SOLAR SYSTEM

Presented by:Noor Hayati Bt Muhammad

DB100318SCIENCE Section 1

Content-Introduction-The Sun-Inner Planets (Terrestrial Planet) a) Mercury b) Venus c) Earth d) Mars- Asteroids Belt-Outer Planets (Jovian Planets) a) Jupiter b) Saturn c) Uranus d) Neptune- Dwarf Planet-Comets-Al-Quran Verse About The Universe

Introduction-Contains the sun as a center and the planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. -include the satellite of the planets, numerous comets, asteroid and meteoroids. -They are bound to the sun because of the gravity attracted by the sun. -Most of the satellite of the planets and the asteroids revolve around the sun in the same direction.

Introduction The list of planets and the distance the

planet to the sun in our solar system are as follows: -

57.9 million miles to Mercury,108.2 million miles to Venus,149.6 million miles from Earth,227.9 million miles to Mars,778.3 million miles from Jupiter,1,427.0 million miles to Saturn,2,871.0 million miles to Uranus,4,497.0 million miles from Neptune5,913.5 million miles to Pluto.

Below is a list based on the mass distribution of planets in our solar system.Sun: 99.85%Planets: 0.135%Comets: 0.01% Satellites: 0.00005%Minor Planets: 0.0000002% Meteoroids: 0.0000001% Interplanetary Medium: 0.0000001%

The Sun-Closest star to us with the average distance 149,680,000 km. -diameter 1,391,980 km with a surface temperature of 5.500 ° C and core temperature of 15 million ° C.-classified as a dwarf star type G. -Light from the sun takes 8 minutes to reach Earth.-mass of about 2 x 1030 kg.-The sun rotates every 25.04 Earth days rotation and has 27.9 times the gravity of the earth gravity. -

Inner Planet-Its call terrestrial planet, telluric planet or rocky planet.-a planet that is primarily composed of silicate rocks and/or metals. -The closest to the Sun. -Terrestrial planets all have roughly the same structure.-Terrestrial planets possess secondary atmospheres — atmospheres generated through internal volcanism or comet impacts, as opposed to the gas giants, which possess primary atmospheres — atmospheres captured directly from the original solar nebula.-Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.-Theoretically, there are two types of terrestrial or rocky planets, one dominated by silicon compounds and another dominated by carbon compounds, like carbonaceous chondrite asteroids.

The terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and dwarf planet Ceres. Sizes to scale.

Density Trend of Inner Planet

Mercury-closest planet to the sun, about 57.9 million kilometers and the smallest planet in our solar system.-The diameter of Mercury is 40% smaller than Earth's, and 40% larger than the Moon. -The surface of Mercury is approximately equal to the surface of the Moon craters such as asteroids and tens of kilometers of high cliffs.-

Venus-second closest planet to the Sun, making one complete revolution every 224.7 Earth days. -considered a twin planet to the Earth because of the size, mass, volume and density similar to Earth. -no ocean, and surrounded by atmospheric carbon dioxide at higher percentages. -Atmosphere of Venus has no water vapor and its clouds consist of droplets of sulfuric acid droplets. -its atmosphere pressure 92 times higher than Earth's atmosphere pressure at sea level.-Complete rotation of Venus on its axis in 245 Earth days, and around its orbit within 225 Earth days. -rotates from east to west, unlike the Earth, from west to east. -

Orbital Characteristics Physical Characteristics AtmosphereAphelion -108,942,109 km0.728 231 28 AUPerihelion -107,476,259 km0.718 432 70 AUSemi-major axis -108,208,930 km, 0.723 332 AUEccentricity -0.006 8Orbital period 224.700 69 day0.615 197 0 yr1.92 Venus solar daySynodic period -583.92 daysAverage orbital speed -35.02 km/sMean anomaly -50.44675°Inclination 3.394 71° to Ecliptic3.86° to Sun’s equator2.19° to Invariable plane[2]Longitude of ascending node -76.670 69°Argument of perihelion -54.852 29°Satellites -None

