THE GREAT WAR

IES SANTA CATALINABURGO DE OSMA (SORIA)

4º ESO. HISTORY. Social Science. Anaya English, C. Echevarría and others.2012

History teacher, Nicanor Otín Nebreda.

Famous quotes about the first world war

‘It takes 15,000 casualties to train a major general.’

Marshal Ferdinand Foch (2 October 1851 – 20 March 1929) was a French soldier, military theorist, and an Allied Generalissimo during the First World War.

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

• In 1914 a war began in Europe that affected all continents.

• The war, at the beginning , was kown as the Great War then as the First World War.

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

The great powers in Europe in 1900

• Britain – A great Empire and strong navy• France – overseas Empire & resentment from the previous war• Russia – large but no land overseas – no access to the sea• Austria-Hungary – two nationalities in one country• Germany – wanted more influence abroad

Alliances• 1882 – Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy

• 1907 – Triple Entente: Russia, Britain & France

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

Allied Powers Central Powers

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

Militarism: policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war

Alliances – agreements between nations to provide aid and protect one another

The spark that started World War I, was:The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The spark that started World War I, was:The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Colonial conflicts: between the competing colonizing nations

Nationalism: some minorities claimed independence, like croats, serbs…

Territorial conflicts: between France and Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary

Economic conflicts: due to competition in commerce and trade

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914.

Assassination

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia.

The reaction among the people in Austria was mild, almost indifferent. As historian Zbynek Zeman later wrote, "the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On Sunday and Monday [June 28 and 29], the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened."

The reaction among the people in Austria was mild, almost indifferent. As historian Zbynek Zeman later wrote, "the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On Sunday and Monday [June 28 and 29], the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened."

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

THE CAUSES OF THE WARGavrilo Princip

A pistol used to assassinate the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, sparking the First World War

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

• June 28 - Assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke and heir, Franz Ferdinand (and Sophie, his wife)

• July 23 - Austria issues ultimatum to Serbia and invades on July 27

• July 28-30 - Russians mobilize as Serbia’s ally• August 1 - Germany, Austria-Hungary’s ally,

declares war on Russia (and Serbia)• August 3 - Germany declares war on France

(allied with Russia) and invades Belgium en route to Paris, France

• August 4 - Great Britain, France’s ally, declares war on Germany

Short term timeline leading to World War IShort term timeline leading to World War I

Domino Effect

THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE WAR

First World War: Transport of the Wounded by Ugo Matania

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE WAR

• TERRITORIAL EXTENSION– 16 NATIONS– THE WAR TOOK PLACE OVER A VERY EXTENDED

AREA• NEW WEAPONS AND TACTICS

– MACHINE GUNS, POISON GAS, SUBMARINES, AIRPLANES…

• TOTAL WARFARE– THE ENTIRE ECONOMY FOCUSED ON THE WAR– CONSCRIPTION OF ALL ABLE MEN– PRIORITY FOR WEAPON PRODUCTION– WOMEN START WORKING TO REPLACE MEN…

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE WAR

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAR

Machine gunFlamethrowerPoison gasSubmarineAirplaneTank

WHY NOW?

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAR

German Hussars Crossing into Serbia, 1915

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE WAR

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR 1914

WAR OF MOVEMENT

•Initial German offensives, simultaneously in two fronts, the Eastern and Western fronts.

•Significant offensive advances by the German and Russian troops

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR

1915-1916 TRENCH WARFAREWAR OF ATTRITION

•The fronts were formed by long lines of trenches protected by machine guns and barbed wire.

•Enormous numbers of casualties to gain some metres of land

TRENCH WARFARE

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gyyGHHXfck

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR1917 CRISIS

•USA entered the war joining the Allies.

• The Russian Empire began to collapse. Russia abandoned the war after the triumph of the Soviet Revolution

President Wilson before Congress, announcing the break in official relations with the German Empire on February 3, 1917.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR

1917 CRISIS

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR

1918 Allied victories and the armistice of 1918After an attack on all fronts by the Allies, the Central Powers started to surrender.Germany was alone and without suppliesWilhelm II had to abdicate and the government of the new republic signed the armistice.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR1918

Allied victories and the armistice of 1918

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR

The allied representatives at the signing of the armistice. Railway carriage in the forest of Compiègne.

"The Big Four" during the Paris Peace Conference

From left to right, David Lloyd George (GB), Vittorio Orlando (IT), George Clemenceau (FR) and Woodrow Wilson (USA)

CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

CONSEQUENCES OF WAR• THE PARIS CONFERENCE AND THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

– THE VICTORIOUS COUNTRIES AGREED ON THE TERMS FOR THE DEFEATED COUNTRIES.

– FIVE DIFFERENT TREATIES WERE PREPARED.– WOODROW WILSON (U.S. PRESIDENT) AND HIS FOURTEEN POINTS.

RECONCILIATION PROPOSED BY WILSON WAS REJECTED.

• THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS WAS CREATED TO MAINTAIN WORLD PEACE.

• THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES• ESPECIALLY HARD ON GERMANY: RESPONSIBLE FOR THE WAR, ABANDONED

ALL ITS COLONIES, RETURNED ALSACE AND LORRAINE TO FRANCE, PAID COSTLY REPARATIONS…

CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

• DEATH AND INJURY: LOTS OF YOUNG MEN DIED IN THE WAR, AND THERE WERE LOTS OF INJURIES: CRIPPLES, DISABLED PEOPLE, ORPHANS...

• MATERIAL DESTRUCTION MADE GREAT DAMAGE TO ECONOMY.

• END OF EUROPEAN HEGEMONY AND STARTED THE U.S. HEGEMONY

• NEW EUROPEAN STATES: POLAND, AUSTRIA, YUGOSLAVIA, FINLAND…

• COLONIAL CHANGES: THE CENTRAL POWERS HAD TO ABANDON ALL ITS COLONIES

• PACIFISM AND ANTIMILITARISM GREW IN THE PUBLIC OPINION OF EUROPE

• POLITICAL: UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE STARTED IN EUROPE AND WOMEN BECAME ABLE TO VOTE IN SOME COUNTRIES

• SOCIAL CHANGES: WOMEN BECAME INCLUDED IN THE LABOUR MARKET.

MIDDLE CLASSES WERE IMPOVERISHED.

This sets the stage for WWII!

CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

• Total troops mobilized by all countries:65,038,810

• Total troops dead from all countries:8,556,315

• Total troops wounded from all countries: 21,219,452

• Total missing or POW´s (Prisoners of war) 7,750,945

CASUALTIES

CONSEQUENCES OF WARTHE NEW MAP OF EUROPE

Before the war

After the war