzwnjبةروارورؤذzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjExWersquore planning to send it to everyone by Thursday the 31st7-Before after before 400 after 300 لةطةلzwnjسةعاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjzwnjzwnjExWe aim to finish everything just before after 4008-Between between 1000 and 1200 لةطةلداية and لةنيوانzwnjدووzwnjكاتيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjبةكارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjديتzwnjبةوةzwnjجيادةكري-تةوةEx They want to do most of the work between 1000 and 300Till untiluntil tonight till tonight until today لةطةلzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارديتzwnjيانzwnjبةzwnjطويرةيzwnjمانايzwnjرستةكةzwnjكةمةبةستيzwnjماوةيةكzwnjبيExIrsquoll have to work until late tonight Ex I ll have to work till late tonightشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ We have meeting helliphelliphelliphelliphellipMondayhelliphelliphellip 400In at b- on to c- on at d- from to)QThe conference is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip1000 helliphelliphelliphellip 200(a-from to b- to from c- in to d- until till)Q they will be here helliphelliphelliphellip 400 and 500 helliphelliphelliphellip the afternoonFrom between b- between in c- on until d-after on )Q they are trying to achieve the aim helliphelliphelliphellip Saturday 25th helliphelliphelliphellip JanuaryTo on b-in by c-by on d- by during ) Q I will stay with you helliphelliphelliphellip the nightIn b-until c- after d- by )
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
ثرسياري نةري ضون دروست دةكريت bull هةنطاوي يةكةم ثيضةوانةكردنةوةي بكةروفرماني ياريدةرةكةبؤنمونةbull
You are are youYou can can you
هةنطاوي دووةم ئينجا دواي ثيضةوانةكردنةوةيان دةطؤرين بؤ نةري واتة bull(notي بؤ زياد دةكةين ئينجا تةواوكةري رستةكة دةنووسينةوةبؤنمونة)
You are arent you You can cant you
نمونةbullbull You are going to leave the party
Arenrsquot you going دةليينnegative question))طؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري bullto leave the party
بؤطؤريني ئةم رستةيةي خوارةوة بؤ ثرسياري نةري bullYou can leave me aloneCant you leave me alone
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
تيبينيzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(رستةzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjbullلةzwnjzwnjzwnjis are can))بةكارzwnjدةهينينواتةzwnjzwnjdont + s(zwnj)doesnt)بكةرzwnj+)نةريzwnj
رستةداzwnjنةبوونzwnjنمونةYou have to donrsquot you have tohellipShe visits me doesnrsquot she visit me
نمونةbullHe play for our team طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdoesnrsquot he play for our teamThey drive very fast طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdonrsquot they drive very fast
zwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(يzwnjرستةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjتيبيني bull(zwnjبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjبؤzwnjنمونةzwnjdidntبكةرzwnj+ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnj)
You lost the game بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot you lose the gameThey played very bad بؤطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot they play very bad
لةرستة بةكار ديت ئةSوكات فرمانةكةS دةبيتةوة didnrsquot كاتيك تيبينيbullضاووط
Negative questionثرسياريzwnjنةريثرسياري نةري دروست بكةين why دةتوانين بة هؤي تيبينيbull
You can stop the noisy بؤطؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري دةليين Why cant you stop the noisy
ثرسياري شيوازي هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip going too bit fast (a- is you b- you are c- arenrsquot you b- donrsquot you )Q She live in the city helliphelliphelliphellip live in the city (a- do you b- donrsquot you c- cant she d- doesnrsquot she )Q You can leave me alone helliphelliphelliphellip leave me alone( a- why can they b- why cant you c-why will you)d- donrsquot you )Q You stayed for a long time The negative question is (a-donrsquot you stay for a long time b- cant you stay for a long time c- didnrsquot you stay for a long time d- arenrsquot you staying for a long time )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjبؤzwnjرووداويك-zwnjكةzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبيتzwnjبةآلمzwnjباسيzwnjداهاتووzwnjتيبينيدةكاتzwnjنةكzwnjئيستاzwnjواتةzwnjتؤzwnjلةzwnjداهاتووzwnjلةzwnjكاتيكيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjخةريكيzwnjضيzwnjدةبيت
bull s + will +be +v(ing)+oياساكة bull Ex I will be playing football Ex They will be watching the matchياساي ثرسياردوو شيوازي ثرسيار هةية
دةبيت no يان yes وةالمي ئةم ثرسيارة بةشيوازي يةكةمي ثرسيارbullwill + s+ be +v(ing)+o
Ex Will you be travelling to London Yes I will يان no I wont Ex Will they be digging the land Yes they will يان no they wont
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
helliphellip( كة هةموويان بة what why when whereئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة )bullwhدةست ثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
تیبینیzwnjzwnjوهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjbullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
كة هةموويان بة helliphellip( what why when where)ئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة bullwhثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان دةست
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن bullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphelliphelliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
وهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
S + (have has ) +been + v(ing) ياساي ئةريEx I have been watching TV بؤzwnjرداويكzwnjبةكارzwnjديت-zwnjكةzwnjماوةيةكيzwnjزؤريzwnjخاياندووةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has been waiting for many hours
ياساي-zwnjثرسياردووzwnjش-يوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةيةzwnjzwnjbull o + s + been +v(ing) + (have دةبيت No يان yes كة وةالمي بة شيوازي يةكةمbull
has)Ex Have you been waiting yes I have يانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjno I havenrsquot Ex Has she been running for 2 hours Yes she has --- no she hasnrsquot
وةالمي بةرستةي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام دةدريتةوةشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullWh + havehas + s+been+v(ing) + o Ex What has she been doing وةالمzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjrarrzwnjShe has been doing her homeworkEx Where have they been staying وةالمzwnjrarrzwnjzwnjzwnjThey have been staying in the hotel
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip For a long time (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting d-wait)Q I stay at London change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in London b- I had stayed in London c- I have to stay at London D- I have been staying in London)Q what has she been doing (a- she has played tennis b- she had played tennis c- she has been playing tennis d- she has to play tennis
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
ثرسياري نةري ضون دروست دةكريت bull هةنطاوي يةكةم ثيضةوانةكردنةوةي بكةروفرماني ياريدةرةكةبؤنمونةbull
You are are youYou can can you
هةنطاوي دووةم ئينجا دواي ثيضةوانةكردنةوةيان دةطؤرين بؤ نةري واتة bull(notي بؤ زياد دةكةين ئينجا تةواوكةري رستةكة دةنووسينةوةبؤنمونة)
You are arent you You can cant you
نمونةbullbull You are going to leave the party
Arenrsquot you going دةليينnegative question))طؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري bullto leave the party
بؤطؤريني ئةم رستةيةي خوارةوة بؤ ثرسياري نةري bullYou can leave me aloneCant you leave me alone
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
تيبينيzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(رستةzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjbullلةzwnjzwnjzwnjis are can))بةكارzwnjدةهينينواتةzwnjzwnjdont + s(zwnj)doesnt)بكةرzwnj+)نةريzwnj
رستةداzwnjنةبوونzwnjنمونةYou have to donrsquot you have tohellipShe visits me doesnrsquot she visit me
نمونةbullHe play for our team طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdoesnrsquot he play for our teamThey drive very fast طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdonrsquot they drive very fast
zwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(يzwnjرستةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjتيبيني bull(zwnjبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjبؤzwnjنمونةzwnjdidntبكةرzwnj+ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnj)
You lost the game بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot you lose the gameThey played very bad بؤطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot they play very bad
لةرستة بةكار ديت ئةSوكات فرمانةكةS دةبيتةوة didnrsquot كاتيك تيبينيbullضاووط
Negative questionثرسياريzwnjنةريثرسياري نةري دروست بكةين why دةتوانين بة هؤي تيبينيbull
You can stop the noisy بؤطؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري دةليين Why cant you stop the noisy
