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Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Privateers, Gunrunners and NeutralsThe Danes in India, 1620-1869
1st Danske stindisk Kompagni 1616-50
2nd Danske stindisk Kompagni 1670-1729
Danske Asiatisk Kompagni 1732-1777
Dansk stindien 1777-1869
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Asiatic Trade In 1600, Elizabeth granted the charter of the then English East India
Company
In 1602, 12 Dutch voor-compagnien were force-merged into the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
1611-1615: The Seventh Voyage of the EIC gained 214% on an investment of 15634
1615, Jan de Willem of Amsterdam & Herman Rosenkrantz of Rotterdam, proposed to King Christian IV the foundation of a Danish trading company
March 17th, 1616, Christian IV issued a charter, giving the Danish East India Company a monopoly on trade between Denmark and Asia
Peter Ravn Rasmussen
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Merchant King
Christian IV ascended the throne of Denmark-Norway in 1588
The countrys economy was dependent on Germany and the Baltic trade
He wanted in on the Asiatic Trade, a rising source of power for the Houses of Tudor and Orange
He sent expeditions to Greenland (to find the Old Norse settlement), North America (the Northwest Passage) and to Asia
All three failed, but the Asia expedition turned into a lasting settlement at Tarangambadi
Peter Ravn Rasmussen Frederiksborg Museum
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.galathea3.dk/dk/Menu/Forskning/Nationalmuseets+Tranquebar+Initiativ/Materiale/Chr.+IV
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Charter Modelled on the Dutch company; much of it
translated verbatim from the VOC charter
However, it took till 1618 for the DK to raise sufficient funds to send an expedition to the Coromandel coast of India
Suggested by one of the company's advisors, Roelant Crapp, a Dutchman formerly in the service of the VOC in Asia, who knew the Nayak of Tanjavur
Coat of Arms of Christian IV; Wikimedia CommonsPeter Ravn Rasmussen
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wappen_1594_BSB_cod_icon_326_109_crop.jpg/489px-Wappen_1594_BSB_cod_icon_326_109_crop.jpghttp://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The First Expedition Finally, the resund sailed for the East Indies on August
18, 1618 as a scout under the command of Crapp
On November 29, the main expeditionary fleet, consisting of 4 Danish ships (trade ships Christian and Copenhagen, flagship Elephant and warship David) and 1 Dutch escort, set sail, under the command of 24-year-old Ove Gjedde
After a number of adventures, the ships reached Ceylon in 1620, sailing for 535 days
Painting by Christian Mlsted, 1914; National Museum of DenmarkTranquebar Association, Denmark
Forts 2.pptxhttp://www.galathea3.dk/dk/Menu/Forskning/Nationalmuseets+Tranquebar+Initiativ/Materiale/Den+f%C3%B8rste+s%C3%B8rejsehttp://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933984
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Ceylon and Serendipity In November 1617 a certain Marselis de Boschouwer arrived at Christian IV's court
He claimed to be the emissary of the Emperor of Ceylon (in reality King Senarat of Kandy), requesting an alliance to drive out the Portuguese
He showed a treaty dated 22 March 1615, granting him power of attorney to negotiate on the emperor's behalf with the Dutch, but de Boschouwer told the Danes that the Dutch were no longer interested in Ceylon.
He tried to interest Christian for Ceylon and did not hesitate to embellish the island's delights and riches; it ended with a trade treaty between the Danish king and emperor of Ceylon, signed on March 30th 1618.
Christian IV was to help and support the emperor for seven years with a ship and 300 soldiers in return for the exclusive right to trade in Ceylon for 12 years.
Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Un-imperial Emperor
The resund arrived first, and Roelant Crapp discovered that Senarat, King of Kandy was no emperor, but a king whose power was rapidly oozing away to the Portuguese
Crapp agreed to drive out the Portuguese, a desperate task that led to the sinking of the resund
When Gjeddes main fleet arrived, the King of Kandy refused to recognise the de Bouschower treaty (which called for him pay the Danes 90.000 dollars); de Bouschower had however died on the way
Gjedde was forced to renegotiate, dropping the money claim and receiving Trincomalee as a colony, where he ordered the building of a fort
The Family Srensen
Marco Ramerini, Southernstar
(Portuguese Ceylon) (Tanjore)
Nayak of Gingee
Nayak o
f M
adura
i
http://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttp://www.colonialvoyage.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Portuguese-territorial-expansion-in-Ceylon-1600.-Author-and-Copyright-Marco-Ramerini.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Tanjore_Nayak_Kingdom.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
In October 1620 Gjedde arrived at the court of Raghunatha Nayaka of
Tanjore, possibly having heard Roelant Crapp was already there
The Portuguese seized Crapp and taken him to Negapatam (where they
had rights); but had to hand him over to Raghunatha Nayak, King of Tanjore
Raghunatha Nayak, like Senarat, saw the Danes (and the Dutch at
Tegnapatnam) as counters to the Portuguese
They secured the rights to build a fortress and factory at Tarangambadi
(Trankebar in Danish, Portuguese Tranquebar), just north of the Palk Strait
Gjedde returned to Ceylon, but seeing no opportunities in Trincomalee (and no money to complete the fort), he abandoned Ceylon altogether and left for Denmark, never to return
The Dannebrog is planted
Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen
World of coins
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttp://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php?topic=29074.0
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Singing Waves
Tharangam = from Sanskrit Taranga (song) and Badi = from Tamil padi (coastal village)
Established in the 1305/6 by Kulasekara Pandian Maravarma as Sadangambadi (Sadanganpadi) or Kulasekarapattinam
Home to the Masilamani Nathar Temple, now in ruins
An inscription on the temple wall refers to sailors and a guild of traders of eighteen countries (Hultsch, South Indian Inscriptions, Volume IV, inscription no. 399)
TN Dept. of Archaeology, Trankebar Association, National Museum of Denmark, Peter Ravn Rasmussen
https://archive.org/stream/SouthIndianInscriptionsVol041923/South Indian Inscriptions vol 04-1923#page/n149/mode/2uphttp://www.tnarch.gov.in/sitemus/mus2.htmhttp://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/a-place-of-cultural-exchange/publications-on-cultural-exchange/cultural-exchanges-and-encounters-in-tharangampadi-tranquebar/http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Waves Sing in Danish now
Roelant Crapp negotiated the transfer of Trankebar from Raghunatha Nayak in a gold leaf dated
Raudra year, Chittirai month, 20th (Gregorian April 25, 1620)
This was followed by a formal treaty (in Portuguese) on November 20, 1620 (next slide)
A tribute of Rs 3111/- (2000 chakrams) was payable annually on Vijaya Dasami
Nevertheless, short of money (having expected it from the Emperor of Ceylon), the Danes had to sell off some of their artillery pieces to build their fort
http://www.tharangampadi.dk/pictures/images/foilfinal.jpg
National Museum of Denmark, Peter Ravn Rasmussen, http://www.tharangampadi.dk/goldfoil.html
http://www.tharangampadi.dk/pictures/images/foilfinal.jpghttp://natmus.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/natmus/forskning/dokumenter/Tranquebar/RDC_XIV_Tranquebar.pdfhttp://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.tharangampadi.dk/goldfoil.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
National Archives of Denmark
http://www.tharangampadi.dk/pictures/images/treaty.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
1620-1639 The first Danish East India Company lasted for only 34 years
Plagues by shipwrecks, it transported only 7 cargoes to Denmark, trading with Tenasserim (Malayan pepper) and Macassar (cloves)
In 1625, the Danes ceased trading on their own and switched to carrying Portuguese goods between the East Indies and Tranquebar as neutral third parties between the Dutch, Mughals, Portuguese and English
After 1639, no ships sailed between Trankebar and Denmark
Peter Ravn Rasmussen
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Governors under the 1st DK
Ove Gjedde (11 October 1620 - 13 February 1621)
Roelant Crappe (14 December 1620 - 9 November 1636)
Barent Pessart (9 November 1636 - 5 September 1643)
Villem Leyel (5 September 1643 - 1648)
Paul Hansen Korsor (1648 7 September 1655)
Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke (7 September 1655 - 1669)
Tranquebar Association
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933983
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Ships of the 1st DKFirst Expedition (1620-22)
resund (sunk)
Den Hollandske Fljte
David
Elefanten
Christian
Kbenhavn
First Cargo
1. Vandhunden [St. Laurentius] 1623
2. Christianshavn 1622-23
Second Cargo
1. Perlen 1624-?
2. Jupiter 1624
Third Cargo
1. Nattergalen
2. Posthesten
3. Flensborg
4. Fortuna
5. Valby 1630
6. Caritas
Fourth Cargo
1. St. Anna 16 30-34
2. St. Anna 1636-37
3. St. Jacob
Fifth Cargo
1. Patientia 1640
2. Jgeren 1640
3. Solen 1640
Sixth Cargo
1. Christianshavn 1643
2. St. Jacob 1643
3. Prisen 1643
4. Valby 1643
Seventh Cargo
1. St. Michael 1644
2. Fortuna 1644
Tranquebar Association
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933984
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Roelant Crapp Of poor Dutch origins, he became the first full-time governor of Trankebar
He expanded Danish presence northwards with a factory at Masulipatnam in 1625, and lesser trading offices at Pipli and Balasore.
