Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGOUND

IntroductionMathematics is designed to give business students the basic application of

mathematics in business of their various field of interest. According to Cruz et al...

The authors, business math 2nd edition, “It provides students pursuing careers in

marketing, management advertising, banking and finance, hotel and restaurant

management, tourism, transportation management, office administration, business

teacher education, cooperatives and other business course, with mathematical

concept relevant to a business curriculum”.

Students must look into the positive effect of this particular area to be able to

have a goal-oriented behavior. Each individual must take action to earn college

degree. Students must be motivated to have patience in performing their solutions

because of internal rewards and to develop a desire to attain student’s individual

potentials.

There is widespread interest in improving the level of mathematics performance in

schools due to fast moving modern technology. The educational impact of

calculators and computer in business society calculate mathematically with great

speed. These new technology has been useful making people multitasking. The

use of technology in various fields has been so successful and beneficial to cope up

with the standards of the existing modern world.

Nevertheless, it is difficult to summarize the importance of the never ending

technology if you do not know the basic of business mathematics. It is therefore

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logical to consider the level of performance of students in mathematics subject.

“ Apart from the economic benefits of better preparing young people for the

numeracy demands of modern work place and raising the overall skill levels of

the work force, there are also social benefits tied to improving access for larger

numbers of young people to post- school education and opportunities and laying

stronger foundation to skills for lifelong learning. The interest in raising levels of

performance has led to a focus on identifying the range of factors that shape

performance”. Corresponding author Email:findoshi@yahoo.com

Taken into consideration the problem of poverty still is after decades of

intensified efforts to fight them. According to Basu (2003) emphasizes, “...privation

is the norm rather the exception.” In this connection, students should consider the

possibility that economic growth boosts education.

Educating business student in mathematics will create a more productive

endeavor. Mathematics is use in everyday life. There are series of related problems

will come along the way on the students reaching up to earn a degree. The big push

should be created by the education of the society so that poverty will be overcome

and economic development prevails.

Meanwhile, The Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) is a

government educational institution governed by Republic Act Number 8292 known

as the Higher Education Modernization Act of 1997, and it’s Implementing Rules

and Regulations contained in the Commission on Higher Education Memorandum

Circular No. 4, series 1997. PUP is a public, non-sectarian, non-profit institution of

higher learning. It operates year-round with two semesters and a summer. Majority

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of the students belong to the economically challenged level of society.

www.pup.edu/ph

It is the University's commitment to give qualified and talented students

access to quality and responsive education to aid them in the achievement of their

dreams and improve their lives. Being a well-educated and skilled individual, they

will not only become job seekers but job creators as well, a force of knowledge

workers and entrepreneurs. Scholars of the Nation (Iscolar ng Bayan), that is what

we call our students because the Philippine Government and other non-government

institutions subsidize their tuition and other fees. www.pup.edu/ph

PUP Calauan Campus has 545 numbers of enrollees, 26 part time

instructors, 3 admin staff including the director and 3 SA (student assistance) who

attended in the university surrounded by inadequate facilities. Since the university is

funded by the Local government units it is justifiable also to take into consideration

the socio economic context of the municipality when comparing school

performance. Any comparison of the outcomes of education systems needs to

account the municipality circumstances and the resources that they devote to

education.

It is indeed, the proponent’s attempt to report the results of a survey

conducted to examine the relationship between School Related Variables and

Family Orientation leading to a productive Student Mathematics Performance.

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Background of the Study

In an effective mathematics program, students learn to reason and

communicate mathematically, value mathematics, and become confident in their

own mathematical abilities to solve problems in situations that may not be familiar to

them. Students need to be equipped as confident, competent, engaged, and

persistent problem solvers.

The key to mathematical competence is learning with understanding so that

students are able to reason, solve problems, and apply their learning to new

situations. Students need to be computationally fluent to carry out mathematical

procedures flexibly, accurately, efficiently, and appropriately. Students need to be

able to understand and use mathematics in everyday life. This understanding must

be continually strengthened and expanded throughout their educational

experiences.

To the extent possible, such supports should not interfere with the student’s

participation in regular classroom activities and learning. It is important that all

students have access to rigorous mathematics, opportunities to engage in rich

discourse about mathematics and expectations to think about their mathematical

thinking. (diana.kasbaum@dpi.wi.gov.)

The welfare of the people is the ultimate law.“ – Cicero (106 B.C. - 43 B.C.)

In the theory of economic growth, human capital (lack of education) is a major

determinant. In a world in which the success of economies becomes more and

more dependent on skills and markets increasingly globalized, human capital is

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considered to be of great importance for economic development. If backward

countries cannot achieve the education of their societies, then the gap between

developed and underdeveloped economies will increase rather than decrease.