ثرسياري شيوازي هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip going too bit fast (a- is you b- you are c- arenrsquot you b- donrsquot you )Q She live in the city helliphelliphelliphellip live in the city (a- do you b- donrsquot you c- cant she d- doesnrsquot she )Q You can leave me alone helliphelliphelliphellip leave me alone( a- why can they b- why cant you c-why will you)d- donrsquot you )Q You stayed for a long time The negative question is (a-donrsquot you stay for a long time b- cant you stay for a long time c- didnrsquot you stay for a long time d- arenrsquot you staying for a long time )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjبؤzwnjرووداويك-zwnjكةzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبيتzwnjبةآلمzwnjباسيzwnjداهاتووzwnjتيبينيدةكاتzwnjنةكzwnjئيستاzwnjواتةzwnjتؤzwnjلةzwnjداهاتووzwnjلةzwnjكاتيكيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjخةريكيzwnjضيzwnjدةبيت
bull s + will +be +v(ing)+oياساكة bull Ex I will be playing football Ex They will be watching the matchياساي ثرسياردوو شيوازي ثرسيار هةية
دةبيت no يان yes وةالمي ئةم ثرسيارة بةشيوازي يةكةمي ثرسيارbullwill + s+ be +v(ing)+o
Ex Will you be travelling to London Yes I will يان no I wont Ex Will they be digging the land Yes they will يان no they wont
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
helliphellip( كة هةموويان بة what why when whereئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة )bullwhدةست ثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
تیبینیzwnjzwnjوهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjbullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
كة هةموويان بة helliphellip( what why when where)ئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة bullwhثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان دةست
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن bullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphelliphelliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
وهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
S + (have has ) +been + v(ing) ياساي ئةريEx I have been watching TV بؤzwnjرداويكzwnjبةكارzwnjديت-zwnjكةzwnjماوةيةكيzwnjزؤريzwnjخاياندووةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has been waiting for many hours
ياساي-zwnjثرسياردووzwnjش-يوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةيةzwnjzwnjbull o + s + been +v(ing) + (have دةبيت No يان yes كة وةالمي بة شيوازي يةكةمbull
has)Ex Have you been waiting yes I have يانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjno I havenrsquot Ex Has she been running for 2 hours Yes she has --- no she hasnrsquot
وةالمي بةرستةي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام دةدريتةوةشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullWh + havehas + s+been+v(ing) + o Ex What has she been doing وةالمzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjrarrzwnjShe has been doing her homeworkEx Where have they been staying وةالمzwnjrarrzwnjzwnjzwnjThey have been staying in the hotel
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip For a long time (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting d-wait)Q I stay at London change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in London b- I had stayed in London c- I have to stay at London D- I have been staying in London)Q what has she been doing (a- she has played tennis b- she had played tennis c- she has been playing tennis d- she has to play tennis
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Negative Questions ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj
تيبينيzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(رستةzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjbullلةzwnjzwnjzwnjis are can))بةكارzwnjدةهينينواتةzwnjzwnjdont + s(zwnj)doesnt)بكةرzwnj+)نةريzwnj
رستةداzwnjنةبوونzwnjنمونةYou have to donrsquot you have tohellipShe visits me doesnrsquot she visit me
نمونةbullHe play for our team طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdoesnrsquot he play for our teamThey drive very fast طؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjdonrsquot they drive very fast
zwnjئةطةرzwnjفرمانيzwnj)كار(يzwnjرستةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةzwnjبووzwnjئةوكاتzwnjبؤzwnjتيبيني bull(zwnjبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjبؤzwnjنمونةzwnjdidntبكةرzwnj+ثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnj)
You lost the game بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot you lose the gameThey played very bad بؤطؤرينيzwnjبؤzwnjثرسياريzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjدةليينzwnjdidnrsquot they play very bad
لةرستة بةكار ديت ئةSوكات فرمانةكةS دةبيتةوة didnrsquot كاتيك تيبينيbullضاووط
Negative questionثرسياريzwnjنةريثرسياري نةري دروست بكةين why دةتوانين بة هؤي تيبينيbull
You can stop the noisy بؤطؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري دةليين Why cant you stop the noisy
ثرسياري شيوازي هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip going too bit fast (a- is you b- you are c- arenrsquot you b- donrsquot you )Q She live in the city helliphelliphelliphellip live in the city (a- do you b- donrsquot you c- cant she d- doesnrsquot she )Q You can leave me alone helliphelliphelliphellip leave me alone( a- why can they b- why cant you c-why will you)d- donrsquot you )Q You stayed for a long time The negative question is (a-donrsquot you stay for a long time b- cant you stay for a long time c- didnrsquot you stay for a long time d- arenrsquot you staying for a long time )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjبؤzwnjرووداويك-zwnjكةzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبيتzwnjبةآلمzwnjباسيzwnjداهاتووzwnjتيبينيدةكاتzwnjنةكzwnjئيستاzwnjواتةzwnjتؤzwnjلةzwnjداهاتووzwnjلةzwnjكاتيكيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjخةريكيzwnjضيzwnjدةبيت
bull s + will +be +v(ing)+oياساكة bull Ex I will be playing football Ex They will be watching the matchياساي ثرسياردوو شيوازي ثرسيار هةية
دةبيت no يان yes وةالمي ئةم ثرسيارة بةشيوازي يةكةمي ثرسيارbullwill + s+ be +v(ing)+o
Ex Will you be travelling to London Yes I will يان no I wont Ex Will they be digging the land Yes they will يان no they wont
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
helliphellip( كة هةموويان بة what why when whereئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة )bullwhدةست ثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
تیبینیzwnjzwnjوهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjbullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
كة هةموويان بة helliphellip( what why when where)ئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة bullwhثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان دةست
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن bullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphelliphelliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
وهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
S + (have has ) +been + v(ing) ياساي ئةريEx I have been watching TV بؤzwnjرداويكzwnjبةكارzwnjديت-zwnjكةzwnjماوةيةكيzwnjزؤريzwnjخاياندووةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has been waiting for many hours
ياساي-zwnjثرسياردووzwnjش-يوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةيةzwnjzwnjbull o + s + been +v(ing) + (have دةبيت No يان yes كة وةالمي بة شيوازي يةكةمbull
has)Ex Have you been waiting yes I have يانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjno I havenrsquot Ex Has she been running for 2 hours Yes she has --- no she hasnrsquot
وةالمي بةرستةي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام دةدريتةوةشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullWh + havehas + s+been+v(ing) + o Ex What has she been doing وةالمzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjrarrzwnjShe has been doing her homeworkEx Where have they been staying وةالمzwnjrarrzwnjzwnjzwnjThey have been staying in the hotel
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip For a long time (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting d-wait)Q I stay at London change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in London b- I had stayed in London c- I have to stay at London D- I have been staying in London)Q what has she been doing (a- she has played tennis b- she had played tennis c- she has been playing tennis d- she has to play tennis
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Negative questionثرسياريzwnjنةريثرسياري نةري دروست بكةين why دةتوانين بة هؤي تيبينيbull
You can stop the noisy بؤطؤريني بؤ ثرسياري نةري دةليين Why cant you stop the noisy
ثرسياري شيوازي هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip going too bit fast (a- is you b- you are c- arenrsquot you b- donrsquot you )Q She live in the city helliphelliphelliphellip live in the city (a- do you b- donrsquot you c- cant she d- doesnrsquot she )Q You can leave me alone helliphelliphelliphellip leave me alone( a- why can they b- why cant you c-why will you)d- donrsquot you )Q You stayed for a long time The negative question is (a-donrsquot you stay for a long time b- cant you stay for a long time c- didnrsquot you stay for a long time d- arenrsquot you staying for a long time )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjبؤzwnjرووداويك-zwnjكةzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبيتzwnjبةآلمzwnjباسيzwnjداهاتووzwnjتيبينيدةكاتzwnjنةكzwnjئيستاzwnjواتةzwnjتؤzwnjلةzwnjداهاتووzwnjلةzwnjكاتيكيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjخةريكيzwnjضيzwnjدةبيت
bull s + will +be +v(ing)+oياساكة bull Ex I will be playing football Ex They will be watching the matchياساي ثرسياردوو شيوازي ثرسيار هةية