Nevertheless, he was plagued by shipwrecks; by 1627, only three ships were left
The same year he was unable to pay the agreed-upon tribute to the Nayak (Rs. 3,111/-).
In 1628 and 1629, he proposed the transfer of Trankebar to the Dutch company, but the VOC wasnt interested. Its footprint in Ceylon was growing, and the Portuguese were gradually being edged out (the role the Danes were to play); However, the Dutch agreed to garrison the Fort
In 1636, Crapp was summoned to Denmark and replaced as governor by Barent Pessart
Pondicherry Gazetteer, Historic Alleys, Peter Ravn Rasmussen, Den Store Danske
http://statistics.puducherry.gov.in/gazetter/PDF/II - III- THE MODERN PERIOD.pdfhttp://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2012/01/danish-factory-in-calicut-1752-1796.htmlhttp://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Myndigheder_og_politisk_styre/Koloniembedsmand/RolandCrapp%C3%A9
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Ships lost 1618-22? resund destroyed
at Karikal, or beached at Tricomale
1618-22? Christiana beached at Ceylon
1625 Jupiter beached in Bengal
1626 Nattergalen lost in the Bay of Bengal
1629 Flensborg exploded after fight at Cape of Good Hope
1630? Vandhunden scrapped
near Tranquebar
1635? Fortuna scrapped in India
? Posthesten scrapped in India
1640 St. Jacob lost at Pipely in the Bay of Bengal
1640 Solen (Den gyldne sol) beached on the Dunes, South England, on return trip
1641 Charitas lost at Petapoli(Nizampatnam) in May
1643 Den Forgyldte Sol lost on return voyage off South East England
1643 Den Bengalske Prise grounded and totally wrecked at Emeldy, Golconda
1644 Fregatta taken over and lost the same year at Emeldy(north of Madras)
1652 Christianshavn noted as damaged and un-seaworthy in Tranquebar
Tranquebar Association
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45934011
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Pipli (1625)Balasore (1636)
Masulipatnam (1626)
Expansion under Roelant Crapp
Trincomalee (1620; never built)Polosere (Pondicherry) (1616?-49)
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Trade routes of the 1st DK
Bantam (factory)Macassar (factory)
Tenasserim (Siam)
Masulipatam
Trankebar
Balasore
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Coromandel Siam Trade
Tenasserim, under the Kings of Siam then, was the first trading port of the Danes
The first voyage carried a letter of recommendation from the Nayak of Tanjore, as Siam was already familiar with traders from the Coromandel (called then, as today, klings or kelings*)
Danish ships carried textiles from Coromandel, and brought back rice and elephants (for the Nayaks needs), as well as pepper to be forwarded to Copenhagen
The loss of the Copenhagen Trankebar trade abolished the need for pepper, and the Tenasserim route became unsustainable
Martin Krieger
*from Kalinga, referring to that kingdoms ancient trade
Wikipedia
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MpEusxizFsoC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=d1O8n-zpfE&sig=OeMykGGSlzzzkKFiWscocjwZnmc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIOjAH#v=twopage&q&f=truehttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1686FrenchMapOfSiam.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Coromandel Macassar Trade Macassar remained just out of the Dutch zone of
influence
The Sultans of Gowa insisted on it remaining open
to all, in place of a Dutch monopoly
Macassar became the most important trading point
for the Danes, who benefitted from the intra-Asiatic
trade, and who needed enough goods alongside
Malabar pepper and Coromandel textiles for the long journey to Copenhagen
The trade was so important that the 1628 voyage was captained by Roelant Crapp himself
The trade ceased after the conquest of Macassar by the VOC in 1667
Martin Krieger
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MpEusxizFsoC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=d1O8n-zpfE&sig=OeMykGGSlzzzkKFiWscocjwZnmc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIOjAH#v=twopage&q&f=true
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Coromandel Bantam Trade Bantam was another Sultanate out of Dutch influence; its Sultan
not only encouraged foreign trade but had his own fleet
Its port received Sumatran pepper; clove, nutmeg and mace from the Moluccas and sugar from Java
After the collapse of the Trankebar Copenhagen route, the Bantam trade (along with privateering on the Bay of Bengal) became the main sustenance of Danish India
As Dutch pressure increased on Bantam, the Danes switched from conducting their own trade to renting out the ships to the others English & Portuguese
A number of Danes carried out private trade violating the DKmonopoly (including the Danish factor at Bantam), but were careful never to use Danish ships.
Martin Krieger
Under
Fir
st
D
K&
isola
tion
Under
Second D
K
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MpEusxizFsoC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=d1O8n-zpfE&sig=OeMykGGSlzzzkKFiWscocjwZnmc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIOjAH#v=twopage&q&f=true
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Danish Pondicherry? According to the Gazetteer of Pondicherry, Muthukrishnappa (1595-1625), the Nayak of Gingee allowed
the Danes to set up a trading post at Porto Novo (Parangipettai)
In 1614, the Aravidu emperor Sriranga II had been murdered; Gingee and Tanjore found themselves on opposite sides of the ensuing civil war
Finding the Portuguese siding with Tanjore (who supported the heir of Sriranga II), he evicted them from Pondicherry, where they had been since 1524
The Danes (1616*), the French (1617) and Dutch (1618) were invited to trade there instead; but the Dutch left in 1620 and the French made no progress
A map made by a Pierre Berthelot in 1635 lists 'Polesere' as a Danish trading port
In 1639 an English explorer (from their newfound perch at Madras) Francis Day supposedly stayed in the Danish lodge
After the fall of Gingee to Bijapur in 1648-9, the Danes evacuated Pondicherry
Pondicherry Gazetteer, Short Essay on Danish Settlements
*Th
e d
ate
as p
er
the
Ga
ze
tte
ris
od
d a
s th
e D
an
es r
eco
rde
d p
rese
nce
isn
t o
lde
r th
an
16
20
http://statistics.puducherry.gov.in/gazetter/PDF/II - III- THE MODERN PERIOD.pdfhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Masulipatam (Machilipatnam) Masalia in Roman Times, it was an important port of the Golconda Sultans, Mughals and later the
Nizams till it was given to the French as inam in 1724
The Danes established a factory in 1625-6 to take advantage of Masulipatams flourishing trade with South East Asia as well as its connectivity with the Deccan
The presence of the Dutch, Portuguese, French & English alongside native merchants
The availability of Persian and Indian capital in lieu of Danish capital that was hard to come by
Primary Danish trade constituted of bartering South Indian Textiles with Macassar for spices (cloves and sandalwood) where by this time a factory had been established
Masulipatam quickly rose in importance till it eclipsed Trankebar; the governor stayed here from 1636 to 1641
But the actions of the governor finally caused the Danes to quit Masulipatam for the safety of Trankebar in 1643
Martin Krieger
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MpEusxizFsoC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=d1O8n-zpfE&sig=OeMykGGSlzzzkKFiWscocjwZnmc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIOjAH#v=twopage&q&f=true
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Barent Pessart Described as an "intelligent, but most unreliable man"
Made a mess of the colony accounts, and made several high-risk
deals
By 1638, Pessart's had built up so much debt in Masulipatnam
(35800 pagodas), that the Golconda Sultanate took him and his
family hostage
Only when the Danish ship Solen captured a a ship belonging to Mir
Muhammad Sayyid Ardestani, a wealthy merchant of Golconda in
1640, that Pessart and his family were released in exchange for its return
In September 1643, when the next governor Willem Leyel arrived in India, Pessart shut him out of Dansborg. Leyel laid siege to the citadel (with aid from the native community leaders). Pessart fled in a Portuguese ship, taking with him the fort's best guns, money, and books.
Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen
Trankebar
Masulipatnam
Pipli
www.zum.de
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttp://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/india/deccansulthist.gif
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Reviving Trankebar In Copenhagen, the major stockholders to persuade Christian IV
to dissolve the ailing company in 1638, but in vain
In 1639, the Kristianshavn and Solen sailed for Trankebar, the last ships for the next 29 years.
Pessart's theft of the books hampered Leyel's efforts to re-establish the credit-rating of the Danes with Golconda and the Mughals; failure to pay tribute also led to tensions with the new Nayak of Tanjore, Vijaya Raghava
Leyel resorted to blockading Masulipatnam (Golconda's chief port) and privateering Golcondian ships
An earlier encounter with the Mughals at Pipli had shown them the weakness of Indian navies and the willingness of the Indians to settle disputes with money
Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen
www.Salling.dk
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttps://salling.dk/bog-papir/boger/b%C3%B8ger-p%C3%A5-engelsk/history-military/the-trials-and-travels-of-willem-leyel-an-account-of-the-danish-east-india-company-in-tranquebar-1639-48-38147.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
From Traders to Vikings (Sort Of)
Around 1640, some Danish ships had stranded on the coast near Pipli, but the local authorities refused to help the Danes, and instead confiscated the ships' cargoes. In revenge, the Danes seized Mughal ships and commandeered their goods.
Privateering became the Danes' chief source of revenue for the next thirty years, though this led to difficulties for all other Europeans, as the Mughals didn't differentiate the 'Christians'
The success of privateering, in which several members of the Trankebar establishment had lined their pockets led to resentment when Leyel signed treaties with the Mughals and Golcondas establishing peace on Danish terms
In 1648, Leyel's officers mutinied against him, led by the former head of the factory in Macassar, PoulHansen Korsr
After a brief imprisonment and capture of the treasury, Leyel was released and allowed to go to Denmark
Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Not waving but drowning Poul Hansen Korsr resumed privateering, with no
discrimination between Mughal, Golconda or European shipping.
But with the treasury in disarray, Trankebars fate was unsustainable
Ultimately, Korsr tried in vain to surrender Tranquebar to the Dutch, with a guarantee that the fort would be restored to the Danes when they had the wherewithal.
Korsr died in 1655. Now chief gunner Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke (who had arrived with Leyel) was the last surviving Dane east of Africa.
Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen
http://www.historieboka.no
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttp://www.historieboka.no/GetFile.aspx/images/epii_id/3352/epit_id/1
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The end of the Danske stindisk Kompagni
Meanwhile Christian IV had died, and his successor King Frederik III showed no great interest in the Asiatic Trade.
As the Danish East India Company was nearly bankrupt, in 1650, the king, at the behest of the major shareholders, dissolved the company
Denmark sold Tranquebar to the Elector of Brandenburg, but with no payment forthcoming, the deal was called off
Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen
Det Nationalhistoriske Museum p Frederiksborg Slot
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frederik_3_by_window.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
A pirate republic 1655-1670
Trankebar would have no direct contact with Denmark till 1670
The low-born and illiterate Kongsbakke proved to be a competent leader, tested by fire
Vijaya Raghava Nayak sent an army to besiege Trankebar for non-payment of tribute; but Kongsbakke (who had a Tamil wife) organised an effective defence, winning the confidence of the local population
Den Store Danske,
Peter Ravn Rasmussen,
The Family Srensen
http://denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Myndigheder_og_politisk_styre/Guvern%C3%B8r/Eskild_Andersen_Kongsbakkehttp://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Practically autonomous 1655-1670
The siege was lifted, and Trankebar would go on to withstand further sieges as Kongsbakke strengthened its defences and added an outer fortification wall
Trankebar was by now effectively a pirate state; the revenues from privateering the Bengal trade were nevertheless well-invested by Kongsbakke in replenishing the treasury (he left behind 19,000 pagodas)
Nevertheless, it was clear in 1668 (after withstanding a nine-month siege by the Nayaks army), that Trankebar could hold out no longer
Den Store Danske, Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen
http://denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Myndigheder_og_politisk_styre/Guvern%C3%B8r/Eskild_Andersen_Kongsbakkehttp://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Fort Dansborg
Kongsbakkes outer wall
European Quarter
Trankebar 1695?
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Since the establishment of the Danish in Tranquebar in 1620, the governors had had their official residence in
Fort Dansborg (on the left side in the above picture). When the Danish presence from the 1660s assumed a
more permanent character, the governors like other government officials increasingly preferred to stay
outside Dansborg in rented or owned townhouses.
Trankebar Association
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933999?i=41593260
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The house where Governore Korsor is said to have stayed in. Now restored and used by the Lutheran church.
Trankebar Association
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933999?i=41593260
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The end of an era In 1668, Kongsbakke sent an emissary to Copenhagen - Geert van Hagen, a Dutch sergeant from the
Dutch colony at Negapatnam.
The Danish governement sent the frigate Fr to India, commanded by Capt. Sivardt Adelaer and carrying a group of soldiers under Henrik Eggers.
The ship arrived at Trankebar in May 1669 carrying the King's notice of Kongsbakke's formal appointment as colony leader, with Eggers as his deputy.
Eggert disdained the poorly educated commoner Kongsbakke, and soon sidelined him.
Kongsbakke complained "It is the pride we had for 5 years of service in Europe and 30 years in India."
He died in 1674 and is buried in an unknown grave in Trankebar.
Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The winds change
Trade & Maritime Museum
http://denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/den_florissante_handelsperiode
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The political situation by 1674 1673: The Tanjore Nayaks are overthrown by Madurai, but Tanjore
falls the next year to the Marathas under Venkoji/Ekoji I; Shivaji I is crowned in Raigad.
1674: The French flag is planted at Pondicherry
1662: The Dutch seize Negapatam from the Portuguese, by 1658 they had driven the Portuguese from Ceylon. The Portuguese cease to matter in the Bay of Bengal.
1649: The Nayaka of Gingee is overthrown by the Bijapur Sultanate and his territories annexed
1639: The British had gained a factory and port in Madras, which would soon eclipse all others in the Coromandel trade
Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen
Marco Ramerini, Ravichandar84
(Dutch Ceylon) (Tanjore)
Bijapur Sultanate
Nayak o
f M
adura
i
Trankebar
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttp://www.colonialvoyage.com/portuguese-ceylon-portuguese-sri-lanka-before-war-dutch/dutch-territorial-expansion-in-ceylon-1766-author-and-copyright-marco-ramerini/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ravichandar84
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
War in Europe(spilling into its colonies)
Name Combatants 1 Combatants 2
Franco-Spanish War (1635-59)French, British
Republicans
Spanish, British
Royalists
Portuguese Restoration War
(1640-68)
Portuguese,
EnglishSpanish
English Civil Wars (1642-51)British Republicans,
DutchBritish Royalists
First Anglo-Dutch War (1652-54) English Dutch
Anglo-Spanish War (1654-60)French, British
Republicans
Spain, British
Royalists
First Sweden-Bremen War Swedes Bremen
Second Northern War (1655-60)
Incl Dano-Swedish War (1657-58;
1658-60)
Swedes and alliesDanes, Russians,
Dutch
Wikipedia
"Combat between two vessels, English and French," by Baron Louis-Armand La Hontan, 1703
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_15001799
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Even more War in Europe
Wikipedia
Name Combatants 1 Combatants 2
Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-67) Dutch, Danes, French English
Second Sweden-Bremen War Swedes Bremen, Danes, Dutch
War of Devolution (1667-68) French Spanish, Dutch, Swedes,
English
Franco-Dutch War (1672-78) French, English,
Swedes
Dutch, Spaniards
Scanian War (1675-79) Swedes, French Danes, Dutch
War of the Reunions (1683-84) French Spanish
Nine Years War (1688-97) Dutch, British, Spanish,
Swedes
French
Great Northern War (1700-21) Russians, Danes,
Prussians, British, Poles
Swedes, Poles, Cossacks,
British, Dutch
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14) Prussians, British, Dutch France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_15001799
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
War in the Coromandel 1652-1674: the Anglo-Dutch wars for control of the major
Asiatic Trade routes; end in stalemate
1672-1678: the Dutch are embroiled in war with the French under Louis XIV (Protestant Republicans vs Catholic Monarchists)
The Dutch seize Pondicherry in 1693, returning it after the Treaty of Rijswijk in 1699
The Dutch seizure of the British Monarchy reverses British alliance (William III of Orange being married to Mary II) from France to the United Provinces
These wars left the Danes in a neutral position, which was to go their advantage for the next century
Between the fighting Dutch (orange), English (red) and French (blue), Danish ships provided a neutral flag for the carriage of goods to Copenhagen, from where they were resold to European markets
Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Trankebar: Back in Business
1670: Christian V, newly crowned, is receptive to the formation of a new Danish East India Company
The charter granting sole rights for 40 years is signed on 20 November, 50 years to the date of the treaty with Tanjore
1670: Kongsbakkes treaty with Vijaya Raghava Nayak of Tanjore is ratified by a special envoy from Denmark, and Trankebar gains three villages
1673: A delegation is sent to the Mughals in Bengal, and a peace treaty is signed in 1674, ending privateering
1699: The charter of the second Danish East India Company is renewed for another 40 years
Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen
FW Pritchett Collection
http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttp://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/trade/danish/danish.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Oddeway Torre (1696-1722)(Edava, near Trivandrum)
Expansion under the 2nd DK
Gondalpara (Dannemarksnagore) (1698-1714)
Parangipettai (Porto Novo) (1690-?)