Investing in human capital is the best way to improve the quality of

education, and is the key to increasing the quality of achieving the education

outcomes .Steyn (1999), states that the efforts towards improvement of schools

should focus on people improvement. He further states that investing in human

capital is the key to effective improvement of the quality of schools. Programmed

and materials do not bring about effective improvement, but the people in the

education system do (Steyn, 1999).

This study attempts to investigate the relationship between School Related

Variables such as Curriculum, Faculty, Students Services, Physical Facilities and

Family Orientation Factors such as Education, Values and Social Relationship

leading to the Performance in Mathematics of College Students at PUP Campus

Calauan Laguna.

Theoretical Framework

This study consists of thoughts and theories which are then grouped together

into themes that frame the subject. It deals only with the points and ideas from both

local and foreign literature. The researcher hopes that the theories are important

enough to bring out in the study. These materials include excerpts from articles,

studies and lectures from the internet both foreign and local.

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Mathematics performance plays a great role in our everyday life. It is

therefore necessary to have effective teaching to promote effective learning for our

students so that there must have a discipline-specific professional which will

develop and enhance the ability of teachers and students. International Journal of

Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 2011, states that due to the

changing nature of learning and teaching in universities; there is a growing need for

professional development for lecturers and tutors teaching in disciplines in the

mathematical businesses. Mathematics teaching staff must receive training in

learning and teaching that will tailor to the mathematical businesses

Students’ prior experience with computer technology enhanced pedagogies

or enhanced the art or profession of teaching on how they anticipated in college

classrooms. Although student desires have changed, the picture of an ideal

classroom still shows a strong desire for lecture-dominated classes with class

discussion and exercises, written handouts, and outlines. College students'

expectations of technology to be used in the classroom cannot be denied. The

influx of technology into education according to Wood Leigh N.; VU, Tori: 2011 has

begun formation of the classroom.

It is also mentioned in the study of Papanstasiou et al. (2003) that students

who have available computers at home and in the library have higher levels of

science literacy. Lee et al. (2009) found in their study that students who were using

computer 1 hour per day had better math scores. Kim and Chang (2010) stated that

computer use for math was associated with reducing the achievement gap among

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different diverse backgrounds. It is obvious that there might be many factors

affecting students’ science and math.

Student engagement in mathematics plays a key role in the acquisition of

math skills and knowledge. It is also gives an impact upon course selection,

educational pathways and later career choices. In the study of J. F. Balbalosa,

2010, student’s engagement in mathematics refers to students’ motivation to learn

mathematics their confidence in their ability to succeed in mathematics and their

emotional feelings about mathematics.

Learning mathematics comes from an effective curriculum that meets the

challenge of society. The reform in mathematics education produces “mathematical

literacy” for all students. One of the Standards involves is the use of problem solving

as a method of learning mathematics. Erica K. Lucast, February 2003, put forward

the hypothesis that proof is valuable in the school curriculum because it is

instrumental in the cognitive processes required for problem solving. Her view of

proof does not supersede, but rather supplements, the traditional arguments for

teaching proof.

Environment where students could be surrounding by a positive atmosphere

valued learning. Hill et al. (2003) discovered that the two most influential factors that

contribute to a student perception of quality in higher education are the quality of

the lecturer and the quality of the students support systems. The latter group of

individuals is composed of peers, families, university services, and any environment

where students could be surrounding by a positive atmosphere that valued learning.

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The quality of the lecturer, though, was the most important facet to a student’s

perception of quality.

Learning is a complex activity that supremely tests students' motivation and

physical condition. Teaching resources, teachers' skill, and curriculum -- these all

play a vital role in a child's education. But what about the physical condition and

design of the actual school facility itself? How do they shape a child's learning

experience? Study after study concludes that there is an explicit relationship

between the physical characteristics of school buildings and educational outcomes.

And while good maintenance, modern systems, and flexible designs are clearly

required, there are even more complex, outside societal factors that need to be

addressed.

According to a report from The American Association of School

Administrators, "Students are more likely to prosper when their environment is

conducive to learning. Environmentally responsive heating, air conditioning and

ventilating systems, for example, either in a new or renovated school, provide a

more comfortable learning environment. Such well-designed systems send a

powerful message to kids about the importance their community places on

education.” There are many elements, ranging from community involvement to

educational leadership that influence the condition of the school facility and none of

these elements operates in isolation.

In this study the student’s mathematics performance was highly correlated

with the use of self-regulated learning factors. Specifically, the relationship between

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the Profile of the Respondents, the extent of School Related Variables, the extent of

Family Orientation and the level of performance of students in mathematics. It is

therefore, the researcher conceptualized thoughts and theories from the internet

which are then grouped together into themes that frame the subject which are

important enough to measure the relationship that bring out in this study.