دةبيت no يان yes وةالمي ئةم ثرسيارة بةشيوازي يةكةمي ثرسيارbullwill + s+ be +v(ing)+o
Ex Will you be travelling to London Yes I will يان no I wont Ex Will they be digging the land Yes they will يان no they wont
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
helliphellip( كة هةموويان بة what why when whereئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة )bullwhدةست ثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
تیبینیzwnjzwnjوهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjbullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
كة هةموويان بة helliphellip( what why when where)ئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة bullwhثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان دةست
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن bullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphelliphelliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
وهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
S + (have has ) +been + v(ing) ياساي ئةريEx I have been watching TV بؤzwnjرداويكzwnjبةكارzwnjديت-zwnjكةzwnjماوةيةكيzwnjزؤريzwnjخاياندووةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has been waiting for many hours
ياساي-zwnjثرسياردووzwnjش-يوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةيةzwnjzwnjbull o + s + been +v(ing) + (have دةبيت No يان yes كة وةالمي بة شيوازي يةكةمbull
has)Ex Have you been waiting yes I have يانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjno I havenrsquot Ex Has she been running for 2 hours Yes she has --- no she hasnrsquot
وةالمي بةرستةي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام دةدريتةوةشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullWh + havehas + s+been+v(ing) + o Ex What has she been doing وةالمzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjrarrzwnjShe has been doing her homeworkEx Where have they been staying وةالمzwnjrarrzwnjzwnjzwnjThey have been staying in the hotel
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip For a long time (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting d-wait)Q I stay at London change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in London b- I had stayed in London c- I have to stay at London D- I have been staying in London)Q what has she been doing (a- she has played tennis b- she had played tennis c- she has been playing tennis d- she has to play tennis
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjبؤzwnjرووداويك-zwnjكةzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبيتzwnjبةآلمzwnjباسيzwnjداهاتووzwnjتيبينيدةكاتzwnjنةكzwnjئيستاzwnjواتةzwnjتؤzwnjلةzwnjداهاتووzwnjلةzwnjكاتيكيzwnjدياريكراوzwnjخةريكيzwnjضيzwnjدةبيت
bull s + will +be +v(ing)+oياساكة bull Ex I will be playing football Ex They will be watching the matchياساي ثرسياردوو شيوازي ثرسيار هةية
دةبيت no يان yes وةالمي ئةم ثرسيارة بةشيوازي يةكةمي ثرسيارbullwill + s+ be +v(ing)+o
Ex Will you be travelling to London Yes I will يان no I wont Ex Will they be digging the land Yes they will يان no they wont
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
helliphellip( كة هةموويان بة what why when whereئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة )bullwhدةست ثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
تیبینیzwnjzwnjوهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjbullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
كة هةموويان بة helliphellip( what why when where)ئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة bullwhثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان دةست
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن bullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphelliphelliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
وهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
S + (have has ) +been + v(ing) ياساي ئةريEx I have been watching TV بؤzwnjرداويكzwnjبةكارzwnjديت-zwnjكةzwnjماوةيةكيzwnjزؤريzwnjخاياندووةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has been waiting for many hours
ياساي-zwnjثرسياردووzwnjش-يوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةيةzwnjzwnjbull o + s + been +v(ing) + (have دةبيت No يان yes كة وةالمي بة شيوازي يةكةمbull
has)Ex Have you been waiting yes I have يانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjno I havenrsquot Ex Has she been running for 2 hours Yes she has --- no she hasnrsquot
وةالمي بةرستةي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام دةدريتةوةشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullWh + havehas + s+been+v(ing) + o Ex What has she been doing وةالمzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjrarrzwnjShe has been doing her homeworkEx Where have they been staying وةالمzwnjrarrzwnjzwnjzwnjThey have been staying in the hotel
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip For a long time (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting d-wait)Q I stay at London change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in London b- I had stayed in London c- I have to stay at London D- I have been staying in London)Q what has she been doing (a- she has played tennis b- she had played tennis c- she has been playing tennis d- she has to play tennis
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
helliphellip( كة هةموويان بة what why when whereئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة )bullwhدةست ثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
تیبینیzwnjzwnjوهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjbullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
كة هةموويان بة helliphellip( what why when where)ئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة bullwhثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان دةست
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن bullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphelliphelliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
وهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
S + (have has ) +been + v(ing) ياساي ئةريEx I have been watching TV بؤzwnjرداويكzwnjبةكارzwnjديت-zwnjكةzwnjماوةيةكيzwnjزؤريzwnjخاياندووةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has been waiting for many hours
ياساي-zwnjثرسياردووzwnjش-يوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةيةzwnjzwnjbull o + s + been +v(ing) + (have دةبيت No يان yes كة وةالمي بة شيوازي يةكةمbull
has)Ex Have you been waiting yes I have يانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjno I havenrsquot Ex Has she been running for 2 hours Yes she has --- no she hasnrsquot
وةالمي بةرستةي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام دةدريتةوةشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullWh + havehas + s+been+v(ing) + o Ex What has she been doing وةالمzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjrarrzwnjShe has been doing her homeworkEx Where have they been staying وةالمzwnjrarrzwnjzwnjzwnjThey have been staying in the hotel
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip For a long time (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting d-wait)Q I stay at London change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in London b- I had stayed in London c- I have to stay at London D- I have been staying in London)Q what has she been doing (a- she has played tennis b- she had played tennis c- she has been playing tennis d- she has to play tennis
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Future Continuous داهاتوويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnj
zwnjzwnj+zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjwill + s + be + v(ing)+ oشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullwh)ئامرازيzwnjثرسيار(zwnj
كة هةموويان بة helliphellip( what why when where)ئامرازةكاني ثرسيار بريتين لة bullwhثيدةكةن يان زؤبةيان دةست
Ex What will you be doing this time next month لةوةالمدا دةليين rarr I will be playing tennisEx Where will they be living next year لةوةآلمدا دةليين rarrThey will be living in the city
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردن bullQ Hell helliphelliphelliphelliphellip at college next year (a- be study b- studying c- be studying d- studies )Q What will you be doing next month Answer helliphelliphellip(a-I will watch movie b- I am playing football c- I learn English c- I will be working in a company)Q Will you be working next year Yes helliphelliphelliphellip (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I can )
وهzwnjالمیzwnjئهzwnjمzwnjپرسیارهzwnjzwnjبهzwnjzwnjرستهzwnjیهzwnjكیzwnjداهاتوویzwnjبهzwnjردهzwnjوامzwnjدهzwnjبیتzwnj
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
S + (have has ) +been + v(ing) ياساي ئةريEx I have been watching TV بؤzwnjرداويكzwnjبةكارzwnjديت-zwnjكةzwnjماوةيةكيzwnjزؤريzwnjخاياندووةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has been waiting for many hours
ياساي-zwnjثرسياردووzwnjش-يوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةيةzwnjzwnjbull o + s + been +v(ing) + (have دةبيت No يان yes كة وةالمي بة شيوازي يةكةمbull
has)Ex Have you been waiting yes I have يانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjno I havenrsquot Ex Has she been running for 2 hours Yes she has --- no she hasnrsquot