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Trade routes of the 2nd DK
Bantam (factory)
Aceh
Manila (with the French)
Copenhagen
Trankebar
Dannemarksnagore
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Triangular Trade From Copenhagen to Trankebar
Luxury goods from Europe for expats
ammunition and armaments for Indian rulers
For the most part this was profitable
From Trankebar to Bantam
Cloth from Tamil weavers
From Trankebar to Bantam
Pepper from Sumatra
Sappan redwood & bamboo
The fall of Bantam in 1680-82 to the Dutch put an end to this trade too, but the Danes managed a trade pact with the Sultan of Johore in 1684
Martin Krieger
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MpEusxizFsoC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=d1O8n-zpfE&sig=OeMykGGSlzzzkKFiWscocjwZnmc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIOjAH#v=twopage&q&f=true
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Slave Trade in Asia Trankebar has its share of the Danish Slave TradeShut out of Bantam, the Danes joined trade with Aceh, fiercely independent of the Dutch
The Danes ferried slaves from South India to Aceh, and sugar from Aceh to Europe
The first voyages are recorded for 1694, 95 & 96, but the DK does not seem to have been able to sustain it
Martin Krieger, The WestIndian Heritage
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MpEusxizFsoC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=d1O8n-zpfE&sig=OeMykGGSlzzzkKFiWscocjwZnmc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIOjAH#v=twopage&q&f=truehttp://den-vestindiske-arv.dk/en/wealth/the-slave-trade/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Coromandel Trade Indian goods transported to Copenhagen
Pepper from Malabar
Saltpetre or sugar from Bengal
Lading of the ships
Sappan as undercargo; bamboo on the sides
Saltpetre/sugar as ballast
Textiles in the hold
Pepper as filler cargo; but this damaged the pepper on the way
Historic Alleys
http://www.denmarkjapan150.jp/en/history
http://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2012/01/danish-factory-in-calicut-1752-1796.htmlhttp://www.denmarkjapan150.jp/en/history
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Coromandel Trade
The Danes minted their own coins, that came to be called the Tranquebar Kash or Danish Kash
Kash from the Tamil kasu (coin), ultimately from Sanskrit karshapana
This one is dated "1694 with the DOC cypher
Dr. Frances W. Pritchett Collection,
Columbia University
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/coromandel/tranquebar/tranquebar.htmlhttp://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/coromandel/tranquebar/tranquebar.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Bengal Trade: Dannemarksnagore
1698: The DOK secured formal permission from the Subahdarof Bengal, Azim-su-Shan, to build a lodge just south of the French lodge in Chandernagore, for a rent of Rs 30,000 for 10 years
1700: After the construction of a defensive wall around the area with 22 cannons, the lodge was named Dannemarksnagore
Though nothing remains, the area is still called Dinemardanga
1708 and 1710: the Danes also acquired the villages of Tellingapore (Telinipara) and Gondalpara (Gondol Para)
Wikiwand, Stephan Diller
Chinsurah (Hooghly) : Dutch
Chandernagore : French
Dannemarksnagore : Danish
Calcutta : English
http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttps://books.google.co.in/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&pg=PA221&lpg=PA221&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=436LHY6ZEZ&sig=HH19LCu09hT_V00TPbiLR7P9Az4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=dannemarksnagore&f=false
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Bengal Trade: Dannemarksnagore
The factories employed a crew of 40 and stocked Bengal saltpetre and sugar
The factory and its river ships were often the target of river pirates and barely received support from Tranquebar (or the Mughals*)
1714: The Danes flee after leaving a formal Danish declaration of war against Bengal
1718: the Danes concluded negotiations with Chandusi, a Bengali sub-dealer, to return the factories, but this renewed Danish presence came to nothing
Wikiwand, Stephan Diller
Dinemardanga
Telinipara
Gondol
Para
Chandannagar
*still suspicious of the privateering history of the Danes
http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttps://books.google.co.in/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&pg=PA221&lpg=PA221&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=436LHY6ZEZ&sig=HH19LCu09hT_V00TPbiLR7P9Az4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=dannemarksnagore&f=false
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Factors at Dannemarksnagore
1698-1699 Andreas Andr, who negotiated the lease of Dannemarksnagore
1699-1702 Thomas Schmertz, who added the fortification wall and cannons
1702-1706 Johan Joachim Michelsen
1706-1709 Jacob Panck, who oversaw the acquisition of Telinipara
1709-1711 Wolff Ravn, who oversaw the acquisition of Gondalpara
1711-1714 Rasmus Hansen Attrup, who was forced to flee
1718 Gallus Bgvad, who attempted a resettlement
Stephan Diller*still suspicious of the privateering history of the Danes
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&pg=PA221&lpg=PA221&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=436LHY6ZEZ&sig=HH19LCu09hT_V00TPbiLR7P9Az4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=dannemarksnagore&f=false
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Malabar Trade: Oddeway Torre Pepper, from the Malabar swaroopams (Cannanore, Cochin, Calicut and Venad) was transported
across the Palghat Gap across to Trankebar at great expense
The Danes traded luxury goods and firearms in return
A presence on the Malabar Coast was keenly sought, but
opposed by the Dutch & English who had sewn up the trade
Yet in 1695, the queens of Attingal (Venad) granted permission
for a factory, which was established either at Anjengo
(Anchuthengu) or at nearby Oddeway (Edava)
It never did well; "It is a thatched House", said the British agent (who also had a factory), "of a mean Aspect and their Trade answers every way.
The Danish resident abruptly quit in 1702; in 1755 a major portion was washed away
Historic Alleys, Short Essay on Danish Settlements
Oddeway Torre (Edava)
Anjengo
Attingal
http://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2012/01/danish-factory-in-calicut-1752-1796.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Fort
Dansborg
Kongsbakkes
outer wall
Kongsgarde
Governors
House
Trankebar 1733
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Danish East
India Company
House, in
Copenhagen;
from a book of
drawings
published by a
Dutch architect
named Thurah, in
1746
Dr. Frances W.
Pritchett
Collection,
Columbia
University
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/trade/danish/danish.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
A most un-Christian King
1699: King Christian V dies; Frederick IV is involved in the Great Northern War, depleting Denmarks treasury
1720: Peace is made, but the Companys shipping is badly disrupted, and its finances are in dire straits
1726: Frederick IV rejects an appeal to revive the company
1729: the 2nd DK is dissolved
Den Store Danske, National Museum of Denmark
Wikifarudericus
http://denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/%C3%98konomisk_historie/Asiatisk_Kompagnihttp://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick_ivdenmark.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Ships of the 2nd DK1. Fr (Frigate) 1669