Conceptual Framework

The study reports the results of a survey conducted to examine the

relationship of School Related Variables and Family Orientation leading to Student

Mathematics Performance at PUP Campus, Calauan, and Laguna. Subsequently,

the researcher will attempts to investigate the relationship between Math

Performances with intrinsic factors (Respondents Profile) such as Age, Gender,

Occupation, Monthly Income, Types of Residence, Civil Status Organizational

Membership, and Educational Attainments ; extrinsic factors (School Related

Variables) such as Curriculum, Faculty, Students Services, Physical Facilities and

Family Orientation Factors such as Education, Values and Social Relationship.

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.Research Paradigm

This study focuses on Mathematics Performance of PUP College students in

relations to School Related Variables and Family Orientation.

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

A. PROFILEAgeGenderOccupationMonthly IncomeTypes of residenceCivil statusOrganizational MembershipEducational Attainment

B.SCHOOL RELATED VARIABLES

CurriculumFacultyStudents ServicesPhysical Faculties

C. FAMILY ORIENTATIONEducationValuesSocial Relationship

PERFORMANCE IN

MATHEMATICS

Table1. Conceptualize Relationship among Variables.

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Statement of the Problem

The study attempts to reports the results of a survey conducted to examine

School Related Variables and Family Orientation leading the performance of

College Student in Mathematics at PUP Campus, Calauan, Laguna.

The focus of this research is to presents the results of a survey designed to

investigate the relationship between Mathematics Performances with intrinsic

factors (Respondents Profile) such as Age, Gender, Occupation, Monthly Income,

Types of Residence, Civil Status Organizational Membership, and Educational

Attainments ; extrinsic factors (School Related Variables) such as Curriculum,

Faculty, Students Services, Physical Facilities and Family Orientation Factors such

as Education, Values and Social Relationship. The information needed will be

gathered using the checklist style research-made questionnaire. All information and

conclusions drawn from this study were obtained only to this particular group of

students.

Furthermore this study wants to answer the following questions:

1. 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of?

1.1. Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Occupation;

1.4. Monthly Income;

1.5Types of residence;

1.6. Civil status;

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1.7 Organizational membership; and

1.8. Educational Attainment?

2. How do the respondents perceive the following School Related Factors as to:

2.1 Curriculum:

2.2 Faculty:

2.3 Students Services; and

2.4 Physical Facilities?

3. How do the respondents perceive their Family Orientation in terms of?

3.1. Education;

3.2. Values; and

3.3 Social relationship

4. What is the performance of PUP college students in Mathematics?

5. Is the performance of college students in Mathematics Subject significantly

related to?

5.1. School Related Factors; and

5.2. Family orientation?

Significance of the Study

It is hoped that the finding of this study will be useful for the administration,

faculty, staff, employers, and professional associations, colleagues from similar

programs elsewhere, students (applicants, undergrads, grads, and alumni) and

parents.

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All the while, PUP is seeing a significant increase in enrollment. From 120

enrollments upon each existence in 2009 it grows four times as of now.

(www.pup/edu) Therefore, Local government units must provide more space for

growing enrolments while educators will review on instruction to ensure that the

intended curriculum has been delivered.

(Clark, 2001) states that Economic limits will not allow for inexhaustible

resources to build and equip schools. We must be able to pinpoint the design

factors that best support instructional programs. Educators must also be equipped

with a knowledge base and skill level in facility appraisal (O’Neill, 2001). This, in

turn, will provide designers and policymakers with data that will drive school facility

planning and construction for years to come. PUP Students from Calauan

community are growing and PUP professors are striving to meet state and national

standards.

Administrators to improve program needed for school advancement. To

ensure that students will receive the type of instruction that leads to master learning.

And produce graduates which possess competencies and skills relevant to the job

market.

Professional Associations, to evaluate the mathematics curriculum to ensure

that, at all levels, the curriculum addresses mathematical content standards

(number operations and relationships, geometry, measurement, statistics and

probability, and algebraic relationships), and mathematical process standards

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(reasoning, communication, connections, representation, and routine and non-

routine problem solving).

Employer may formulate new educational policies on how to provide quality

education to the growing needs of the community. Collaborate with local colleges

and universities to become a grant partner,

Colleagues from similar programs can serve as basis for further study on

teaching and learning activities and student’s mathematics performance.

Teachers refer to the educator to review instruction to ensure that the

intended curriculum has been delivered. One of the areas of concern in

mathematics is the Opportunity to Learn (OTL), which refers to what students have

studied and therefore have had a chance to learn each year.

Parents-to ensure the importance of positive attitude towards mathematic

subject and parental concerns regarding mathematics may arise from their own

anxiety. Provide information regarding important changes in mathematics, including

use of calculators, homework, and structure of classrooms. Students Help students

develop mathematical persistence. Students should feel empowered to use a

variety of strategies to solve problems rather than becoming frustrated when

reliance on memorized rules or procedures is not effective.