وةالمي بةرستةي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام دةدريتةوةشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullWh + havehas + s+been+v(ing) + o Ex What has she been doing وةالمzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjrarrzwnjShe has been doing her homeworkEx Where have they been staying وةالمzwnjrarrzwnjzwnjzwnjThey have been staying in the hotel
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip For a long time (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting d-wait)Q I stay at London change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in London b- I had stayed in London c- I have to stay at London D- I have been staying in London)Q what has she been doing (a- she has played tennis b- she had played tennis c- she has been playing tennis d- she has to play tennis
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
S + (have has ) +been + v(ing) ياساي ئةريEx I have been watching TV بؤzwnjرداويكzwnjبةكارzwnjديت-zwnjكةzwnjماوةيةكيzwnjزؤريzwnjخاياندووةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjEx She has been waiting for many hours
ياساي-zwnjثرسياردووzwnjش-يوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةيةzwnjzwnjbull o + s + been +v(ing) + (have دةبيت No يان yes كة وةالمي بة شيوازي يةكةمbull
has)Ex Have you been waiting yes I have يانzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjno I havenrsquot Ex Has she been running for 2 hours Yes she has --- no she hasnrsquot
وةالمي بةرستةي رانةبردووي تةواوي بةردةوام دةدريتةوةشيوازي دووةمي ثرسيارbullWh + havehas + s+been+v(ing) + o Ex What has she been doing وةالمzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjrarrzwnjShe has been doing her homeworkEx Where have they been staying وةالمzwnjrarrzwnjzwnjzwnjThey have been staying in the hotel
شيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we have helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip For a long time (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting d-wait)Q I stay at London change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in London b- I had stayed in London c- I have to stay at London D- I have been staying in London)Q what has she been doing (a- she has played tennis b- she had played tennis c- she has been playing tennis d- she has to play tennis
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
present perfectياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjتةواويzwnjبةردةوامzwnjzwnjcontinuouszwnj
لةطةل هةر دوو ياساي داهاتووي atتيبيني دةتوانين bullتةواوي بةردةوام ولةطةل رانةبردووي تةواوي
بةردةوام بةكار بهينين بؤ نيشانداني رووداني كاريك لة دةكةويتة ناو تةواوكةري رستة atكاتيكي دياريكراودا
ديت بؤنمونةthis time the momentلةثيش Ex I will be playing tennis at this time next yearEx What will you be doing (at) this time next yearEx What are you doing at the momentEx I am studying at the moment Ex What were you doing (at) this time last yearEx I was swimming at this time last year
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
too and (not) hellip enoughئةم ياساية بةكار ديت بؤ باسكردني ئاوةلناوةكان
bull s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjسيف-ةتيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبؤzwnjئةوةيzwnjديارzwnjبكريتzwnjكةzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjناطونجيzwnjبؤzwnjكاريك
bull Ex Hersquos too young to go to collegebull Ex You are too lazy to pass the exam
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q We are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip To win the game (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)bull Q He is small helliphelliphellip the competition (a- too enter b- enter too c- too to enter d- too entered)bull bull S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitiveئةمzwnjياسايةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjنةشياوبوونيzwnjكةسيكةzwnjبةشيوةيةكيzwnj
zwnjنةريbull Ex Hersquos not old enough to be a college studentbull Ex You arenrsquot tall enough to play basket ball
zwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to go to college ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)bull Q We arenrsquot helliphellipenough tohelliphellip in the river ( a- strong swim b- swim strong c-swimming strong d- strongest
swim)zwnj)بؤzwnjناويzwnjنةذميرراوةzwnj(zwnjشيوازيzwnjئةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjزؤرzwnjzwnjmany)بؤzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوة(muchياسايzwnjbull
بيتzwnjbull s+ auxiliary +too + muchmany + noun + infinitiveياسايzwnjئةريzwnjzwnjzwnj bull ex there are too many students in the classbull Ex There is too much work to dobull Ex Irsquove got too much revision to do
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullbull Q She has got too helliphelliphelliphellip cars to sell( a- much b- many c- small d-big ) bull Q There is too much helliphelliphelliphellip to do ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjfew littleلةطةلzwnjناويzwnjذميرراوzwnjنةذميرراوzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjولةطةلzwnjtoozwnjتيبينيzwnjbullzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjmuch manyبةهةمانzwnjشيوةيzwnj
Ex Therersquos too little time to do everything نةذميرراوةEx There are too few hours in the day to do everything ذميرراوةzwnjzwnjzwnjشيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنQ There isnrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip food to eat (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)Q We havenrsquot too helliphelliphelliphellip hours to do the jobs (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjشتيكzwnjكةzwnjهيندةيzwnjثيويستzwnjبوونيzwnjنةبيتzwnjbull S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive ياسايzwnjنةريzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex There arenrsquot enough hours in the day to reviseEx I havenrsquot got enough money to buy the house
شيوازيzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ she hasnrsquot helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to enter the course (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-long time ) Q there isnrsquot helliphelliphelliphellip Water to wash the car (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Unit three grammar
Active and Aassive by + agent بكةرديارzwnjوبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjبؤzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjئةمzwnjهةنطاوانةzwnjرابردوويzwnjسادةيبؤطؤريني-zwnjرستةيةكي-zwnj
دةطرينةzwnjبةر-البردني-zwnjبكةريzwnjسةرةكيzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديار1bull-zwnjدانانيzwnjتةواوكةرzwnjلةشويني-zwnjبكةر2bullzwnjzwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايzwnjبةالمzwnjئةط-ةرzwnjكؤzwnjwas-ئةطةرzwnjبكةرةzwnjنوييةكةzwnjتاكzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjzwnj3bull
zwnjدادةنيينzwnjلةدوايئةمةzwnjلةكاتيكداzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjwereبووzwnjئةواzwnjzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjرابردووzwnjيzwnjسادة-zwnjبوو
(zwnjهةنديzwnjPP-zwnjفرماني-zwnjرستةيzwnjسةرةكي-zwnjدةطؤريتzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnj)4bullبةالمzwnjهةنديكي-zwnjترzwnjedفرمانzwnjهةنzwnjبةشيوة-يzwnjياساييzwnjدةط-ؤرينzwnjبةزيادكرد-نيzwnjndash
zwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjئةمانةzwnjzwnjثيويس-تةzwnjلةبةرzwnjedناياسايينبةبيzwnjndashzwnjفرمانzwnjزياترةzwnjبةالمzwnjزؤربةيzwnjهةرةzwnjزؤرzwnjفرمانةكانzwnj200بكرينzwnjذمارة-يانzwnjzwnjلة
zwnjئةوة-zwnjهةرzwnjبةمzwnjشيوةيةش-zwnjedياسايينواتةzwnjئةوة-يzwnjببيتةzwnjرابردووzwnjبةzwnjزيادكردني-zwnjndash-writeبةالمzwnjناياساييةكةzwnjplay-played-playedدةبيتةzwnjشيوازيzwnjسييةمzwnjوةكوياسايي-
wrote-writtenzwnjكرابووzwnjئةوكات-zwnjهةمانzwnjبكةريzwnjرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjby agent-zwnjئينج-اzwnjئةطةرzwnjداوايzwnj5bull
zwnjbyديارةكةzwnjدةهينينةوةzwnjبةآلمzwnjلةكؤتاييzwnjرستةzwnjدايzwnjدة-نيينzwnjولةثيشي-zwnjووشةيدادة-نيين
-zwnjئةطةرzwnjتةواوكةرةكةzwnjzwnjلةيةكzwnjووشةzwnjزياترzwnjبووzwnjئةواzwnjئيمةzwnjتةنهاzwnjكارzwnjلةسةرzwnj6bullتةواوكةريzwnjيةكةمzwnjدةكةين
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Active and passive نادیار وبكه ر دیار بكه رbull zwnjتةواوكةرVerb Objectفرمان zwnjzwnjzwnjSubjectبكةرzwnjbull Active Early humans invented the first toolsرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjbull Passive The first tools were invented by early humansرستةيzwnjبكةرzwnjناديارzwnjbull Subject Verb pp by + agent
bull Q Russian launched the first satellite بكةرzwnjديارzwnjzwnjzwnjbull A The first satellite was launched by Russian بكةرzwnjناديارbull Q Dana wrote the letter to his brother
bull A The letter was written by Dana to his brotherشيوازي ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
QThe house helliphelliphelliphellip by the man (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are bought)Q The coach trained the team passive ishelliphellip (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is training the team c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the coach )Q The cars helliphellipby Toyota company ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
بؤ دلنيابوون لةشتيك ئةم ووشانة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbullMust بؤ ئةري بةكارديتبةالم بؤ نةري cant بةكاردةهينريت ئةم