Mean radius- 6,051.8 ± 1.0 km[3], 0.949 9 EarthsFlattening - 0Surface area - 4.60×108 km2, 0.902 EarthsVolume - 9.38×1011 km3, 0.857 EarthsMass - 4.868 5×1024 kg , 0.815 EarthsMean density - 5.204 g/cm3Equatorial surface gravity - 8.87 m/s2, 0.904 gEscape velocity - 10.46 km/sSidereal rotation period, −243.018 5 dayEquatorial rotation velocity - 6.52 km/h (1.81 m/s)Axial tilt - 177.3°[1]North pole right ascension - 18 h 11 min 2 s, 272.76°[4]North pole declination - 67.16°Albedo - 0.67 (geometric)[5], 0.90 (Bond)[5]Surface temp. Kelvin - 735 K Celsius - 460 °C

Apparent magnitude brightest −4.9[6][7] (crescent),−3.8[8] (full)Angular diameter 9.7"–66.0"

Surface pressure -93 bar (9.3 MPa)Composition96.5% Carbon dioxide3.5% Nitrogen0.015% Sulfur dioxide0.007% Argon0.002% Water vapor0.001 7% Carbon monoxide0.001 2% Helium0.000 7% Neontrace Carbonyl sulfidetrace Hydrogen chloridetrace Hydrogen fluoride

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Earth

-the third planet from the sun. -Home to millions of species, including humans, Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known to exist. -Scientific evidence shows that the planet was formed about 4:54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within a billion years.

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Orbital characteristics Physical characteristics AtmosphereAphelion152,098,232 km1.01671388 AU

Mean radius 6,371.0 km Surface pressure101.325 kPa (MSL)

Perihelion 147,098,290 km0.98329134 AU

Equatorial radius 6,378.1 km Composition78.08% nitrogen (N2)[3]20.95% oxygen (O2)0.93% argon0.038% carbon dioxideAbout 1% water vapor (varies with climate)

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Semi-major axis149,598,261 km1.00000261 AU[1]

Polar radius 6,356.8 km

Eccentricity 0.01671123 Flattening 0.0033528[9Orbital period 365.256363004 days1.000017421 yr

Circumference 40,075.017 km (equatorial)40,008.00 km (meridional)

Average orbital speed 29.78 km/s107,200 km/h

Surface area 510,072,000 km2

148,940,000 km2 land (29.2 %)361,132,000 km2 water (70.8 %)

Mean anomaly357.51716°Volume 1.08321×1012 km3

Inclination 7.155° to Sun's equator1.57869°[4] to invariable plane. Mass 5.9736×1024 kg

Longitude of ascending node348.73936° Mean density 5.515 g/cm3

Argument of perihelion 114.20783° Equatorial surface gravity 9.780327 m/s2

0.99732 gSatellites 1 (the Moon) Escape velocity 11.186 km/s

Sidereal rotationperiod 0.99726968 d23h 56m 4.1005

Equatorial rotation velocity1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s)

Axial tilt 23°26'21".4119Albedo 0.367 (geometric), 0.306 (Bond)

Surface temp. min mean max Kelvin 184 K[16] 287.2 K[17] 331 K[18]Celsius -89.2 °C 14 °C 57.8 °C

Mars-the fourth planet from the sun in the solar system .-named after the Roman Civilization War Lord (Lord of War's equivalent Greek Civilization: Ares)-amazing the people of Earth as a mystery filled with red color. Mars has only 25% of Earth's surface area and only 10% of the mass of the Earth (Earth's land area, however, is whether the land area of Mars). -Atmosphere- is 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon with very little oxygen and water. -Topographical conditions of Mars: desert in the north of the lava which spread out the high ground is different with the South, which filled the crater.

Orbital characteristics Physical characteristics Atmosphere

Aphelion 249,209,300 km,1.665 861 AUEquatorial radius 3,396.2 ± 0.1 km[a]0.533 Earths

Surface pressure 0.636 (0.4–0.87) kPa

Perihelion 206,669,000 km1.381 497 AU Polar radius 3,376.2 ± 0.1 km[a]

0.531 Earths

Composition (mole fractions)95.32% carbon dioxide2.7% nitrogen1.6% argon0.13% oxygen0.08% carbon monoxide210 ppm water vapor100 ppm nitric oxide15 ppm molecular hydrogen2.5 ppm Neon850 ppb HDO300 ppb Krypton130 ppb formaldehyde80 ppb xenon30 ppb ozone[citation needed]18 ppb hydrogen peroxide10 ppb methane

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Semi-major axis 227,939,100 km 1.523 679 AU Flattening 0.005 89 ± 0.000 15

Eccentricity 0.093 315 Surface area 144,798,500 km20.284 Earths

Orbital period 686.971 days 1.8808 Julian years 668.5991 sols

Volume 1.6318×1011 km30.151 Earths

Synodic period 779.96 days 2.135 Julian years

Mass 6.4185×1023 kg0.107 Earths

Average orbital speed 24.077 km/s Mean density 3.9335 ± 0.0004[4] g/cm³

Inclination 1.850° to ecliptic 5.65° to Sun's equator 1.67° to invariable plane.