Scope and Limitation

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This study is limited only to COLLEGE STUDENTS of POLYTECHNIC

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, CALAUAN LAGUNA during the Academic

Year 2009-2012.

The study will reports the results of a survey conducted to examine School

Related Variables and Family Orientation leading performance College Student

Business Mathematics at PUP Calauan Campus Laguna.

The focus of this research is to presents the results of a survey designed to

investigate the relationship between Mathematics Performances with intrinsic

factors (Respondents Profile) such as Age, Gender, Occupation, Monthly Income,

Types of Residence, Civil Status Organizational Membership, and Educational

Attainments ; extrinsic factors (School Related Variables) such as Curriculum,

Faculty, Students Services, Physical Facilities and Family Orientation Factors such

as Education, Values and Social Relationship. The information will be gathered

using the checklist style research-made questionnaire. All information and

conclusions drawn from this study will obtained only to this particular group of

students.

Definition of Terms

For better clarification and understanding of the terms related to this study, the

following terms are defined conceptually and operationally.

Mathematics Performance refers to the final grade rating of students at the

end of semester. The final rating is designed to request from registrar’s office of

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PUP Calauan through documentary analysis of Form 48. Score ranges from a low

of 3.00 to a high of 1.00.

Respondents Profile denotes to the Average perception of respondents in

mathematics performance in relation to School Related Variables and Family

Orientation.

Age points to the chronological order of the respondents.

Sex points to the gender of the respondents.

Occupations point to the respondent way of supports on their studies.

Monthly Income points the status of respondent’s income.

Types of Residence points the variation of dwelling the respondents live.

They are the following categories: bungalow, duplex house, single

detached, row house, farmhouse and villa.

Civil Status refers to marital status of the respondents.

Organizational Membership refers to a group of people the respondents are

connected.

Educational Attainment refers to the year level of the respondents for

academic year 2012-2013.

School Related Variables this denotes to the average perception of

respondents that influence their Performance in Mathematics as a subject in the

tertiary school curriculum subject

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Curriculum this refers to formal mechanism through which intended

educational aims are achieved. In this study, the term refers to the learning

competencies and experienced in mathematics taught and not taught

under the formal structure of the university.

Faculty this refers to the instructor who handled math subject.

Students Services this refers to the comprehensive services, resources and

educational experiences for the respondent learning community so that

they will become the best prepared citizens and workers of the world.

Physical Facilities this refers to an instrument that rates facility condition of

an institution as educational adequate environment for education, space

flexibility, and cosmetic condition.

Family Orientation this denotes to the average perception of respondents

that influence their Performance in Mathematics as a subject in the tertiary school

curriculum.

Education this refers to a person who can access to optimal states of mind

regardless of the situation you are in and those who can think clearly and

act effectively to achieve self-selected goals and aspirations.

Values this refers to the belief the respondents are proud off and willing to

affirm.

Social Relationships this describes how the people in a culture organize

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themselves and relate to one another.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The study reports the results of a survey conducted to examine the

relationship between School Related Variables and Family Orientation leading to

Mathematics Performance at PUP Campus Calauan, Laguna. This chapter is

included to provide insight, as evidenced by a review of pertinent literature. The

examination then ensues on the relationship between Math Performances with

intrinsic factors (Respondents Profile) such as Age, Gender, Occupation, Monthly

Income, Types of Residence, Civil Status Organizational Membership, Educational

Attainments ; extrinsic factors (School Related Variables) such as Curriculum,

Faculty, Students Services, Physical Facilities and Family Orientation Factors such

as Education, Values and Social Relationship.

Review of literature then focuses on the role of School Related Variables and

Family Orientation leading to Mathematics Performance.

Mathematical Performance

Learning Mathematics as suggested by Gresalfi and Cobb (2006) is

more than just the acquisition of skills and knowledge, and, “it is not sufficient to

focus exclusively on the ideas and skills that we want students to learn”. A person’s

mathematical disposition related to her or his beliefs about and attitude toward

mathematics may be as important as content knowledge for making informed

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decisions in terms of willingness to use this knowledge in everyday life. With this in

mind, it seems important to pay close attention to the mathematical classroom

experiences of students, as these are critical in the development of affective

dispositions and views towards mathematics

The research of Piaget shows that individuals are formal operational thinkers

by ages 15 or 16, the usual ages of college freshmen in the Philippines.

Consequently, mathematics teachers expect college freshmen to perform at the

formal level. So, the curricula and syllabi for mathematics courses in the Philippines

are designed with the goal of engaging students in formal level learning activities.

Mathematical thinking is essential in mathematics performance. This makes

mental ability grows and develops ideas as they increase their awareness of the

views of others. They negotiate meaning and share their expertise as they raise

their thinking skills to higher levels .