ياسايةنةي خوارةوةي هةيةbull S + must cant +be + noun ياساي رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex This must be an ancient stone toolbull Ex You canrsquot be seriousbull Ex you must be joking
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q Show certainty This helliphelliphelliphelliphellip an old castle ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )bull Q you are certain she helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Joking (a- could be b- cant be
c- may be d- can be )
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردووbull S + must cant +be +v(ing )+nounياساي رانةبردووي بةردةوام bull Ex We must be standing on an ancient sitebull Ex They cant be living in the cave
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q They helliphelliphelliphellip for oil (a-must be b- cant be c- must be
searching d- may )bull S + must cant +have +been +nounadjective ياساي رانةبردووي تةواوbull Ex There must have been early humans in this area
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q certainty in present perfect (a- there must be prehistoric
b- there must have been prehistoricbull c- there must being prehistoric d- There cant be prehistoric)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S + must cant +have +p p+ noun adjective ياساي رابردوو bull Ex Early humans must have lived here long ago
هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbullQ pre historic helliphelliphelliphelliphellip lived there (a- must be b- cant be c-must have d-could be )
zwnjzwnjبؤzwnjدلنياzwnjنةبوونzwnjيانzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnjلةشتيكzwnjئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjتيبينيbullzwnjmay be might be could beبةكارzwnjدةهينينzwnjzwnjzwnj
ئةم ياسايانةي خوارةوةي هةيةbullS + could maymight +be + noun adjectiveياساي رانةبردووي سادة Ex This ancient tool could be a knifeEx The cave may be empty but there might be something in it
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ It cant fly but have four legs and can walk It helliphelliphellip a fox or cow (a- must be b- may be c-cant d-will be)
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Expressing Certainty and Possibility ndash Present and Past ndashدةربرينيzwnjدلنيابوونzwnjبةطوومانzwnjبوونzwnj
bull لةرانةبردووzwnjلةرابردوو S +couldmaymight+be+v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjرانةبردوويzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjبةردةوام
bull Ex Other ancient remains may be lying all around usثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q very ancient heritage may helliphelliphelliphelliphellip under the castle (a- be laid b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could may might +have +beenpp +nounadjective ياساي رابردووEx There could have been people here 70000 years ago
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q There helliphelliphelliphelliphellip people there 2000 years ago (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
ئةطةر رستةيةكS رSانةبردووي بةردةوام بووS ضSؤن دةيطؤرين بؤ بكSةر ناديارbullS +( amisare)سةرةتا ئةوة بزانين كةوا رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوام بكةر ديار ثيكهاتووة لة bull
+v(ing)+o
bull Ex He is building the house
bull S be v(ing ) obull o + be + being +pp ئةمة ياساي بكةر ناديارة بؤ رستةي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx He is building the house) بكةر ديارة (active) The house is being built ) بكةر ناديارة passive)
كةواتة هةنطاوةكاني طؤريني بكSةر ديار لةرانةبردووي بةردةوام بؤ بكةر ناديار بريتين لةbullالبردني بكSةري رستةو داناني تةواوكةر لةجيطاي ئةوbull دادةنيين لةدوايis دادةنيين بةآلم ئةطةر تاك بوو ئةواareئةطةر بكSةرة نوييةكة كؤبوو ئةوا bull دادةنيينbeingدواتر ووشةي bull(pp)ئينجا فرماني رسSتةكة دةطؤرين بؤ شيوازي سييةم bullئةطةر دوو تةواوكةر لةرستةدا هةبووS ئةوا ئيشي ئيمة لةطةل تةواوكةري يةكةمة ئةوةي bull
دووةم لةكؤتايي رستة وSةكو خؤي دةنوسينةوةبةزؤري لةنيوان تةواوكةري يةكةم ودوSوةم (inonforووشةيةكي هةية لةيةكترSيان جيا دةكاتةوة وةكو )
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوامEx The government is rewarding the successful employers(active) The successful employers are being rewarded(passive)تةواوكةر دوو ووشةية ضونكة بكةري نوي كؤية Ex We are renewing the school in the modern shape ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape(passive )bull دةنووسينةوة تةواوكةري دووةم وةكو خؤي
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
present continuous passive رستةي بكةر ناديار لةسةردةمي رانةبردووي بةردةوام
شيوازي ثرSسياري هةSلبذاردنbullQ The city is helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with new streets (a- be increase b- have been increased c- being increased d- been) Q The house helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Developed today (a- is been b- are be c- is being d-are being )Q We are making the airplanes (The passive is) (a-the airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made c-the airplanes have made d- the airplanes was made)
جياوازي نيوان رستةي رانةبردووي تةواو لةطةSل رانةSبردووي bull have been hasبةردةوام ئةوةيةS كة لة رستةي رانةSبردووي تةSواو
been ردةوامSبردووي بةSبةآلم لةرانة Sهةيةare beingis being هةيةوةكو ئةم نمونةي خوارةوة
Present perfect ((رانةبردووي تةواو An organization has been createdPresent continuous(ردةوامSرابردووي بة) A lot of work is being done
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
بؤ بكةر ناديار تةنها ئةوةية going toبؤطؤSريني رستة bullديتbe +ppلةرستةي بكةر ناديار going toلةدواي
واتة هةمان هةنطاوةكاني البردني بكةري رستةو داناني bull بةطوSيرةي areيان isتةواوكةر لةوشويني ئةو دواتر داناني
ديت ئينجا دواتر going toكؤ يان تاك ئينجا دواي ئةو be+ppديتوةكو ئةم نمونانة خوارةوة
Ex They are going to repair the buildingبكةر ديارة (active) This building is going to be repairedبكةر ناديارة(passive)
تةنها ئةم دوو وشةية زيادكراوة بؤ bullرستةكة
bull Ex They are going to open the restaurants (active)bull Restaurants are going to be opened (Passive)
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
passive with going to going to رستةيzwnjبكةرناديارzwnjبؤ
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q The cars are helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipdamaged (a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )bull Q The house is going helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip From now a- to been repaired b- to be repaired bull c-have repaired d- to repairedbull Q We are going to open the supermarket (Passive is ) a- the super market is opened b- the supermarket is been opened c- the super market is going to be opened d- the supermarket is being opened
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة)
بةم ووشانة دةست ( formal)قسةكردني فةرمي bullثيدةكات
bull It is said it is thoughtit is believed +that hellip
Ex People said that early humans lived hereEx It is said that early humans lived here
بةمانة دةست ( informal)قسةكردني نافةرمي bullثيدةكات
people say that A lot of people say that they say thatEx A lot of people say that the prices are become high todayExThey say that I am failed in the exam
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
zwnj(بؤzwnjفةرميzwnjinformalطؤرينيzwnjرستةيzwnjنافةرمي)(formalzwnjzwnjيانzwnjبةثيضةوانةوة) بؤ طؤريني قسةكردني نافةرمي بؤ فةرمي تةنها تيبينيbull
ئةوةندة ئةو ووشانة الدةبةين وهي تر لة شويني دادةنيين كة فةرمييننمونة
Ex People say that early human lived here (informal)نافةرمية It said that early human lived there(formal)فةرميةEx A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next centuryنافةرمي It thought that the oil will be finished next centuryفةرمي
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the citadel is repairing now formal (a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that d- a lot of people say that )
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
ضةندين شيوازي ثيوانةكردني برةكانمان هةية تيبينيbull percentage-بري سةدي 1 هتد50807525bull
EX The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30 less than the highest EX Over 50 of the worldrsquos people now live in urban communities
نمونة fractions-بري كةرتي يان بةشي 2bull half (of)=12 a third of=13 a quarter of=14 a fifth of=15
ثينج يةك لة ضوار يةك لة سييةك لة نيوة لة
a sixth of=16 a seventh of=17 Sحةفت يةك لة شةش يةك لة
bullan eighth of18 a tenth of=110 a twentieth of=120bull بيستيةك لة دةيةك لة
هةشت يةك لة
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is waterEx A half of the students passed the exam
تيبيني bull زؤربةي جار half لةدواي ديت بةآلم OFلةثيشيان ديت ووشةي A-ئةم جؤرة هةميشة ثيتي 1
ئةوانةي لةطةل نيةEx You already know half and quarterbull
-ئةطةر بري كةرتةكة كؤ بوو ئةوا هةميشة بةشي سةرةوة تا بتوانين بضوكتر 2 ( دةليين سي sixth eightدةكةينةوة لةجياتي ئةوةي بليين شةش لةسةر هةشت)
( بؤ نمونةthree quarterضاريك)Ex Three quarters of the Earthrsquos surface is water(no sixth eighth)
bull هةلبذاردن ثرسياريbull
Q helliphelliphelliphelliphellip of the forest was cut by people (a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )Q Change the 25 to fraction helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )Q Eighth in percentage is helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a- 20 b- 30 c-50 d-125)Q choose the right fraction for (667) (a-23 b-34 c-18 d-13)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
change fractions to طؤريني بري بةSشي بؤ بري سةدي تيبيني bullpercentage