2. Havhesten 1669
3. Magels 1670
4. Christianshavn 1670
5. Hvide Fortuna 1671
6. Prince Christian 1671
7. Oldenborg 1671
8. Magels 1672
9. Oldenborg 1672
10. Hbet 1673
11. Magels 1674
12. Fortuna 1674
13. Oldenburg -
14. Phnix ?
15. Hbet -
16. Dansborg -
17. Phnix ?
18. Flyvende Ulv 1682
19. Hvide Falk 1686 ?
20. Flyvende Ulv 1687 ?
21. Anthoinetta 1687
22. Gyldenlve
23. Haabet
24. Dansborg 1690
25. Elefanten 1690
26. Flyvende Ulv 1690
27. Flyvende Hjort 1690
28. Norske Lve 1690
29. Anthonetta 1690
30. Christianus Quintus 1693?
31. Crown Prince Frederik 1694?
32. Christianus Quintus 1695?
33. Prince Christian?
34. KronPrince Frederik 1696?
35. Prince Carl?
36. Christianus Quintus 1697 ?
37. KronPrince Frederik 1698 ?
38. Christianus Quintus 1699 ?
39. Princeesse Louise -
40. Sophie Hedevig 1700
41. KronPrince Frederik 1701
42. Prince Vilhelm ?
43. KronPrince Frederik 1703
44. Fredericus Quartus 1704
45. Prince Jrgen ?
46. KronPrince Frederik 1705
47. Norske Lve 1706
48. Princeesse Sophia Hedewig 1706
49. Fredericus IV 1707
50. Princess Sophia Hedewig1708
51. Norske Lve -
52. KronPrince Danmark 1708
53. Prince George 1708
54. Gyldenlve 1709
55. Fredericus IV (FridericusQuartus) 1709
56. Prince Wilhelm 1709
57. Cronprinzen 1710
58. Prince Jrgen -
59. Dansborg 1710-11
60. Prince Christian 1711
61. Gyldenlve 1713
62. Fredericus IV (FridericusQuartus) 1714
63. Dansborg -
64. Salvator Mundi 1716
65. Jomfru Susanna. 1718-20
66. Queen Anna Sophia 1721-23
67. Nymphen 1723
68. Grev Laurvig 1723
69. Den Gyldne Lve 1725
70. Grev Laurvig 1728
71. Den Gyldne Lve -
72. Queen Anna Sophia 1730
Tranquebar Association
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933984
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Ships lost 1679 Charlotta Amalia lost
near Gothenburg
1679 Haabet lost at Ls
1676 Oldenburg lost at Anholt
1680 Dansborg beached and destroyed in the Faroe Isles
1685 Havmanden lost
1691 Den Flyvende Ulv lost at Plymouth, England on return voyage
1697 Charlotte disappeared in
India
1698 Princess Louise lost along the south coast of India on way to Tranquebar
1701 Gyldenlve lost at Ls
1702 Christian Quintus lost in Bengal
1704 Prince Christien lost at Atchin, Indonesia
1705 Prince Carl beached at Bombay
1708 Norske Lve beached and destroyed in the Faroe Isles
1714 Dansborg lost at RbjergStrand, Northern Jutland
1714 Cronprintzen crashed and wrecked
1726 Anna Sophie beached at Ls
1730 Den Gyldne Lve lost on outward voyage from the north coast of Ireland
Tranquebar Association
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45934011
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Governors under the 2nd DK
Henrik Eggers (1669 - 1673)
Sivert Adeler (1673 - October 1682)
Axel Juel (October 1682 9 July 1687)
Wollf Heinrich von Calnein (9 July 1687 - October 1687)
Christian Porck (October 1687 - 1689)
Moritz Hartmann (1689 - 1690)
Christian Porck (1690 - 1694)
Claus Vogdt (1694 - 9 May 1701)
Andreas Andre (19 May 1701 - 1701)
Mikkel Knudsen Crone (1701 - 1702)
Jrgen Hermandsen Bjrn (July 1702 - 1704)
Johan Sigismund Hassius (1 July 1704 - 20 October 1716)
Christen Brun-Lundegaard (20 October 1716 21 January 1720)
Christian Ulrich von Nissen (23 January 1720 -12. October 1726)
Rasmus Hansen Attrup (12 October 1726 8 August 1730)
Diderich Mhlenport (8 August 1730 1 August 1733)
Tranquebar Association
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933983
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Yet Another Chance
Trade & Maritime Museum
http://denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/den_florissante_handelsperiode
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Danish Asiatic Company
1730: King Frederick IV dies; King Christian VI takes over
1732: the Danske Asiatisk Kompagni (Danish Asiatic Company) is founded with monopoly rights for 40 years
1772: The monopoly ends, but private traders still had to pay a fee till 1792
It would prove to be the most profitable Danish venture ever; the sales value alone of cargoes from Asia 1772-1807 responded to the Kingdom of Denmark's government revenue over the same period
Copenhagen became an important trading centre for East Indian and Chinese goods - especially during periods when Denmark was neutral during major European wars
Den Store Danske, National Museum of Denmark
CRWFlags
Wikifarudericus
http://denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/%C3%98konomisk_historie/Asiatisk_Kompagnihttp://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/images/d/dk~dac17.gifhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christian-VI_1699-1746_Danmark-Norge-Rex.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Major wars among European PowersName Combatants 1 Combatants 2
War of the Austrian Succession (1740-8)French, Prussians,
Spanish, SwedesBritish, Dutch, Austrians
Second Carnatic War (1749-54) British French
Seven Years War (1756-63)British, Prussians,
PortugueseFrench, Austrians, Swedes
Third Carnatic War (1757-63) British French, Dutch
Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780-84) British Dutch, French
First French Revolutionary War (1792-97) French, Spanish Austrians, British, Dutch
Second French Revolutionary War (1798-
1802)
French, Spanish, Danes,
Batavians
Austrians, Germans, British,
Russians
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_15001799
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Major wars among European PowersName Combatants 1 Combatants 2
First Napoleonic War (1803-6)French, Batavians,
Spanish
Austrians, Russians, British,
Swedes
Second Napoleonic War (1806-7) French, Dutch, Spanish Prussians, Swedes
Gunboat War (1807-14) British Danes
Dano-Swedish War Danes, French Swedes, British
Third Napoleonic War French, Dutch Austrians, British
Fourth Napoleonic War
Russians, Swedes,
Prussians, British,
Spanish
French, Danes
Waterloo Everybody French
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_1800%E2%80%9399
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Danish Asiatic Company
In exchange for silver, the DAK procured Indian cotton goods, and Cantonese tea and porcelain
During this period, private European traders were allowed to use the Danish flag as a neutral cover (a factor that annoyed the EICand VOC, whose respective national monopolies were broken)
The goods were transported to Copenhagen to be sold at auction, and were (re)purchased by foreign, mainly Dutch merchants
In 1844, the Royal Charter was abolished and trade in China made free for all Danes
Den Store Danske, National Museum of Denmark
National Museum of Denmark
http://denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/den_florissante_handelsperiodehttp://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/http://en.natmus.dk/typo3temp/GB/f47ef0be76.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
National Museum of Denmark
Image: http://www.christianshavnernet.dk
Asiatic Company headquarters at Strand Street in
Christianshavn. The office building from 1738, designed by
Philip de Lange and warehouses from 1748-50, designed by
Nicolai Eigtved and 1781 are preserved. The complex now
houses part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
http://en.natmus.dk/typo3temp/GB/f47ef0be76.jpghttp://www.christianshavnernet.dk/Christianshavn/Kvadrant/Nord/Strandgade.htmlhttp://www.christianshavnernet.dk/Christianshavn/Kvadrant/Nord/Strandgade.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Colachel (1755-1824)
Balasore (1763-1846)
Expansion under the Asiatisk
Serampore (Frederiksnagore) (1755)
Calicut (1752-1791)
Frederik Islands (Nicobar Islands) (1 Jan 1756)
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Nicobar Islands - Frederikserne
In 1756 Denmark established a small colony at the Great Nicobar Island
This colony was never a success; the first and second colony teams died
of malaria
A new attempt in 1768 ended the same way, but for years Denmark
maintained its sovereignty claims through a handful of missionaries
In the 1830s and 1840s the corvette Galathea attempted colonization
in vain
In 1848, Denmark gave up its claim on the Nicobar Islands
After a period of increasing piracy in the Malacca Straits, the British finally took possession of them in 1869
Den Store Danske, Trankebar Association
The corvette Galathea at the
Nicobar Islands. Drawing JC
Thornam, 1846
National Museum of Denmark
http://denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/Sydasien/Indien/Nicobarernehttp://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45934011http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
12-12-1755: First Arrival
1-1-1756: Colony established as New Denmark
12-1756: Renamed Fredericks Islands (Frederikserne)
14-4-1759: First Abandoned:
19-8-1768 1787: 2ndsettlement
5-1807 1814: 3rdsettlement
1831 1834: 4thsettlement
1848: Final abandonment
Travel Themes
Tra
nque
bar A
ssocia
tion
http://travelthemes.in/early-history-of-andaman-nicobar/http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/297016990
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Ships of the Asiatisk1. Crown Prince of Denmark