According to the study of A. A. Limjap De La Salle University, Manila,

Philippines & Jaime A. Leongson, learners at the concrete operational level begin to

develop their mathematical thinking. They can remember images of physically

absent objects but cannot deal with ideas. This mental ability grows and develops

as they increase their awareness of the views of others. As they share their

thinking with others, they are able to articulate their meanings and start to

understand the meanings others put on the same situation. They negotiate

meaning and share their expertise as they raise their thinking skills to higher levels.

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School-Related Variables this denotes to the average perception of

respondents that influence their Performance in Mathematics as a subject in the

tertiary school curriculum subject

Curriculum

A curriculum is more than putting together a set of academically required

subjects. Several things must be considered, such as the learning needs of

students; the consensus of teachers and administrators; the expectations of the

community; and current breakthroughs in academic fields.

The mathematics programmed in this university is sufficient to accommodate

students of differing levels of ability and reflect their needs. These will include the

need for interesting and meaningful mathematical experiences, the need to apply

mathematics in other areas of learning, the need to continue studying mathematics

at post-primary level, and the need to become mathematically literate members of

society. Integration with all the other subjects will add another valuable perspective

to the mathematics curriculum.

According to the study at www.curriculumonline, Mathematics encompasses

a body of knowledge, skills and procedures that can be used in a rich variety of

ways: to describe, illustrate and interpret; to predict; and to explain. It should be

recognized that mathematics is an intellectual pursuit in its own right, a source of

fascination, challenge, and enjoyment. The exploration of patterns and

relationships, the satisfaction of solving problems, the appreciation of designs and

shapes and an awareness of the historical and cultural influences that have shaped

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modern mathematics can contribute to the child's enthusiasm for the subject. This

curriculum seeks to provide the child with a mathematical education that is

developmentally appropriate as well as socially relevant.

The importance and impact of curriculum cannot be overstated. Steve Glenn,

Contributor of curriculum planner, March 13, 2012, states that, “the impact on

Administrators to a curriculum allows administrators to provide a dynamic

educational program for current and prospective students. Schools, colleges and

universities attract students with a variety of quality, competitive and flexible

program curricula. The Impact on Teachers to a curriculum offers teachers the

ideas and strategies for assessing student progress. A student must meet certain

academic requirements in order to go to the next level. Without the guidance of a

curriculum, teachers cannot be certain that they have supplied the necessary

knowledge or the opportunity for student success at the next level, whether that

level involves a high school, college or career.

The Impact on Students curriculum according to study of Steve Glenn gives

students an understanding of what must be accomplished in order to obtain a

degree. Without such knowledge, students would be lost in a maze of academic

courses that seemingly leads nowhere. They would have no assurance that they

are taking the proper subjects toward a diploma or a degree. A curriculum promotes

a sense of order and structure in the pursuit of academic success. The Overall

Significance in designing a curriculum involves the interaction of several

participants, reaching beyond the academic wall to impact the entire community.

Without an effective curriculum, students would not be able to understand or meet

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the challenges of society. A curriculum prepares an individual with the knowledge to

be successful, confident and responsible citizens”

Faculty

Teachers are influenced by the physical conditions within which they work.

Physical surroundings impact job satisfaction and, hence job performance. Good

physical working conditions in any occupation can have a positive impact upon job

satisfaction, attendance, effort, effectiveness and morale (Becker, 1981).

According to Keller (2003), it is difficult to separate behaviour from work

environment when addressing teacher morale and job satisfaction.. Decreases in

job performance and increases in turnover rate result in real financial cost on the

part of school districts as result of inadequate facilities (Becker, 1981). Becker

(1981) notes that adequate space with comfortable temperature; furnishings and

lighting will increase the satisfaction of occupants and increase individual

capabilities as a result.

Schneider (2003) reports from his study that the teachers list down

environmental problems such as poor indoor air quality, noise, low lighting as well

as 25percent indicating that they have taught in non-instructional areas such as

hallways or even closets. Teachers have difficulty maintaining their sense of

professionalism if they are not provided with private workspace (Hathaway, 1988).

As with many other professionals, it stands to reason that teachers should be

provided with private working space with telephone, fax machine and computers

(Moore & Lackney1994). If teachers are expected to participate in shared decision-

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making, then workspace should also be arranged to provide professional interaction

with peers and administrators (Moore & Lackney, 1994)

R S Mcgowen (2007 states that other factors of teacher space contribute to

the sense of professionalism among faculty. Teachers need space to engage other

teachers. Outside of class time, teachers need adult interaction that takes place in

pleasant and appealing places (Stenzler, 1988).Teachers need space to interact

professionally and socially, according to Hawkins and Overbaugh (1988). Lack of

such space for relaxation and planning is a cause for poor morale among faculty

members.