bullA half -50 a quarter -25 a tenth ndash 10 an eighth -125Q A third change to percentagehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (a-20 b-335 c-50 d-80)Q 125 is (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
ordinal numbers-ذمارةي ريزكردن 3bull First second third fourth fifth sixthhelliphelliphelliphellip
Ex He is the first in the classEx The three friends came second third fourth in the race
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ Dana came the helliphelliphelliphellip In the class (a- twice b-half c-first d-25)Q He was the helliphelliphelliphelliphellipin the race (a-second b-quarter c-50 d- five times)
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 1 Ways of comparing quantitiesشيوازةكانيzwnjبةراوردكردنيzwnjبرةzwnjذمارةييةكان
amountquantity-بري ضةند جاري 4bullTwice three times four times five timeshellipدووجار هيندة سيجار هيندة ضوار هيندة ثينج هيندة bull
ExWater near the surface is five times the amount quantity in the atmosphereEx The new city is three times bigger than old one
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ This building is helliphelliphelliphellip higher than yours (a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )Q The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly helliphelliphelliphellip the amount in all living things(a-five times b- first c-third d-50)
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةيzwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة (( بةم شيوةية دةبيت if whenبةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي bull
bull If when +present simple +future simple یهzwnjكهzwnjمیاسایzwnjرستهzwnjیzwnjمهzwnjرجیzwnj
رستةي رستةي داهاتووي سادة سادةرانةبردووي
If when + S+ base + o s +will +base +o رونكردنه وه ی یاساكه Ex When the population reaches eight billion we will face many problemsEx If the population reaches as high as ten billion we will face disaster
بةكار بهينين بؤ as وafterبةهةمان شيوة دةتوانين تيبينيzwnjbullبةستنةوةي دوو رستةبؤ درووستكردني رستةي مةرجي
Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after) ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رست)ياساي
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj Asafter+ present simple +future simple (as after)+رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادة ةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjيةكةم(رستياساي)Ex After the plant cover disappears farming will become impossibleEx As food prices increase families will have less to eat
ئةطةر دوو رستةمان هةبيت ضؤن بةيةكتريان دةبةستينةوة تيبينيbullبةهؤي ئةم ئامرازانةي سةرةوة
-دةبيت جياوازي لةنيوان ئةوة رستةية بكةين كة مةرجية ئةوةيتريش 1وةالمي مةرجية بةهؤي تيطةيشتن لةماناكةيان
-رستةي هؤكار مان هةية ورستةي ئةنجام رستةي هؤكار دةبيتة رانةبردووي 2سادةورستةي ئةنجام دةبيتة داهاتووي سادة
هةميشة لةثيش رستةي مةرجي ifwhenasafter-ئامرازةكاني بةستنةوة))3دين كة دةبيت رانةبردووي سادة بيت
-لةنيوان هةردوو رستةكة فاريزة ديت ئةطةر رستةي رانةبردووي سادة 4لةثيشةوة دانرا بةآلم ئةطةر رستةي داهاتووي سادة كةوتة ثيشةوة ئةوكان
They will win the game as theyفاريزة نامينيت نمونة prepared well
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 2 conjunction + present + future ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةzwnj+رستةي-zwnjرانةبردووzwnjسادةzwnj نمونةي بةستنةوةي دوو رستة +رستةيzwnjداهاتوويzwnjسادةEx Qshe study well she pass the exam (combine use if )A If she study well she will pass the examEx Qthey use all water the trees became fruit less (combine use after )AAfter they use all water the trees will become fruitless
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ the team helliphellip the game as they helliphelliphellip to it (a- prepare will win b-will win prepare c-prepared will win d-would win prepare )Q after we helliphelliphellip building we helliphelliphellip nature (a- increased will save b- will save increase c-increase will save d- increase will saved )
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
رسSتةي مةرجي يةكةم ئةمةي ثيشوو كة باسSكرا تيبيني-bullكة ثيكهاتووة لة
)رستة داهاتووي سادة+ رستةي +(ifرانةبردووي سادو
رسSتةي مةرجي دووةم ثيكهاتووة لة bull ++بكةرwouldتةواوكةر+Sضاووط
+if whenرسSتةي رابرSدووي سSادة+ S+ v(ed)+o s+ would + base + oEx If humans lived in space they would grow their crops this wayEx Humans would grow their crops this way if they lived in spaceليرة فاريزة نةماوة ضونكة جيطؤركي بة رستةكان كراوة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
as long asدةتوانين ئامرازي بةستنةوةي تيبينيbullلةرستةي مةرجي يةكةم ودووةم بةكار بهينين لة
نمونة ضونكة ئةويش ماناي ئةريي هةيةifجيطاي Ex As long as we look after our land well it will be productiveمةرجي يةكةم Ex Our land will be productive as long as we look after it well بةهؤي طؤريني شويني رستةكان فاريزة نةماوة)مةرجييةكةم(Ex As long as people used hydroponics in space they would have fresh foodمةرجي دووةمEx People would have fresh food in space as long as they used hydroponics مةرجي دووةم((نةماني فاريزة
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 3 forms of conditional statements شيوازةكانيzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجي1
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQIf we worked hard wehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip The exam (a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would have been )Q as long as he helliphelliphelliphellip fast he would make accidents (a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )Q The student would fail helliphelliphelliphellipthey helliphelliphelliphellip During the test period (a- as long as playing b-as long as playc- played as long as d-as long as played)Qhelliphelliphellip the child helliphellip their parents they would be nice (a- if obey b- if obeyed c- if to obey d- if obeying )
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
If +s+had+pp+o s +would +not +have +pp +o ياسايzwnjرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمEx If the grassland had remained those storms would not have happened
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةفاريزةzwnjنةمايةzwnjبةؤهيzwnjطؤرينيzwnjجيطايzwnjbullرستةكان
bullEx Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had remainedzwnjثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردن
Q If they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the lesson they would have got high mark(a- had not postponed b-have postponed c-postponed d-postponed )Q They helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the enemy if they had not broken leaders orderA-Would defeat b-would have defeated c-will defeat d-will have defeat )Q if we had not helliphelliphelliphellip accident we would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip the party on time a-Make have attend b-made have attend c-made have attended d-have been attended
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ئةمzwnjشيوازيzwnjرستةيةzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويكةzwnjلةرابردووzwnjبووةzwnjzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullبةآلمzwnjباسzwnjلةوةzwnjدةكاتzwnjكةzwnjئةطةرzwnjئةمzwnjشتةنةبوايةzwnjهؤكارئةواzwnj
zwnjzwnjةzwnjحةقيقيzwnjنيةunreal)رووداوةكةzwnjبةشيوةكيzwnjترzwnjدةبووواتةzwnjرستةكةzwnj)ريطايzwnjتريشzwnjهةيzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjرووداويzwnjناحةقيقيبؤنمونةbull
The farmers could have might have grown different crops (But they didnrsquot)The farmers should have ought to have thought more carefully (But they didnrsquot)
لةzwnjzwnjzwnjcould have would have should have ought haveدةتوانينzwnjzwnjتيبينيbullرستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjسييةمzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjلةرستةzwnjوةالميzwnjمةرجيzwnjلةجياتيzwnj
would haveنمونةEx If the farmers had known more about soil science they might have saved their farmsEx If they had received the right advice the farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma
لةمzwnjنمونةيzwnjخوارةوةzwnjفاريزةzwnjنةماوةzwnjبةهؤيzwnjجيطؤركيbullEx The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right advice
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 4 third conditional رستةيzwnjمةرجيzwnjzwnjسييةم
ثرسيار هةSلبذاردنbullQ They helliphelliphellip the match if the team had played well (a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would win )Q If the farmerhelliphelliphellip Sensitively they might have grown more(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)Q If the so had not escaped from the battle theyhelliphelliphelliphellip The victorya-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might get )
I really really ئةم برطةية بةطار بهينين if only دةتوانين لة جياتي تيبينيbullwish نمونة
Ex If only they had thought more carefully I really really wish they had thought more carefully
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواوzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnj دوو ئامرازيS بةستنةوةيS ليرةدا باس دةكةين كة ئةمSانةSن تيبنSيbull
bull1-who وSي يةكةم مرؤظ بوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستة bull2-whichوSبةكار ديت ئةطةر بكةري رستةي يةكةم مرؤظ نةبو بةكار بهينين thatدةتوانين لةجياتي هةردووكيان bullهةنديS جار دةبنة بكةر ئةطةر رستةيwho which Sهةريةكيك لة bull