1733-34
2. Grev Laurvig 1733-34
3. Fredericus IV (Quartus) 1734-35
4. Crown Prince of Denmark 1735-36
5. Wendela (Vendela) 1735-36
6. Fredericus IV (Quartus) ?
7. Crown Prince of Denmark 1737
8. Wendela ?
9. Princess Louise 1739
10. Princess Charlotte Amalie 1740
11. Princess Louise 1741-42
12. Princess Charlotte Amalie 1742-43
13. Doquen (Dokken) 1743-44
14. Princess Louise -
15. Princess Charlotte Amalie 1744-45
16. Trankebar 1745-46
17. Doquen (Dokken) 1745-46
18. Crown Princess of Denmark 1746-47
19. Elefanten 1747
20. Doquen (Dokken) 1748
21. Kibenhavn 1748-49
22. Crown Princess of Denmark 1749
23. Elefanten 1749-50
24. Doquen (Dokken) 1751
25. Crown Princess of Denmark 1751
26. Bornholm 1752
27. Nellebladet 1752
28. Princess Wilhelmina Carolina 1752
29. Sydermandland 1753
30. Kibenhavn ?
31. Kronborg 1753
32. Kings of Denmark 1753
33. Kings of Denmark 1755
34. De Tre Prinsesser 1755
35. Ebenezer 1755
36. Tranquebar 1755
37. Kibenhavn 1755
38. Grev Moltke 1758
39. Kronprinsen 1760
40. Kings of Denmark 1759-60
41. Tranquebar 1760
42. Grev Moltke 1760
43. Princess Louise 1761
44. Haabet ?
45. Tranquebar 1763-?
46. Grevinde Moltke 1765
47. Queen Sophia Magdalena 1767
48. Crown Prince of Denmark 1767-68
49. Rigernes nske 1768
50. Komtesse Moltke 1768
51. Kings of Denmark 1774
52. Ganges 1775
53. Grev Bernstorff
54. Minerva 1775
55. Christianssted 1778
56. Queen Juliane Maria 1779
57. Rigernes nske
58. Queen Juliane Maria 1781
59. Nicobar 1781
60. Princess Sophie 1782-83
61. Johanne Marie 1783
62. Tranquebar 1784
63. Dannebrog 1787 ?
64. Johanne Marie 1788
65. Dannemark 1787-88
66. Dannebrog 1789
67. Princess Louisa Auguste 1789
68. Dannemark 1791
69. Prince of Augustenborg 1793
70. Princess Frederica 1794
71. Johanne Marie 1794
72. Prince of Augustenborg 1795
73. Queen Juliane Maria 1795
74. Princess Frederica 1796
75. Hvide rn 1798
76. Dannebrog 1798
77. Christianus Septimus 1801
78. Holsten 1802
79. Kibenhavn 1802
80. Flicit 1802
81. Elisabeth 1815
82. Alexander 1826
83. Alexander 1829
84. Den Danske Eeg 1835
85. Corvette Galathea 1844 1845
Tranquebar Association
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933984
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Ships lost 1736 Fredericus Quartus lost on
outward voyage off Skagen, North Jutland
1737 Vendela lost on outward voyage at Fetlar, Shetland Isles
1740 a ship noted as lost
1744 Princess Louisa lost on voyage to India off the Maldives
1746 Tranquebar disappeared off the Coromandel Coast on its homeward voyage
1749 three ships noted as lost
1749 Kbenhavn lost at Store Dimon, the Faroe Isles, on homeward voyage
1750 Elephanten lost on way from Tranquebar at the Cape
1751 Dokken disappeared on voyage from Tranquebar to Kbenhavn
1751? Christiansborg Slot lost on outbound voyage off Gothenburg
1752 Cron Princessen lost on way to Tranquebar at the Cape
1753 Kongen af Danmark lost on maiden voyage
1763 Grev Moltke burnt at Negapatnam
1763 Haabet lost 12. February
1769 Prince Friderich beached along the Swedish coast in the Kattegat
1780 Prs Sophie Friederikkeburnt in Kanton
1783 Nicobar lost at the Cape
Tranquebar Association
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45934011
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Governors under the Asiatisk
Poul Krisk Panck (1 August 1733 - 13 July 1741)
Ivar Bonsack (13 July 1741 - 17 September 1744)
Hans Ernst Bonsack (17 September 1744 - 5 September 1754)
Hans Georg Krog (5 September 1754 10 August 1759)
Christian Frederik Hyer (9 May 1759 - 4 July 1760)
Herman Jacob Forck (4 July 1760 - 27 April 1761)
Peter Hermann Abbestee (29 April 1761 14 February 1775)
David Brown (14 February 1775 - 17 January 1779)
Tranquebar Association
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933983
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
A view of Dansborg fromHistoire Gnrale des Voyages(Paris, 1746-1759; 15 volumes)
by the Abb Antoine Franois Prvost with maps and views
by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin
Dr. Frances W. Pritchett Collection, Columbia University
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/coromandel/tranquebar/tranquebar.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Governor Poul Krisk Panck had lived in Tranquebar since he was very young, and refused to dwell on
Dansborg. He chose to stay in the Commandant's Farm, which he bought for 1200 RD and refurbished.
Trankebar Association
Commandants Farm
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933999?i=41593260
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017 Trankebar Association, National Museum of Denmark
In 1773 a house built by Daniel Stevenson was purchased by Governor Brown for 3,200 Pagodas. It was bought
by the Danish government from him in 1784 as the governors official residence, and redesigned by Peter Anker
with a much grander faade in 1794. Between 1860-84, the British converted the building into a courthouse.
During the 1910-85, it was used to house the Salt Commisioners office and warehouse.
Governors Mansion
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933999?i=41593260http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/governors-residence/history-of-governors-residence/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Trade with Aceh
1730: After a long hiatus, the DAK resumed the Aceh Slave Trade, with roughly one trip every year by the ship Christian VI
1740: After intense lobbying by Lutheran missionaries, Denmark abolished the slave trade
1745: Indian traders refuse to load their goods as the Christian VI is in bad repair
1749: Sugar from the East Indies was replaced in the Copenhagen markets by Caribbean sugar, grown captively in the Danish West Indies (Now US Virgin Islands)
1755-85: the Danes restarted contact with Aceh, supplying arms to the sultans fighting the Dutch) in lieu of supporting their Nicobar ambitions
Martin Krieger
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MpEusxizFsoC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=d1O8n-zpfE&sig=OeMykGGSlzzzkKFiWscocjwZnmc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIOjAH#v=twopage&q&f=true
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Trade with Manila
The Spanish colony of the Philippines had remained closed to European trade after the Peace of Westphalia; the Philippines trade was restricted to Spains American colonies
Nevertheless, loathe to let go of the lucrative Asian trade, Spain opened trade to Denmark in 1745, then being the sole neutral power
Lacking resources, the Danes permitted a French ship to trade with Manila, under the Danish flag and suitable renamed Dansborg; in return the French at Chandernagore were to help them gain a foothold in Bengal
The first cargo ferried textiles from Pondicherry and Trankebar, bringing back the much desired Philippine silver; much of the trade with Manila would continue in this vein
In 1755, French recommendations to Nawab Ali Vardi Khan enabled the Dutch to establish a factory at Serampore (Frederiksnagore)
Martin Krieger
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MpEusxizFsoC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=d1O8n-zpfE&sig=OeMykGGSlzzzkKFiWscocjwZnmc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIOjAH#v=twopage&q&f=true
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Bengal Trade In the second half of the 1700s, Bengal was India's
richest province and became the main commercial centre in India, trading silk and cotton textiles, indigo dye and saltpetre (for the manufacture of black gunpowder)
The Hooghly Rivers size made it possible for European merchant ships to gain safe harbours away from the storms of the Bay of Bengal
The English, French, Dutch and the Portuguese had secured lodges and trading concessions along the attractive river
With Trankebars South East Asian trade faltering, Denmark-Norway wanted in on the Bengal deal, despite its prior experience at Dannemarksnagore not having gone well
Wikiwand, National Museum of Denmark, Danish History
http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttp://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The License
In return for the Manila trade opening, the French governor of Chandernagore promised the Danes help to secure permits from the Nawab of Bengal
I.C. Soetmann was sent to Chandernagore from the colonial headquarters in Trankebar; he secured a formal trade license from Nawab Ali Vardi Khan of Bengal
A lodge not far from the original site of Dannemarksnagorewas granted
the Danish Asiatic Company was permitted to trade throughout Bengal and the adjoining regions of Orissa and Bihar against a fixed customs duty of 2.5% (payable to the Nawab, alongside unmentioned monies and gifts)
The Metropolitan Museum of ArtWikiwand, National Museum of Denmark, Danish History
http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/450592?rpp=60&pg=17&ao=on&ft=india&pos=992http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttp://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Establishment of Frederiksnagore An area facing Hoogly river in
the village of Sripur was acquired
Later the colony shifted to a larger area rented around the village areas of Serampur, Acne and Pearapur
It was named after King Frederick V of Denmark
At its peak, the colony covered about 100 km with a population of about 11,000
Wikiwand, National Museum of Denmark, Danish History
http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttp://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Bucking the British
Wikiwand, National Museum of Denmark, Danish History
Soon after, the British East India Company took control over Bengal (1757)
Britains hostilities with the Dutch and French in the later half of the 18th c. led to French & Dutch merchants preferring to ship out of Seramporeunder the neutral Danish flag
Englishmen, Frenchmen and Dutchmen took refuge in Serampore, either because of their nationality or because they owed money away
Serampore also became a centre for English colonial officials (nabobs) to ferret away the fortunes they had earned illegally; it was a reason for the EICs tolerance
http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttp://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Serampore at its Peak
By 1777, Serampores trade surpassed that of the Danish headquarters Trankebar, which was languishing after the decline of trade with Macassar and later Bantam
It was populated by European settlers from the nearby towns and on the main street and along the river, elegant villas came up.
