“The dimensions of meaning”

FIRST GROUP

DERA FRANA KUSUMA

AND

NAUZIA PRANAWATI

PRESENT

Topics of presentation

REFERENCE AND DENOTATION CONNOTATION

SENSE RELATIONSLEXICAL AND

GRAMMATICAL MEANING

Reference & denotation

• Reference is the way speakers and hearers use an expression successfully.• Denotation is literal definition of a word

that might be found in a dictionary.

Triangle of meaning by Ogden and Richards

WORD

CONCEPT

OBJECT

ASSOCIA

TION R

EFEREN

CE

MEANING

CHEF

A PROFESSIONAL COOK

DENOTATIO

N REFERENCE

MEANING

Connotation

Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word.

Kinds of connotation:

• Flavor or positive connotation: words that make people feel good.

• Unfavorable or negative connotation: words that provoke a negative emotional response.

• Neutral connotation: not good or bad; indifferent; used when the author doesn’t want to show strong emotions either way.

Positive Neutral Negative

That is a glamorous necklace.

That is a nice necklace.

That is a gaudy necklace.

Andi is a little one.

Andi is a child. Andi is a brat.

For example:

Sense relations

Sense relations is a paradigmatic relation between words or predicates.

Kinds of sense relations

HYPONYM

SYNONYM

POLYSEMY

ANTONYM

Synonym

Synonym is a word that means exactly the same as or very nearly the same as, another word in the same language.

For example:

Close (informal) = Shut (formal)

Please shut the door!

Please close the door!

Antonym

Antonym is a word which has opposite meaning.

For example:

Big >< Small

Big: I ever eat big burger.

Small: I have shoes with small size.

Polysemy

Polysemy is a word that has many meaning, but it includes a central groove.

For example:

Eye, is a central groove and the branches of eye are eye care, eye wind, cow eye, and humanizer eye.

Hyponym

Hyponym is a word whose meaning is summarized in a broader sense. Parts of hyponym are:• Subordination is the meaning or extends (vertical). E.g.

flower.• Co-Hyponym is below or narrow meaning (horizontal)

E.g. roses, orchid, etc.

Lexical & grammatical meaning

Lexical (derivational morphology) studies word formation which produces new words. It changes part of speech and meaning.

Grammatical (inflectional morphology) studies word formation related to grammar. It does not change part of speech and meaning, but give signal grammatical information

Lexical

For example:

Noun modifies adjective

Happy (Adjective) => Happiness (Noun)

They look happy after winning the competition.

My father does it for my happiness. Verb modifies noun

Smoke (Verb) => Smoker (Noun)

Don’t smoke here!

My father is a smoker.

Grammatical

For example:

Simple past vs Simple present

A dog barked. A dog barks.

Singular vs Plural

A dog barked. Some dogs barked.

Thank you