دووةم بكةري نةبوو وةكوS لةم نمونةيةEx A printer is an office machine which that allows us to produce paper copies which ليرةدا بكةرةEx A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) (that) we can ask to create internet sitesليرةداwho بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
لةم جؤرة رستانةي سةرةوة ئامرازي بةستنةوة ماناي رستةكة تةواو تيبينيbullدةكةن يان زانياري ثيويست دةربارةي كةسةكة يان شتةكةمان ثي دةدةن
هةندي جار ئةم ئامرازة دةبنة تةواوكةر كاتيك لة رستةي دووةم بكةر تيبينيbullهةبوو ئيتر ئةوان دةبنة تةواوكةري رستةي يةكةمنمونة
bull These are the new computers which are going to replace the old ones بكةرwhich ة ئةمةش تةواوكةرة
bull These are the new computers which the manager bought last month لةرستةيةداتةواوكةرة
bull بكةر تةواوكةر (subject) (object) bull Therersquos the manager who bought the new computersbull بكةرة تةواوكةرة bull Therersquos the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computersbull تةواوكةرة بكةرة
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
ئةم هةنطاوانة who بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullدةطرينة بةر
لةدواي ئةو who-بكةري رستةي يةكةم دةنوسينةوة ئينجا 1bullدادةنيين
- ئينجا بكةري رستةي دووةم الدةبةين ودواترفرمان و 2bull دةنوسينةوةwhoتةواوكةري رستةي دووةم لةدواي
- دواتر تةواوكةري رستةي دووةم دةنوسينةوة3bullEx This is the man He give me the bookدوو رستةbull This is the man who give me the book(who) Sبةستنةوةي Sبةهؤي Ex The doctor is very clever He treats the very sick manدوو رستةbull The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever
(who)بةستنةوةي بةهؤي
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 1 full and reduced relative clauses ئامرازيzwnjبةستنةوةيzwnjتةواوzwnjوناتةواو
تةنها بكةري which بؤ بةستنةوةي دوو رستة بةهؤي تيبينيbullلة شويني دادةنيين نمونSةwhichرستةي دووةم الدةبةين و
Ex I buy the computer today The computer is new دوورستةI bought the computer today which is new(which) بةهؤي بةستنةوةي Ex These cars are very old They are able to use nowThese cars are very old which are able to use today
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullbull Q He is the man helliphelliphelliphelliphellip helped me in my life (a- which
b-when c-who d-when )bull Q This is the mobile phone helliphelliphelliphellip I bought yesterday (a-
when b-who c-where d-which )
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 2 clauses introduced by when where and why بةستنةوةيzwnjرستةzwnj
بؤzwnjكاتzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjئةطةرzwnjق-ؤناغةكانيzwnjخويندنzwnjيانzwnjووشةيةكzwnjtimeهةبيت When-1 بةهؤيzwnjمانايzwnjكاتzwnjيانzwnjووشةيEx Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career2-Where هةبيتzwnjplace بؤzwnjشوينzwnjبةكارzwnjديتzwnjينzwnjووشةيzwnjExWitney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills3-Why هةيةreason بؤzwnjهؤكاريzwnjئةنجامدانيzwnjكاريك-zwnjلةاليzwnjكةسيكةوةzwnjروونzwnjدةكاتةوةzwnjيانzwnjووشةيbull My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job
ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ The financial crisis is the reason helliphelliphelliphellip I left the school (a-why b-when c-where d-who )Q Baghdad is the place helliphelliphelliphellip he doesnrsquot want to visit (a-when b- why c-where d-which)Q Summer is the time helliphelliphelliphellip I want to have picnic (a-where b-when c- who d-which )Q Grade 11 is the helliphelliphelliphellipwhere he decided to left the school(a-place b-reason c-time d-tool)
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 3 relative clauses with extra information zwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjzwnjزانياريzwnjزيادةzwnjلةرستةكاندا
( who whichزانياري زيادة لةرستةدا بةوة دةناسريتةوة كة لة دواي تيبينيbull(ديت وهةروةها فاريزو لةثيشي هاتووة يان لةنيوان دوو فاريزةدا وزانيارةكة
دةتوانريت الببريت وهيض زيانيك لةرستةكة نادات نمونةExFibre optics interested NASA scientists who then used the technology on Apollo extra ئةوة زانياري زيادةيةinformationEx The Photophone which Bell invented in 1880 was the first practical use of fibre opticsbull Extra information زانياري زيادة
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنQ Kurdistan people who were very friendly welcome new tourists Extra information is (a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly welcome new tourists)
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
بؤ دةربريني مةبةست ئةم ووشانةي خوارةوة بةكار دةهينين تيبينيbull1-To +infinitive ((تةنها ضاوطEx Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone2-In order to + ضاووطEx Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human body3-So as to +ضاووطEx Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share information4-So that +s + can could will+ضاووطEx He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely5-For the purpose of +v(ing)Ex School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting schools to the internet
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةس-ت-
تيبينيbull( بؤ زياتر بؤ دةربريني مةبةست بةكار 3و2و1شيوازي )bull
لةهةموو ئةواني تر نافةرمي toدين بةالم بةكار هيناني ترةوزؤرترينشيان بةكار ديت
( formal)لةهةموويان فةرمي ترة in order to +infinitiveشيوازي bullترةكةلة نوسين وقسةكردنيش بةكار دةهينريت
bullSo as in order شيوازي نةرييان هةيةbull So as +not +to +infinitive (ضاووط) ياساي نةريEx Wersquore leaving home early so as not to be late for the big matchbull In order not to +infinitive ياساي نةري Ex Wersquore leaving home early in order not to be late for the big match
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 4 expressing purpose دةربرينيzwnjمةبةست
لةرستةيzwnjنةريداzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينينzwnjبةمzwnjzwnjzwnjso thatدةتوانينzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullشيوةيةzwnj
So that + s +will +not +verb +oExWersquore leaving home early so that we will not (wonrsquot) be late for the big match
شيوازيzwnjثرسيارzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ We are practicing helliphelliphelliphellip be stronger (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that d- for )Q They are preparing helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to fail ( a- so that b- to c- for the purpose d- so as )Q The scientists reduced the energy helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip we will not lose it (a- for the purpose of b-in order not c- so that d- so as )Q eople stayed at home helliphelliphelliphelliphellip avoiding the danger (a- so as b- so that c- for the purpose of d- to)Q the boy ran to the door helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphe can close it (a-so that b- in order to c- so as d- to )
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك بؤ باسكردني رووداويك كة لةاليةن كةسيكي دياريكراوةوة ئةنجام تيبينيbull
دراوة دوو ريطا هةية-يةكةمجار باسي كةسةكة دةكةين ودواتريش باسي كارةكة دةكةين كة 1bull
ئةنجامي داوة هةروةكو ئةم ياسايةThat was my +brothercousinfatheruncleيانzwnjناويzwnjكةسيك+v ( ing )+o ياسايzwnjيةكةمEx That was my cousin talking on the phoneEx that was my brother playing football
-ر-يطايzwnjدووةمzwnjبريتيةzwnjلةوةيzwnjئة-مzwnjووشانةzwnjبةكارzwnjبهينين-zwnj2(watched saw heard recorded noticed rememberedبةمzwnjياس-ايةzwnj)
S + watched saw heard recorded noticed remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ياسايzwnjدووةمEx We watched my uncle appearing on TVEx I recorded Leon arguing for Priority
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Unite seven grammar Lesson 1 participle clauses 1 describing actions
zwnjرستةيzwnjشيوازيzwnjبةردةوامzwnjبؤzwnjباسكردنيzwnjzwnjرووداويك ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
Q1 That was my cousin helliphelliphelliphelliphellip guitar (a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )Q2 helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Tom brown reading the story (a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isnrsquot )Q3 Which form is write (a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is my brother to win the race )Q4 We watched my uncle helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip On TV ( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )Q5 I helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Dana talking about new events ( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
هةنديS فرمان هةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت تيبيني bull ئةم فرمانانةيS كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت كة بةشي يةكةمbull
ضاوطة فرمانةكان ئةمانةن bull (afford agree aim arrange ask choose decide fail hope
intend learn manage need offer prepare promise refuse seem try want)
لةدوايS ئةم فرمانانة يS سةرةوةفرمانيكي تر ديت كةثيكهاتوSوة لة (toضاوط+)
bull (verb + infinitive)ياسايzwnjفرمانzwnj+ض-اووطzwnjzwnjzwnj Ex he agree to sell the houseEx he tried to win the raceEx she refused to play the gameEx We decided to stop the war
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
ئةم فرمانانةن كة فرمانيكي تريان لةدوا ديت بةآلم ئةم بةشي دووةم وةردةطريت فرمانةكان ئةمانةنingفرمانةي لةدوايان ديت
(avoid canrsquot help consider dislike enjoy finish keep mind miss succeed in suggest)ديت(ing )لةدوايzwnjئةمانةzwnjفرمانzwnjبةbull Ex he avoid commenting on the eventbull Ex we dislike participating in the battlebull Ex I miss travelling to mountains bull Ex we enjoyed living in the camp