Sheila Tobias at NADE2001 conference, the predominant causes of math

anxiety are environmental factors created by math teachers. These include

pressures created by timed tests, an overemphasis on one right method and one

right answer, humiliation of students at the blackboard, an atmosphere of

competition, absence of discussion, and other related dynamics that typify the math

classroom.

Still in the study of Tobias, these factors lead to destructive self-beliefs on the

students about math abilities they possess, avoidance behavior, and unwillingness

to explore mathematical concepts in the classroom environment. Coupled with the

negative influence of environmental factors is the belief those students who do well

in math do so because of native ability, not effort. This misconception, propagated

by teachers and society at large, only serves to reinforce negative student

behaviors that lead to under performance in mathematics.

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Tobias outlined various ways that college developmental math faculty can

respond to these negative factors. The following negative factors are the following:

First, she emphasized the importance of good diagnostic and placement

procedures. This includes the need for colleges to consider the effect of time

restrictions on placement testing and for students to be given the opportunity to

prepare in advance for placement tests. It also includes the need for faculty to

identify and understand the learning style needs and preferences of their students

and for accurate assessment of student disabilities where they exist.

Second, instructional methods have to be altered to accommodate the

learning characteristics of different kinds of students.

Third, as student learning is driven by tests, college instructors need to be

aware of certain testing issues. These include the impact of timed testing and test

format on student performance. Instructors should experiment with testing by

removing time restrictions and varying test types to include open-ended questions,

problem solving, or even essay questions, as opposed to just “right answer/wrong

answer” questions. Finally, “math clinics” can be useful in helping students deal with

the effects of math anxiety or other student-related barriers to learning math.

Tobias suggests that math instructor’s team together with a college

counselor to offer voluntary sessions in which students can explore the various

factors affecting their individual performance in math.

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N Jenkins, 2006 study states that without a doubt, the teacher maintained a

potent force in the classroom. It was found that a teacher’s enthusiasm toward the

subject matter had a greater impact on student attitude than instructional variables.

A teacher who showed excitement toward mathematics, for example, tended to

produce similar enthusiasm in his or her students. Furthermore, a teacher who

disliked and feared mathematics also passed on a lasting negative attitude to

students.

Students Services

Students’ attitudes and behaviours are impacted by their physical

surroundings. There are certain factors that will help students uplift their learning

and will be beneficial for students’ academic achievements.

In the study of Bethune- in Cookman University states that an individual

should provide a group counselling sessions to assist students in developing

interpersonal, social, and decision-making skills through the Office of Career and

Program Services Student Health Services. He made mention of certain factors that

are beneficial for students’ academic enhances. These are the following:

Library Learning Resources Information Technology – The Library provides

computer labs as work stations for students to complete academic assignments

using the library resources. Computers are available in the residence halls for

students to check-out, and in the Parlin Resource Center for students. The

computers enhance the quality of services provided to students, which have been

documented in technology evaluation surveys.

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Academic Advising - Academic Advising is an essential component of the

educational process and is committed to a program which strives to integrate

students’ personal and academic goals, address their cognitive and social

development, and establish the relationship between education and life

experiences. Each student is assigned an academic advisor whose role is to help

the student clarify individual goals and develop a suitable educational plan, select

an appropriate course sequence, and review the progress toward established

educational goals.

Career and Program Services- the University provides individual and group

counselling sessions to assist students in developing interpersonal, social, and

decision-making skills through the Office of Career and Program Services Student

Health Services. Within the tuition/fees costs, students are charged a student health

fee to assist with student health care costs of the University.

Religious Life the university has an Interim Chaplain who is available to

students for spiritual counselling and guidance. The Interim Chaplain also

coordinates and promotes religious activities such as Bible Study, Religious

Emphasis Week, and prayer services.

Physical Facilities

The researcher dream of having a good facility conditions for PUP Calauan

Campus that would benefit the respondent’s mathematics performance. From the

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study of Mcgowen, 2007, his recommendation based upon school facility conditions

includes the following: administrators and designers should take into account

factors such as interior environment and academic learning space when planning

schools to positively impact student discipline; school design and construction

should focus on specialized learning spaces and other academic areas more than

administrative support spaces and other academic areas more than administrative

support spaces when striving to increase teacher satisfaction with physical working

conditions.

Traditionally, public high school has received much of the attention in the

discussion of school reform because of too many enrolees every year. This is

possibly due to economic condition of parent who cannot send children to college.

But in the real sense, according to (Fiske, 1991), in economic terms, the

improvement of school would seem beneficial to our colleges and companies

because it is in this stage the we will have future educators in preparation for next

generation. School good condition matters most in academic achievement. From

the study of (Blair & Pollard, 1998), the evaluation of school building, in light of

reform movements allows planners and educators to align academic initiatives,

such as improved test scores, with the tangible factors of the school house such as

lighting and indoor air quality.

Sad to say that much research disregard school building and has continue to

focus on pedagogical and curriculum trends and not directly on the environment

surrounding of the learner and the educator (Gregory & Smith,1997).

