Swim ppt ch14

Chapter 14

The Child from Eighteen to Twenty-Four Months of Age

©2014 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Materials and Activities

• Materials for this age group must be challenging:– As toddlers practice their gross motor skills,

they develop increased competence in using them

– Their finger and wrist muscles are developing so they can manipulate more complex objects

– Their imaginations are expanding as they construct internal representations of their world

• Materials may be homemade or commercially purchased


Physical Development

• Toddlers gain more stability and coordination– Stand, squat and stand again– Climb on everything, including stairs with assistance– Walk, run, jump with both feet– Kick balls, ride wheel toys, push and pull toys

• Toddlers have increased control of fingers and wrists– Grasp and drop, twist and turn– Turn pages of books– Observe for hand dominance


Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum--Physical Development

• Provide open spaces for walking and running• Provide riding toys and riding path• Provide balls and targets for throwing • Provide music for dancing• Provide easels for painting and table for drawing• Assist child in turning pages in books• Provide tools for sand and digging• Assist when necessary with self-help skills:

dressing, feeding, tooth brushing©2014 Cengage Learning.

All Rights Reserved.

Cognitive and Language Development

• Cognitive Development:– Toddlers are in Piaget’s substage 6 or are

transitioning to the preoperational stage of development, using mental trial and error

– Toddlers can remember one and two step oral directions, and may show imitation in play

– Play begins to move from imitative to symbolic during this time period

– Play can involve working out conflicts


Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum--Cognitive Development

• Allow time for child to figure out solutions• Allow children to help plan games, such as

with hidden objects• Provide dolls and puppets for role play• Provide clothing and materials that help child

to pretend to be someone else• Observe pretend play behaviors over time

before making interpretations©2014 Cengage Learning.


Cognitive and Language Development

• Language Development:– Toddlers learn language through positive

interactions with others– Children’s vocabulary is expanding rapidly, a

language explosion– Children use their language to express needs and to

direct others, seek information, etc.– Toddlers may use telegraphic speech– Shared reading should take place several times daily– Toddlers show interest in scribbling as written

representation


Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum--Language Development

• Verbally label objects and actions• Speak normally and use sentences• Model social words “please” and “thank-you”• Listen to child’s expression of needs or commands• Answer child’s frequent questions• Use the child’s name when talking to him• Read books throughout the day. Demonstrate care of

books• Tell stories, repeat rhymes and poems• Provide writing spaces and materials, share interest in

scribbling• Display each child’s work


Emotional Development

• Toddlers interpret responses from caregivers and other children as reflecting their self-worth

• Memory and other cognitive skills result in toddlers expressing more fear and stress

• Emotions are felt and expressed intensely• The more enjoyable and secure relationships

have been, the easier the separation process


Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum--Emotional Development

• Accept and acknowledge emotions, respond to child’s needs

• Provide consistent feedback that helps the child feel good about self

• Listen to a child’s fears and fantasies• Shared reading provides security and calms

children’s emotional agitation • Create new routines and maintain existing routines• Explain change before it happens


Social Development

• Children of this age are continuing to develop a sense of self– I, me, mine

• Toddlers are beginning to recognize other people’s feelings and they are working slowly at understanding another person’s intentions

• Toddlers engage in pro-social behaviors• Toddlers are still working on showing

ownership and are not yet ready to share©2014 Cengage Learning.


Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum--Social Development

• Help the toddlers to interpret the behaviors of their peers by providing descriptive language

• Recognize and allow ownership of toys• Encourage toddler to interact with others, with

support• Provide multiple supplies and equipment so that

they can engage alongside others in parallel play• Allow child to choose if they want to trade toys• Praise a child for seeking help with challenges• Encourage toddlers to help with clean up


Spotlight on Research

• Conflicts with Peers– Young children must learn how to engage in a

process of responsible decision making as they negotiate their relationships with others

– Responding with strong emotions or harmful behaviors does not mean that children are aggressive or antisocial

– To attribute all of their conflicts to possession minimizes their efforts


Checkpoint Discussion Questions

• List three ways symbolic play helps a child develop cognitively.

• Identify two possible developments in the child’s language and state two strategies for each that a caregiver can use to facilitate that development.

• Provide examples of how routines can be used to help children deal with emotional stress.

• Chris and Marlin both pick up a car and start pulling on it. What can you do and say that shows appropriate understanding of each child’s needs and desires?


Education

Swim ppt ch14