Equatorial surface gravity 3.711 m/s²0.376 g

Longitude of ascending node49.562°

Escape velocity 5.027 km/s

Argument of perihelion 286.537° Sidereal rotationperiod 1.025 957 day24.622 9 h

Satellites 2 Equatorial rotation velocity 868.22 km/h (241.17 m/s)

Axial tilt 25.19°

North pole right ascension 21 h 10 min 44 s317.681 43°

North pole declination 52.886 50°

Albedo 0.170 (geometric) 0.25 (Bond)

Asteroid Belt

-. Asteroids in the inner orbit of Jupiter and it consists of rock. -In 1801, astronomers, Sicily Guiseppe Piazzi discovered an object that is not known, and then consider moving in the sky as part of our Solar System.-Popular hypothesis about the cause of the formation of asteroid-asteroid explosions were the result of a planet between Mars and Jupiter are leaving the rest of the asteroid-shaped asteroid. This idea has been abandoned, mainly due to the total mass of the asteroid, the asteroid is not sufficient to form a planet because of its extremely small size and its diameter is half the diameter of the Moon. -Experts prefer to refer to the astronomical theory of asteroid-asteroid which is small bodies that fail to assemble to form a planet due to Jupiter's gravitational influence. One indication of this theory is the existence of holes in the distribution of asteroid orbits circle. Indeed, the orbits have the same long-time rotation of half or one third or a long-time rotation of Jupiter was found empty without occupants.

Jovian Planet-Jovian planets are also known as gas giants. There are four Jovian planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.-The term Jovian came from Jupiter, describing the other gas giants in our Solar System as Jupiter-like. -Despite common belief, gas giants are not composed entirely of gas. A rocky core exists somewhere within these balls of gas, but it is difficult if not impossible as of yet, to determine where this center is. -Because of the intense high temperatures in the middle of these planets, the rocky core of a gas giant is actually believed to be liquid heavy compounds, such as nickel. Thus, it is sometimes misleading when astronomers refer to the rocky core of these planets. The Jovian planets are larger than the other planets of the Solar System and have dozens of moons.

Jovian Planet : Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Jupiter-located at a distance 5.2 AU from the Sun. -At the equator it has a line-center of 143 000 km, which is 11 times line-center of the Earth. -a mass of nearly 320 times mass of Earth, Jupiter has a mass of 2 times the total mass of all the planets in the Solar System. -Density is approximately 1.3 times density of water, which is modest compared to the density of Earth's 5.5 times density of water. The size of this low density was detected starting in 1930 as the benefits of the lightest two elements, namely hydrogen and helium. -There are 63 satellites rotating in its own orbit around Jupiter. 4 of them the largest discovered by Galileo in 1610.

Saturn-Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter. -Saturn, along with Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune, is classified as a gas giant. - The interior of Saturn is probably composed of a core of iron, nickel, silicon and oxygen compounds, surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen, an intermediate layer of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium and finally, an outer gaseous layer.-Saturn is probably best known for its system of planetary rings, which makes it the most visually remarkable object in the solar system.-The rings extend from 6,630 km to 120,700 km above Saturn's equator, average approximately 20 meters in thickness and are composed of 93% water ice with a smattering of tholin impurities and 7% amorphous carbon.-Saturn has at least 62 moons. Titan, the largest, comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings.

Uranus-the seventh planet from the Sun.-the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System.-Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both are of different chemical composition than the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn.-Uranus's atmosphere, while similar to Jupiter and Saturn's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium, contains more "ices" such as water, ammonia and methane, along with traces of hydrocarbons.-Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a ring system, a magnetosphere, and numerous moons. -Uranus revolves around the Sun once every 84 Earth years. Its average distance from the Sun is roughly 3 billion km (about 20 AU).-Uranus has an axial tilt of 97.77 degrees, so its axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System.-Uranus has 27 known natural satellites.[110] The names for these satellites are chosen from characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope.