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More profoundly, studies are increasing their focus on the impact that the

environmental design will have on student outcomes. When the learning process is

at the core of design priorities, there is a significant likelihood that the facility will

positively influence performance (Blair, 1998). The correlation appears to be

positive between facility design and learning. Chan (1996) clarifies that poor

learning facilities can foster negative attitudes just as exceptional designs may

bolster achievement. The growth of brain-based research has provided a shot in the

arm for facility design studies. Caine and Caine (1990) make the point that brain-

based research is not an independent movement in education, but an approach

from which all learning research will benefit. The brain is a physiological system and

can be stimulated, both positively and negatively, by its physical surroundings

(Chan & Petrie, 1998).

2. Family Orientation

2.1 Education

Supportive relationship with parents, peers and teachers were related to

students’ motivation to school and to academic achievement .According to the

Journal of research in Education, 2007, parental support, belongingness and social

supports are factors for the adoption of social valued goal and objectives”.

Research suggests that family involvement in education can boost young children's

academic success (e.g., Henderson & Berla, 1994; Fendrich, 1999; Marcon, 1999;).

Research also suggests that the transition between early childhood and elementary

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school can be a crucial period in children's development (Pianta, Rimm-Kauffman &

Cox 1999).

Yet less is known about the experience of kindergarten transition from

parents' perspective (for an exception, see Pianta & Kraft-Sayre, 1999) and the

ways that children's early childhood education might promote their parents'

involvement throughout children's schooling. Research suggests that family

involvement in education can boost young children's academic success.

In the study of (Jenkins, 2006), research indicates that parental influence can

also affect the mathematics attitudes and performance of children in the following

three ways: parental expectations of a child’s achievement, parental

encouragement, and a parent’s own mathematics attitudes. Findings about student

attitudes toward mathematics were positively related to how they rated their parent’s

attitudes toward mathematics. The attitude of students was also positively

correlated with the amount of mathematics education desired by the parents for

their children.

Journal of Research in Education, 2007, found that students having educated

parents or living with both parents tended to receive higher scores in mathematics.

In addition, students’ social backgrounds significantly influence their mathematics

achievement after controlling of this academic ability and orientation toward school

(Shores & Shannon 2007).

Values

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An educated individual promotes education in his family. Thus he contributes

to the spread of education, starting from a small unit of society - his family. The idea

of education and a strong belief in its benefits on individuals and the society are

transferred from one generation to another. One educated individual can prove to

be instrumental in the educational development of his family, the future generations

and in turn, the society.

According to Manalili Oak Jan 2012, Education helps a person meet his

career objectives and achieve economic growth. Education builds resourceful

human beings out of illiterate individuals. Education gives a sense of personal

fulfillment. An educated individual having experienced its positive effects

encourages the idea of education.

Education helps create good teachers. Why not? From the articles, The

Spread of Education states that on acquiring education an individual gains the

ability to share what he has learned with the less learned. He acquires the ability to

impart his knowledge to the less knowledgeable; he gains the ability to teach. Now,

every educated individual is a good teacher. But education is definitely a doorway

leading to the field of education - where one becomes the ambassador of

education itself.

The true purpose of education is to bring profoundness to one's expression,

broaden one's perspective and build in the individuals, a better approach of looking

at life.

Social Relationship

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High achieving students sought more social assistance from teachers and

peers than did low achieving students, as well as used more strategies such as

rehearsing, memorizing, organizing, transforming, goal setting and planning,

monitoring and self-evaluation.

According to Vygotsky.1978, reveals that children who are accepted by peers

have been found to be more academically successful than children who are rejected

or not highly accepted by their peers. Their friends are more sensitive to each

other’s’ needs and more supportive of each other’s’ thoughts and well-being than

non-friends, it may be that children are more likely to talk openly and challenge

each other’s’ thoughts and feelings in the company of friends than non-friends.

These researchers suggest that if this is the case, one would expect children who

have friends to interact with their peers in a way that is more likely to promote

cognitive growth compared to children who do not have friends. Researchers have

long acknowledged that peer relationships form a developmental context for

children (Cillessen & Mayeux, 2004).

Social media increase in academic knowledge because it lowers traditional

communications constraints of cost, geography, and time; and it supports the type

of open information sharing that brings people together (Janna Anderson, Lee

Rainie July 2, 2010). In her research it states that social benefits of internet use will

far outweigh the negatives over the next decade, according to experts who

responded to a survey about the future of the internet. They say this is because

email, social networks, and other online tools offer ‘low-friction’ opportunities to

create, enhance, and rediscover social ties that make a difference in people’s lives.

