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APA Style Guidelines
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APA Style Citation and Documentation
Selena Dickey
Supervisor and Professional Writing Consultant
What is Graduate-Level Writing?
• Entering a conversation in the academic community and in your specific discipline
• Original critical thought – Builds on existing knowledge– Contributes something new to the field
• Developing and demonstrating expertise in – Your writing– Your subject– Your discipline
Standards of Grad-Level Writing
• Written for a professional audience– Suitable for publication
• Clear, concise, logically structured writing – Free of grammatical errors
• Extensive analysis (critical evaluation of sources)
• Extensive synthesis (combining information from multiple sources)
• Rigorous research using acceptable sources– Follows specific citation format (APA)
Why American Psychology Association (APA) Style?
• Focuses on dates and titles instead of the author– Current research/data– Previous “watershed” studies in the literature
• Was developed to standardize scientific writing• Emphasizes your own words and ideas
– Prefers paraphrase to quotation
Basic Formatting in APA
Basic Formatting in APA
• Use 1” margins all around• Double-space the entire paper• Use a 11 or 12 point serif font for text
– Times New Roman or Cambria• Use a sans-serif font for figure labels
– Arial or Calibri• Align all paragraphs to the left
– Indent the first line of each paragraph
Title Page• Running head: includes a shortened title or
assignment description – Use in the header of every page – The words RUNNING HEAD will only
appear on the title page • Center full title of the paper, your name,
and your institutional affiliation near top half of page
• If instructor requests, add class information, instructor’s name, and date centered at bottom
Abstract• If your paper requires an abstract, include
on a new page after the title page• Center ABSTRACT at the top of the page• Give a brief summation (between 250 and
500 words) of the focus and findings of the paper, including major research covered and findings
• The words RUNNING HEAD do not appear, but the shortened title does
First Page• Center the full title at top of page• Do not write INTRODUCTION unless
specifically required by your instructor• Begin section headings on this page, if
appropriate– Refer to the APA Style Guide, 6th Edition, for
formatting of different heading levels
In-Text CitationsAuthors and types of sources
Basics of In-Text Citations• APA style uses the author-date citation
system– Place the name followed by the year at the
beginning of the sentence Doe (2007) found that rats cannot vomit.
– Place the name and year in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentenceA recent study of rats found that they cannot vomit (Doe, 2007).
Direct Quote or Paraphrase?
• Use direct quotations with citation– Even if you do not use every word – Include page number in citation (Smith 2007,
p. 18)• Use paraphrasing with citation
– Restate the same information in a new way, in your own words, and in your own sentence structure
Remember: You must provide a citation for any information or idea that is not your own
Citing Personal Communications
• Includes interviews, correspondence, person-to-person communication, etc.
• Not considered recoverable data, so cite in text but do not include in References list
… (personal communication, August 15, 2009).
• Only use short samples (a sentence or two) in text of paper
• Full transcript of personal communications may appear in Appendix.
Citing Two Authors• For two authors, cite the last names of
both authors each time the source is usedDoe and Koenig (2007) note that modern Western political idealism has its basis in the writings of Immanuel Kant.
Modern Western political idealism has its basis in the writings of Immanuel Kant (Doe & Koenig, 2007).
Citing Three to Five Authors• Cite the last names of all authors the first
time it is usedDoe, Koenig, and Porpora (1998) note that constructivism is becoming a more popular theory in political science.
• For all citations afterward, use ET AL.Doe et al. (1998) found that most political scientists prefer synthesizing political theories.
Citing Six or More Authors• Cite only the first author followed by ET
AL. for each citation
Mearsheimer et al. (2008) assert that neo-realism as a theoretical paradigm is experiencing a backlash.
Neo-realism as a theoretical paradigm is experiencing a backlash (Mearsheimer et al., 2008).
Authors with Multiple Works• For authors with multiple works published
in the same year – Alphabetize the sources based upon the
title of the work and assign a lowercase letter for each sourceDoe (2008a) notes that Egyptian death rituals were highly complex. In the case of Tutankhamen, the boy pharaoh was adorned in a highly ritualized fashion with precious metals and jewelry (Doe, 2008b).
Electronic Sources• Electronic sources are cited in the same
fashion as print sources– Never put a website URL in an in-text
citation • When using an online source, you will
need– Name of the author (person or
organization)• If an author is not identified, use the name
of the article– Year of publication– Section of internet document– Paragraph number
Electronic Sources• Using the section or paragraph number of
an electronic source
Dolce and Gabanna had to change their 2004–2005 advertising campaign after the profuse level of complaints from consumers (Herneckli, 2006, Trends section, para. 3).
Prada was favored 7/10 over Oakley (Herneckli, 2005, para. 5).
Reference List
Citing sources in the References pages
Reference List• References begin on a new page after the
last page of your paper• Include all the research you referenced or
used• Arrange alphabetically by author (person
or organization)• Do not divide your sources based upon
type or category • Use a hanging indent for each entry
Reference List• Author(s) name(s)
– Last name first, then first/middle initial– For sources without named authors, use the first
letter of the title• Publication date in parenthesis• Title of the work (do not use italics or quotation
marks)• Publication data
– Journal titles in italics (but not volume or issue number)
– Book titles in italics• Include page numbers if did not reference entire
book• Include publication location and publisher
Basic Print Sources• Journal article
Doe, J. (2001). Realism: An examination of its efficacy. Journal of International Relations, 82(5), 19–27.
• Journal article from author with multiple publications
Doe, J. (2008a). Egyptian death rituals. Journal of Egyptian History, 9(2), 90–123.
• BookDoe, J. (2001). Egyptian death rituals and their
historical significance. Cairo: National Publishing.
Basic Electronic Sources• Whole website
National Kleptomaniacs Association [NKA]. (2008). Who has time to buy anything? Retrieved
from http://kleptomaniacal.org/stealing
• Section of a websiteNational Kleptomaniacs Association [NKA]. (2008).Why
stealing isn’t stealing. In Who has time to buy anything?
Retrieved from http://kleptomaniacal.org/stealing
Appendices and Visual Elements
Appendices• Include materials that supplement the
paper, such as visual elements, secondary research, data sets, transcripts, surveys, etc.
• Appear after References list on a new page• Center APPENDIX, APPENDIX A, etc. at
top of page• Double space entire page (like rest of
paper)• Refer to appendices in body of the paper
“Byrne’s survey showed that … (See Appendix A for more data from the survey).”
Using Visual Elements• APA typically requires large figures,
graphs, tables, charts, and photographs to be placed in an Appendix after the References List
• However, you may include smaller visual elements in the text of the paper
• You must distinguish between visuals you created and those borrowed from an outside source
Visuals You Created• Label (Graph 1, Graph 2, Table 1, etc.)
and refer to them in the paper– As shown in Table 8, most respondents
indicated a preference for Prada.• Your own visuals will not include source
notes
Visuals from Outside Sources• You must include a source note below the
element that includes the title, author, date, publication, pub. info, page number, and copyright
Note. From “Title of Article,” by J. Doe and J. Horrocks, 2008, Journal of Ethology Studies , 50(6), p. 92. Copyright 2008 by Name of Copyright Holder.
Other Resources
• APA Manual, 6th Edition• Our very own Writing Center APA style
handouts (available on our website and in the Center on campus)
http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/CLAS/
Centers/writing/resources/Pages/guides.aspx
The Writing Center
• For more information please visit us:– Denver Campus, North Classroom Building– Anschutz Medical Campus, Health Sciences
Library– Campus Village Apartments, North 3rd Floor
Common Room– Synchronous Online Consultations– http://writingcenter.ucdenver.edu