The End of WWIAnd its lasting effects on Canada and the World

Revolution in Russia!- Russia was led by Tsar Nicholas II (Tsar

– monarch)- He led Russia into a war that it was

losing quickly

- March Revolution 1917: Nicholas abdicates and a Provisional Government takes over- But they continue the war…

- October Revolution 1917: Provisional Government is overthrown by the Bolsheviks (Communists), led by Vladimir Lenin- Lenin’s goal: stop the war with

Germany ASAP= Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

- Russia loses areas of land (all of Poland, the Ukraine, and some Baltic lands)

The Home Front: Conscription

- Conscription: mandatory military service for all able men between the ages of 18-35

- Military Service Bill 1917- Conscientious objectors –

people appealing on religious grounds- Social ostracism (looked

down on, shunned)

- Conscription “Crisis”: French Canadiens not happy about conscription- No connection/loyalty to France

or Britain- Officer in Command of

Recruiting was Protestant- No language rights- Riots in various cities in

Quebec- Henri Bourassa

- Borden calls an election and wins by a slim margin

***English-French relations in Canada are severely strained***

Henri Bourassa

The Home Front: WomenWomen were legally and socially inferior to Men-Property rights, marriage rights-Access to education and a job/career outside the homeWomen were vital to the war effort: -From mothers to munitions workers

- Campaigning and raising money for the war effort

- Knitting socks & scarves, making supplies for the men fightingSuffragettes: groups of women who campaigned for suffrage (right to vote)

Wartime Elections Act: Vote is given to wives, sisters, mothers of men fighting in Europe- Expanded to most women by 1921

Armistice signed 11:11 AM, November 11th, 1918

Paris Peace Conferences

Georges Clemenceau PM of France

David Lloyd George PM of Great Britain

Woodrow WilsonPresident of USA

Wilson (Idealist): “Fourteen Points”Significant points:

-International Organization is needed (League of Nations, precursor to United Nations)-Ban the alliance system-Self-Determination: ethnic groups can vote on how they want to be governed

- ethnic nationalism-Austria-Hungary should be split apart (auf wiedersehen!) -Russian lands restored (except Poland, which becomes its own country)-Alsace-Lorraine (border region) returned to France

Clemenceau (Realist): Revenge, s'il vous plaît

- The only allied nation to share a border with Germany

- Heaviest casualties of the Allied Powers

- Position: weaken Germany as much as possible

- Wanted to dismantle Germany into multiple smaller states

- Wanted crippling reparations payments

Modern day Verdun, France

Lloyd George: In the Middle- Also wanted reparations- Did not want to break up Germany- Thought French demands were harsh, greedy, vindictive…

- Interested in Germany as a future trading partner

Treaty of Versailles- War Guilt Clause: The war was officially Germany’s fault

(brought much shame to Germans)

- German military is severely disabled- No air force allowed- Navy is scuttled- Entire merchant fleet is given to allies- Army is capped at 100,000

- Land changes: Alsace-Lorraine, Polish Corridor (Danzig); Rhineland (west) is de-militarized

- Massive Reparations ($132 billion marks)- Creation of League of Nations- Self-Determination?

Oh, Canada- WWI brought Canada to the world stage

- We were given our own seat at the Paris Peace Conferences (!)- Our military contributions were given the highest respect- Led to our development as an autonomous nation

- Changed the lives of men: ~250,000 casualties- Changed the lives of women:

- Gradual increase in social standing- Gained the vote

- Anglo-French cultural-political divide