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The internet lowers traditional communications constraints of cost, geography, and

time; and it supports the type of open information sharing that brings people

together. Research has shown that most children who have positive peer

relationship also do well academically and that children who are rejected by peers

early on tend to encounter more academic difficulties in later years (Wetzel and

Caldwell, 1997).

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study reports the results of a survey conducted to examine School

Related Variables and Family Orientation leading to the Student Mathematics

Performance at PUP Campus, Calauan, and Laguna. The descriptive – correlation

method will use in this study.

This study will use the Descriptive Research Method wherein the study is

focused on present situations. It involves the recording, description, analysis and

the presentation of the present system, composition or processes of phenomena.

Under the Descriptive Research Method as introduced by MCBilly(Feb. 2009), the

technique used is the Survey Method, which is otherwise known as normative

survey. The results and findings of the study should always be compared with the

standards. With the survey method, researchers are able to statistically study the

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specific areas where the proponents must concentrate. Findings regarding the

common practices being done and the methods which are commonly adopted by

the students are obtained with the use of the survey method.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study will be three hundred (300) college students

from PUP Campus Calauan Laguna from Academic Year 2009 - 2012 who took

Mathematics. Since this university is now on its 4th year operation it is indicated the

percentage number of student passed the subject every semester.

Research Instruments

The proponents prepare a set of carefully prepared and logically ordered

questions. This respondent focuses on their performance in mathematics subject

because they are very important in a sense that this study is all about them. The

questionnaires are being prepared accordingly to the priority of concern by using

predetermined sets of questions with predefined ranges of answers so as to

avoid any conflicting series of response.

The questionnaire- checklist consisted of the relationship between

Mathematics Performances with intrinsic factors (Respondents Profile) such as

Age, Gender, Occupation, Monthly Income, Types of Residence, Civil Status

Organizational Membership, and Educational Attainments ; extrinsic factors (School

Related Variables) such as Curriculum, Faculty, Students Services, Physical

Facilities and Family Orientation Factors such as Education, Values and Social

Relationship.

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The information needed will be gathered using the checklist style research-

made questionnaire. All information and conclusions drawn from this study were

obtained only to this particular group of students.

Part 1 on the questionnaire-checklist obtained the Respondents Profile in terms of

Age, Gender, Occupation, Monthly Income, Types of Residence, Civil Status

Organizational Membership, and Educational Attainment. It is composed of 12

questions. Each question was given a set of letter that corresponds their

characteristics.

Part 2 on the questionnaire-checklist obtained the Respondents Performance in

Mathematics in relation to School Related Variables as to Curriculum, Faculty,

Students Services and Physical Facilities. It is composed of 28 statements. Each

statement was given one set of five letters. The five letters were ranked as:

5 -STRONGLY AGREE (SA)

4 - AGREE ( A )

3 SLIGHTLY AGREE (SR)

2 - DISAGREE ( D )

1 - STRONGLY DISAGREE (SD)

The questionnaire – checklist was presented to the adviser and expert on

Mathematics for comments, corrections, and suggestions on the content.

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Part 2 on the questionnaire-checklist obtained the Respondents Performance in

Mathematics in relation to Family Orientation as to Education, Values and Social

Relationships. It is composed of 21 statements. Each statement was given one set

of five letters. The five letters were ranked as:

5 -STRONGLY AGREE (S A)

4 - AGREE ( A )

3 SLIGHTLY AGREE (SR)

2 - DISAGREE ( D )

1 - STRONGLY DISAGREE (SD)

Research Procedure

The original title proposed by the researcher was checked, revised and

rechecked by the researcher’s adviser together with the panel members to maintain

conformity on the subject of research. The questionnaire-checklist that aims to draw

out proper responses on the objectives of this study was constructed and is subject

for checking by the research adviser to ensure the validity of responses it would

derive.

Permit to conduct research and study is to secure letter requesting

permission to the Director of Polytechnic University of the Philippines Calauan,

Campus for the College Students in Mathematics Academic Year 2009-2012

Statistical Treatment of Data

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Analysis Statistical Tools

1. Person – Related Information: Frequency, Percent

1.1 Age Weighted Mean and

1.2 Gender Standard Deviation

1.3 Occupation

1.4 Monthly Income

1.5 Types of Residence

1.6 Civil Status

1.7 Organizational Membership; and

1.8 Educational Attainment

2. The extent of School Related Variable in terms of:

2.1Curriculum: Weighted Mean and

2.2 Faculty: Standard Deviation

2.3 Students Services; and

2.4 Physical Facilities?

3. The extent of family orientation in terms of?

3.1. Education; Weighted Mean and

3.2. Values; and Standard Deviation

3.3 Social relationship?

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4. The Students level of performance in Business Mathematics. Frequency,

Percent, Weighted Mean & Standard Deviation

5. The student’s significant relationship between: Pearson Product - Moment

5.1. School Related Factors; and Correlation Coefficient

5.2. Family Orientation?

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