Indians were also attracted by the opportunities for trade and production Serampore offered, and the richest of them built great palaces alongside the European houses.
Wikiwand, National Museum of Denmark, Danish History
http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttp://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Serampore at its Peak
By 1777, Serampores trade surpassed that of the Danish headquarters Trankebar, which was languishing after the decline of trade with Macassar and later Bantam
It was populated by European settlers from the nearby towns and on the main street and along the river, elegant villas came up.
Indians were also attracted by the opportunities for trade and production Serampore offered, and the richest of them built great palaces alongside the European houses.
Wikiwand, National Museum of Denmark, Danish History
http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttp://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The administrative center of the city was the Danish trade lodge, also known as Guvernmentshus, which was surrounded by a high (but not fortified) wall.
The Guvernementshus was restored in 2014 together by the Danish and West Bengal governments.
National Museum of DenmarkGovernment House. Painting by Mary Hohlenberg, c. 1830
http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Other monuments
The Denmark Tavern
Serampore College
The South Gate
St Olav Church
The Denmark Tavern, by Peter Anker
1790
Wikiwand, National Museum of Denmark, Danish History
http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttp://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Misadventure of 1756
By 1755 a portion of the Danish territory was washed away by the sea
The king of Tanjore was asked to grant an extension of territory, which he denied
Instead, the king imposed a heavy fine on them for certain indiscretions
The Danes counter-complained of outrages by the king's officers, and on this pretext seized a temple in 1756
In attempting to capture another one, they were attacked and repulsed by the natives
The toll on the Danish side was 50 killed and 100 wounded
This would lead to lingering suspicion of the Danes, both in Tanjore and in Madras
Short Essay on Danish Settlements
Sepoy European
Infantryman
European
Officer
Follow The Drum
http://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.htmlhttp://follow-the-drum.blogspot.in/2011/01/denmark-danish-east-india-company.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Conflict with Haider Ali
In the Carnatic Wars, Tranquebar had been used as a landing place by both the French and the British
In 1776 the Danes received an order for military stores from the Nawab of Arcot (who had occupied Tanjore)
But by the time they arrived, the Maratha Raja had been restored by the EIC, and the stores remained unused
In 1780 Admiral Hughes took them to Madras. When Haider Ali heard of this, he threatened to turn the Danes out of Tranquebar for supplying his enemies with arms
However, he was mollified with a fine of 14,000
Short Essay on Danish Settlements
Sridhar Babu Peram
http://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.htmlhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:"Hyder_Ali,"_a_steel_engraving_from_the_1790's_(with_modern_hand_coloring).jpghttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:"Hyder_Ali,"_a_steel_engraving_from_the_1790's_(with_modern_hand_coloring).jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Nationalisation
After its monopoly ended in 1772, the DAK was dependent on British officials in India for finances
The capital was what British officials in India had earned illegally; the Company's ships effectively offered 'flags of convenience' for goods actually owned by Britons
With losses mounting, the DAK surrendered administrative control of Trankebar to the Crown in 1777
The 2nd Mysore War (1780-84) though not involving the Danes, devastated the countryside, cutting off the pepper trade and ruining many native merchants
In 1796, the DAK closed down its warehouse
Denmarks History
http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/asiatisk-kompagni/?no_cache=1&cHash=afb148bf605c648a2a0de79408690319
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Governors after the Danish Govt took over Danish India
Peter Hermann Abbestee (17 January 1779 - 17 May 1788)
Peter Anker (17 May 1788 - 7 February 1806)
Johan Peter Hermannson (7 February 1806 - 13 February 1808)
EIC Occupation: 13 February 1808 - 20 September 1815
Gerhard Sievers Bille (20 September 1815 19 November 1816)
Johan Peter Hermannson (19 November 1816 - 15 February 1822)
Jens Kofoed (16 February 1822 - 7 May 1823)
Ulrich Anton Schnheyde (7 May 1823 - 7 March 1825)
Hans de Brinck-Seidelin (7 March 1825 - 26 March 1829)
Lauritz Christensen (26 March 1829 - 14 May 1832)
Conrad Emil Mourier (17 May 1832 - 1 May 1838)
Johannes von Rehling (1 May 1838 - 18 June 1841)
Christian Tiemroth (18 June 1841 - 15 September 1841)
Peder Hansen (16 October 1841 - 7 November 1845)
Tranquebar Association
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933983
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Jacques-Nicolas Bellin's "Carte du district de Tranquebar from
Histoire gnrale des Voyages
(Paris, 1746-1759)by the Abb Antoine Franois
Prvost, with modern hand coloring
Dr. Frances W. Pritchett Collection,
Columbia University
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellintranquebar/tranquebarmax.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Map of the Danish territory around
Tranquebar, by Matthias Seutter, 1744
Prominent Danes and other Europeans had country estates in the
villages controlled by Trankebar.
Most notable was the governors estate.
Much of the rural region was controlled by the Right-Hand castes
engaged in agriculture.
National Museum of Denmark,
Niels Brimnes
http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/collections-in-the-national-museum-of-denmark/maps-and-sketches-from-tranquebar-c-1670-1845/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HdSABP70H9sC&pg=PA263&lpg=PA263&dq=Suppremannia+Setty&source=bl&ots=G5K5nMYcED&sig=VJQQu9xQeocLw5aEHFWErPTmBlQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5_8ihhJnSAhUKOI8KHVrsAl0Q6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=Suppremannia%20Setty&f=false
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Population 3721 Inhabitants (1790) in Trankebar of
which Danes : 250
Other Europeans: 20
Indo-Potuguese: 62
Another 20,000 inhabited the villages controlled by the Danes
Tillaly 3000
Poreiar 5000
Chief Castes: Vellalas, Paraiyans, Kavarais, Saluppan Chetties, Pallis, Senaittalavans, Panchalars
Niels Brimnes
Figurines depicting a married couple from the Paraiyar caste,
collected by the Galathea expedition in 1845.
National Museum of Denmark
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HdSABP70H9sC&pg=PA263&lpg=PA263&dq=Suppremannia+Setty&source=bl&ots=G5K5nMYcED&sig=VJQQu9xQeocLw5aEHFWErPTmBlQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5_8ihhJnSAhUKOI8KHVrsAl0Q6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=Suppremannia%20Setty&f=falsehttp://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/collections-in-the-national-museum-of-denmark/items-from-tranquebar-1800-1850/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017 www.columbia.edu
Important Fortifications
In Fort Dansborg
B. King's Bastion
C. Queen's Bastion
D. Bastion of Prince Christian
E. Bastion of Prince Frederick
On Outer Wall
K. Bastion of Prince George
L. Bastion of Guldenlow
M. Bastion of Denmark
N. Bastion of Norway
O. Bastion of Holstein
P. Bastion of Lolland
Q. Bastion of Seeland
R. Bastion of Prince Charles
S. Delmenhorst Redoubt
T. Oldenburg Redoubt
U. Ravelin
Bellin's plan of Trankebar
Fort and Port
European Quarter
N>
Native Quarter (Landward part)
Native Quarter (Seaward part)
FW.P
Collection
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellintranquebar/bellintranquebar.htmlhttp://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellintranquebar/tranquebarmax.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017 www.columbia.edu
Important Streets
(From a report in 1732)
Prince George Street: People from the even layers
Nygade: Soldiers and good people (Whites)
Kongensgade: Those who have money
Prince Christian Alley: Malabar merchants.