ئةم فرمانانةي كة فرمانيكي تريان لة دوا ديت كة بةشي سييةموةردةطرن ingفرمان بة وةردةطرن ولةهةمان كاتيشدا toضاووط +
بةالم ماناكان كةميك دةطؤرين فرمانةكان ئةمانةنbull (begin continue dislike hate like love prefer start)bull Ex She started to explain her ideasbull Ex We should start listening to her ideas
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت
دين ئةوانة would(لة دواي like love hate prefer كاتيك ئةم فرمانانة )تيبينيbullهةميشة ضاوط لةدواييان ديت ضونكة باسي تةنها رووداويك دةكةين
bull ExWould you like to come for dinner on Saturday bull - Thanks Irsquod (I would) love to
ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbullQ we helliphelliphelliphelliphellip to achieve the goal ( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )Q they helliphelliphelliphelliphellip passing the hard test ( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )Q I would helliphelliphelliphelliphellip stay with you (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)Q she failed helliphelliphelliphelliphellip The competition (a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )Q we consider helliphelliphelliphelliphellip a lot of projects (a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 2 verb + infinitive verb + ~ing form ئةمzwnjفرمانانةيzwnjكةzwnjفرمانيكيzwnjتريانzwnjلةدواzwnjديت-
toضاووط+هةنديك لةم فرمانانة ش دوو فرمان وةردةطرن ولةطةل تيبيني bullبةكار دين بSةالم ماناكانيان زؤر دةطؤريتفرمانةكان ingفرمان بة هةروةها لةطةل
ئةمانةنbull (Try forget go on mean stop remember )bull Ex We must try to escape from this huge forestbull Letrsquos try following this streamماناي رستةكة زؤر طؤراوة
كؤمةليك نSمونة لةسةر ئةم فرمانانSةbullbull Ex I will never forget learning to swimbull Please donrsquot forget to buy some eggs tomorrowbull Ex We have to go on working till we finish the jobbull After leaving one job he went on to get a new one bull ExItrsquos getting dark That means finding a place to sleepbull Irsquom very sorry I really didnrsquot mean to upset youbull ExI remember learning to swim when I was smallbull I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrowbull ExPlease stop driving so fastbull I must stop to get some petrol
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Used to -بةكارهينانيzwnj
بةدوو شيواز بةكار ديت used to تيبينيbull ئةم ياساية بؤ رووداويك بةكار ديت ياساي يةكةم كةكةسيك لة
1-used to + infinitive be رابردووخووي ثيوةطرتووة ExI used to live in a village when I was youngEx I used to play football every day when I was small
لةم ياساية رستةي يةكةم تيبيني bullرابردووةودةبةستريتةوة لةطةل رستةي دووةم كة
يان wasئةميش رابردووة بةآلم ثيكهاتووة لة بكةر+ were دواتريش تةواوكةر ديتلة نيوان رستةي +
هةيةwhenيةكةم ودووةم ئامرازي بةستنةوةي كات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Used to بةكارهينانيbull وكاريكي طران كة بؤ يةكةمجار رووداوي نوي ونامؤ ئةم ياساية بؤياساي دووةم
بةكار ديت ئةنجامي بدةي bull ex Now Irsquove got used to living in a citybull Ex After moving from the country it was hard to get used to living in the city But
now Irsquom used to being here and Irsquom happy with our new lifestyle ديت ولةدواي ئةويش got يان getووشةي used to لةم ياسايةدا لة ثيش تيبيني bull
بؤئةوةي نيشان بدات كة رووداوةكة لة ئيستاداية بةآلم رابردوو ingفرمان بة beيان verb to beئةو ووشانة دين كة ثييان دةلين used toوانةبووةيانيش لة ثيش
(am is arewaswereواتة)ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull
bull Q Now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip staying in the office (a- used to b- got used to bull c-have got used to d- were used to )bull Q I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip play in the street when I was childbull ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )bull Q at first it was not easy to swim in the river but now I helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip swimming
easily (a- am used to b-used tobull c- was used to d- get used to )
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjضةندzwnjتيبينيzwnjbullياسايةكيzwnjجياوازمانzwnjهةيةzwnjبؤهةرzwnjكاتيكzwnjشيوازيzwnjخؤيzwnjهةيةzwnjهةروةهاzwnj
ئةمzwnjووشانةzwnjثييانzwnjدةوتريت(zwnjكةzwnjئةمانةنzwnjreporting verbفرمانةكانيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjناراستةوخؤ)bull
(asked said toldinquiredنzwnjوهةرzwnjيةكيكيانzwnjلةشوينيzwnjخؤzwnjبةكارzwnj)دةهينرينzwnjبؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤياساكانzwnj
ئةمانةن-ئةطةرzwnjكاتةكاتةzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnjواتةzwnjرستةيzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjرانةبردووzwnjبووzwnj1
ضؤنzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤzwnjzwnjbull It is +noun s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o ياسا) )bull Ex on the telephonebull Itrsquos Nasreen She says she needs to speak to you
-بؤzwnjطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjرابردوويzwnjراستةوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ-zwnjzwnjئةوكاتzwnj2فرمانةكةzwnjدةطؤرينzwnjبؤzwnjرابردوو
s +called phoned +ئاوةلفرمانيكيzwnjرابردووzwnj +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive ياساbull Ex Nasreen phoned yesterday and she said she needed to speak to youbull Ex He called last week he wanted to visit our home
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
( هةروةها رينمايي دان request( وداواكاري )invitation( ودةعوةتكردن )offers-لةطةل خستنةروو )3(instruction)
bull S+reporting verb+me himhellip + infinitive +o ياسايzwnjسييةمzwnjzwnjEx She asked me to give Rondik a message
Ex I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow (change to reporting)دةعوتكردن هةيةinviteووشةي -He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrowبةكار دةهينين بؤ دةعوتكردني ناراستةوخؤ)said)
Ex Donrsquot touch this suitcaseرينمايي راستةوخؤ -He told me not to touch this suitcase بةكاردةهينين) told (رينمايي ناراستةوخؤ ليرةدا Ex Could you give me your car for today (داواكاري راستةوخؤ)هةية لة(could canplease)ووشةكاني-He asked me to give him my car for today
EX I want to help you with your seeking for reality(خستنةرووي راستةوخؤ) بةهؤي ماناوة دةزاني ئةوةخستنة رووة-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality(خستنةرووي ناراستةوخؤ)بةكار بهينين toldيان offeredدةتوانين
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
بيت no يان yes- ياسا ضوارةم بؤ ئةو ثرسيارانةي كة وةالمي بة 4ئةم ياساية بةكار دةهينين
لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة zwnjتيبينيbullرابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤدا
bull S+reporting verb + if whether + past formياسايzwnjضوارةمzwnjzwnjzwnj(Question lsquoWill Rondik be free helliprsquo)ثرسياري راستةوخؤEx She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow رستةيناراستةوخؤEx Are you going to the schoolثرسياري راستةوخؤ-He asked whether I went to schoolقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnjناراستةوخؤ
hellip(whowhenwhatwhere- ياساي ثينجةم بؤ ئةم ثرسيارانةي كة بة ئامرازي ثرسيار دةكرين )bull لةم ياسايةدا ئةم فرمانةي لةدواي ناوةكة ديت دةبيتة رابردوو لةرستةي ناراستةوخؤداتيبينيbull
bull a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form ياسايzwnjثينجةمbull ex Question When will Rondik be free on Saturdayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturdayقسةكردني ناراستةوخؤ bull Ex what will you do at home next holidayثرسياري راستةوخؤbull -He inquired what I would do at home next holidayناراستةوخؤ
ئةطةر ثرسيارةكة لة ضةند كةسيكي جياواز بكريت لة كاتيكي دواتر لةشوينيكي جيا تيبينيzwnjbullئةو ئةم طؤرانكاريانة روودةدةن
ناوي ئةم كةسة دةنوسريت كة قسةكةي كردووةو ئةم كةسةش كة قسةكةي ثيطوتراوة ئينجا bullياساكةي سةرةوة جيبةجي دةكريت
bull EX lsquoWill you be here tomorrowrsquo Nasreen asked Zaraثرسيارةكة نةسرين لة زاراي كردووة bull Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day ناوي نةسرين وزارا لةسةرتا
دةنوسريت لةجيطاي بكةر
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 3 reported speech formsطؤرينيzwnjقسةكردنيzwnjراستةzwnjوخؤzwnjبؤzwnj
ناراستةوخؤ ثرسياريzwnjهةلبذاردنbullQ I invite you to my weeding party(the reporting is)
a He told me to his wedding party
b He asked if I go to his weeding party
c He asked me to go to his wedding party
d He offered me to go to his wedding party
Q question will you stay at hotel The reporting is
e He asked if I would stay at hotel
f He told me to stay at hotel
g He asked whether I will stay at hotel
h He said he will stay at hotel
Q he helliphelliphelliphelliphellip not to make noise (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
Lesson 4 participle clauses 2 with conjunctionsرستة بةردةوامةكان لةطةل ئامرازي بةستنةوة
after before since when while ئةم ووشانة لةسةرتاي رستةي بةردةوام دين )تيبينيonهةروةها رستةي بةردةوام لةسةرةتاي ديت ئينجا رستةي رانةبردووي سادة ديت)
(after before since when while on)+ participle +simple ياساي بةستنةوةكةرستةي بةردةوام واتةفرمان رستةي ing ثيوةبيت رانةبردووي سادةbull Ex While staying through the Antarctic winter scientists do various sorts of research
bull Ex After living through the six-month night they love seeing the sun again
bull ثرسياري هةلبذاردنbull QOn helliphelliphelliphelliptheir research they all have to write their reports(a-finished b-finishes
c-finishing d-to finish)
bull Q Beforehelliphelliphellip to fly home they alwayshelliphellip a goodbye party(a-leave have b-haveleaving c-leave having d-leaving have )
bull The end of grammarريزمان كؤتايي هات