Neptune- the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun in our Solar System. -Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 Earth masses and not as dense.-On average, Neptune orbits the Sun at a distance of 30.1 AU, approximately 30 times the Earth-Sun distance. Its astronomical symbol is , a stylized ♆version of the god Neptune's trident-At high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium.[17] A trace amount of methane is also present.-Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn.

Dwarf PlanetA dwarf planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), is a celestial body orbiting the Sun[1] that is massive enough to be spherical as a result of its own gravity but has notcleared its neighboring region of planetesimals and is not a satellite. The term dwarf planet was adopted in 2006 as part of a three-way categorization of bodies orbiting the Sun,[1] brought about by an increase in discoveries of trans-Neptunian objects that rivaled Pluto in size, and finally precipitated by the discovery of an even more massive object, Eris. The IAU currently recognizes five dwarf planets—Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.[7] However, only two of these bodies, Ceres and Pluto, have been observed in enough detail to demonstrate that they fit the definition. Eris has been accepted as a dwarf planet because it is more massive than Pluto. The IAU subsequently decided that unnamed trans-Neptunian objects with an absolute magnitude brighter than +1 (and hence a mathematically delimited minimum diameter of 838 km[8]) are to be named under the assumption that they are dwarf planets. The only two such objects known at the time, Makemake and Haumea, went through this naming procedure and were declared to be dwarf planets.

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CometsA comet is an icy small Solar System body that, when close enough to the Sun, displays a visible coma (a thin, fuzzy, temporary atmosphere) and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are both due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind upon the nucleus of the comet. Comet nuclei are themselves loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles, ranging from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers across. Comets have been observed since ancient times and have historically been considered bad omens. Comets have a wide range of orbital periods, ranging from a few years to hundreds of thousands of years. Short-period comets originate in the Kuiper belt, or its associated scattered disc,[1] which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune. Longer-period comets are thought to originate in the Oort Cloud, a spherical cloud of icy bodies in the outer Solar System. Long-period comets plunge towards the Sun from the Oort Cloud because of gravitational perturbations caused by either the massive outer planets of the Solar System (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), or passing stars. Rare hyperbolic comets pass once through the inner Solar System before being thrown out into interstellar space along hyperbolic trajectories. Comets are distinguished from asteroids by the presence of a coma or a tail. However, extinct comets that have passed close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their volatile ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids.[2] Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System.[3][4] The discovery of main-belt comets and active centaurs has blurred the distinction between asteroids and comets.

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The Quran Verse About The UniverseBig-bang Theory:“Do those who are disbelievers not see that the heavens and the earth were sewn together and then We unstitched them and that We made from water every living thing? So will they not have faith? (Surat al-Anbiya': 30)

“It is We Who have built the universe with (Our creative) power, and, verily, it is We Who are steadily expanding it. (Surat adh-Dhariyat: 47)

www.harunyahya.com

Day And Night:In the Creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of night and day, there are Signs for people with intelligence: those who remember Allah, standing, sitting and lying on their sides, and reflect on the Creation of the heavens and the earth: ‘Our Lord, You have not created this for nothing. Glory to You!" (Surah Al 'Imran: 190-191)

Allah is He Who created the heavens and the earth and sends down water from the sky and by it brings forth fruits as provision for you. He has made the ships subservient to you to run upon the sea by His command, and He has made the rivers subservient to you, and He has made the Sun and Moon subservient to you holding steady to their courses, and He has made the night and day subservient to you. He has given you everything you have asked Him for. If you tried to number Allah's blessings, you could never count them. Man is indeed wrongdoing, ungrateful. (Surah Ibrahim: 32-34)

Orbit:“Also ponder how the sun is moving unhampered in its course. All this is happening according to measures determined and set by the One Who is Almighty and all-knowing. All His Laws are based on knowledge. Yasin- verse 38

And see the moon for which We have determined various stages. (It appears like a beautiful crescent and then gradually becomes the full moon, after which it starts waning till it becomes like an old date stalk, dried up and curved.) Yasin-verse 39

All these huge heavenly bodies are not static in space, but are in continuous motion. However, all their movements are according to a discipline based on set measures and calculations. It can never happen that the sun, by speeding up, can overtake the moon; or that the night lingers on beyond the point where the day had to start (meaning that the sun rises little after the appointed time). No, this never happens. Each and every one of them keeps moving through space, in its own orbit, according to the speed and course set for it (21:33). Yasin-verse 40

The Quran Verse About The Universe

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