Sellinggade: Street where those who sail out to sea
Merchant Street: All tradesmen
To the north, was a port for the fishing village. Fishermen would also stay within the walls.
Bellin's plan of Trankebar
Fort and Port
European Quarter
N>
Native Quarter (Landward part)
Native Quarter (Seaward part)
Tranquebar Association
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellintranquebar/bellintranquebar.htmlhttp://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/402582383
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
A. Fort Dansborg
B. King's Bastion
C. Queen's Bastion
D. Bastion of Prince Christian
E. Bastion of Prince Frederick
F. Citadel Gate
G. Back Gate
H. Magazine
I. Arsenal
R. Bastion of Prince Charles
W. Fire Gate
Z. Various Guardhouses
p. Shops
q. Forge
r. Lodgings for the Workers of the Docks?
s. Dyke
v. Ropeway
w. Pond
Dr. Frances W. Pritchett Collection,
Columbia University
The Fort and the Port
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellintranquebar/tranquebarmax.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Right: Hollow ostrich egg with carvings depicting the Cape of Good
Hope, Fort Dansborg and a town plan of Tranquebar.
National Museum of Denmark
Above: Fort Dansborg and two ships, both waving the Danish flag,
drawn by an Indian artist on a dried palm leaf.
http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/collections-in-the-national-museum-of-denmark/south-indian-artefacts-in-the-royal-danish-kunstkammer-c-1650-1825/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The European Quarter
K. Bastion of Prince George
L. Bastion of Guldenlow
M. Bastion of Denmark
V. Field Gate
Z. Various Guardhouses
b. Missionary Church New Jerusalem
d. Roman Catholic Church & House of the Vicar
g. Lodgings of Danish Preachers
h. House and School of Missionaries
i. Danish School and Orphanage
k. Hospital
l. Cemetery
m. City House
p. Shops
q. Forge
y. Kingsway
z. QueenswayDr. Frances W. Pritchett Collection,
Columbia University
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellintranquebar/tranquebarmax.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Coromandel Trade: Finances
The Danes numbered at most 300; the colonys population was around 3000.
They were mostly officials and soldiers; most merchants were Dutch, French or British.
The Danes lived segregated from the Indians, but they formed an integral part of the larger Pan-European colonial community in south India.
The European Quarter
The great hall in the Governors residence, as imagined by Danish architect Jens Damborg, 1984.
National Museum
of Denmark
http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/governors-residence/history-of-governors-residence/http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017 Trankebar Association
Governor Rehlings farm, 1824. The was
originally built by a Michael Sundt in 1762.
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933999?i=41593260
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Native Quarter (Landward part)
M. Bastion of Denmark
N. Bastion of Norway
O. Bastion of Holstein
S. Delmenhorst Redoubt
U. Ravelin
V. Field Gate
Z. Various Guardhouses
d. Roman Catholic Church
e. Mohammedan Mosque
f. Malabar Pagoda (Danish name for Tamil Hindu Temples. There were 7 in Trankebar.)
o. First Fort built by the Danes, later called the Admiral's Garden, where the Magazine was.
Dr. Frances W. Pritchett Collection, Columbia University
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellintranquebar/tranquebarmax.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Native Quarter (Seaward part)
P. Bastion of Lolland
Q. Bastion of Zealand
T. Oldenburg Redoubt
X. Little Gate for Fishermen
Y. Little Gate for the Pagoda
Z. Various Guardhouses
c. Missionary Church Old Jerusalem
f. Malabar Pagoda
g. Lodgings of Danish Preachers
n. House of the Governor in the City
p. Shops
t. Bazaar
u. Fish Market
z. Queensway
Dr. Frances W. Pritchett Collection, Columbia University
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellintranquebar/tranquebarmax.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Native Quarter
Religious procession with Danish flags & colonial officers, late 18th / early 19th c. Maritime Museum, Denmark
http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Professions in 1790:
Slaves: 100
Dubash: 64
Tailors: 35
Merchants: 29
Coolies: 25
Peons: 20
Jewellers: 18
Shopkeepers: 17
Sellinger: 15
Carpenters: 14
Goldsmiths: 12
Weavers: 10
Rewiders: 10
Accountants: 10
Barbers: 8
Brahmins: 8
Doctors: 7
Bricklayers: 6
Woodcutters: 5
Priests: 5
Oil Pressers: 5
Loose Ladies: 4
Tranquebar Association
The Company Style of painting arose from demand by Europeans wanting souvenirs to take home;
Tanjore was an important centre for their production. Blending Indian miniature painting traditions with the
European realist approach, they depicted motifs of different castes or trades.
National Museum of Denmark
http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/402582381http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/collections-in-the-national-museum-of-denmark/south-indian-company-paintings-c-1770-1850/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Dubashes A dubash in colonial times was an interpreter between the
native Tamil-speaking population and the Danes, Portuguese, English and Dutch.
Dubashes were drawn from both the right-hand (agricultural) and left-hand (artisanal) castes, but most prominent were the Setties(Chettiars) and the Pulleys (Pillaimars).
Several became traders in their own right, acquiring wealth and building large houses in the native quarter of the town.
The chief dubash was the highest post a native could rise to; though the personal dubash to the governor acquired a lot of influence.
Intrigues between the dubashes occupied much of the political skills of the governing council
Tharangampadi blog National Museum of Denmark
http://www.tharangampadi.dk/blackcourt.htmlhttp://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/publications-on-the-danish-era/danish-civil-servants-and-indian-elites/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Black Court Most right-hand castes lived in the rural regions, especially in
Poraiyar and Tillaly. On the other hand, left-hand castes tended to congregate in the town.
A number of conflicts arose due to competition between the castes for influence with the Danish masters, especially over trade revenues, privileges and customary law.
As several of theseconflicts were not tractable under Danish law, Trankebar created the Black Court.
This consisted of a Proveditor (a local police commissioner), a dubash, a secretary and six assessors consisting of two Malabars(Hindus), two Moors (Muslims) and two Christians.
Tharangampadi blog
http://www.tharangampadi.dk/blackcourt.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Black Court A European observer was stationed at the Court in order to ensure
a correct proceeding without having the power to judge.
Judgments had to be pronounced taking into account the customs and traditions of the Indians, but cases pertaining to intra-caste customs (such as ceremonial rights and inheritance) were left untouched.
The judgment was to be written in Tamil, and read aloud in the court before getting translated into Danish.
Tharangampadi blog
http://www.tharangampadi.dk/blackcourt.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Coromandel Trade: Finances A Danish 4 kash coin, issued by the
Tranquebar mint in the name of Christian VI (1730-1746), Danish India
Note the monogram of the DAC
In later times the Danish colony would come to bank heavily on EICbankers in Madras
Dr. Frances W. Pritchett Collection,Columbia University
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/coromandel/tranquebar/tranquebar.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Coromandel Trade: Textiles
Tranquebar was a magnet for merchants, administrators, soldiers, and missionaries from Denmark, Norway, and other European countries without colonies of their own.
It also supported a large population of Indian dyers and weavers, who produced silk and painted cotton cloth for export.
These hand-painted and dyed textiles could constitute up to 80% of a ships cargo, besides the coveted black pepper from Malabar.
After the year 1800, with Denmarks defeat in the Napoleonic Wars and the rapid expansion of British power, Danish trade declined.
By the 1820s, most merchants and weavers had moved out of Trankebar leaving the town desolate. Silk weaving couple, company style
miniature painting, late 18th century
National Museum of Denmark
http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Malabar Trade: Calicut In 1752, DAK established a pepper procurement lodge
at Calicut at the invitation of the Zamorin, who looked at the Danes as possible allies against the Dutch who were allied with his rival, the Maharaja of Cochin
A 3-point deal was struck, according to which the Danes Would pay customs duties
supply of armaments when needed
and provide armed support if the Zamorins dominion
came under attack
A plot of land was given, where the Danish lodge was constructed at a cost of 25,000 rixdollars
The lodge is currently part of the Kozhikode Beach Hospital
Historic Alleys, Short Essay on Danish Settlements
http://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2012/01/danish-factory-in-calicut-1752-1796.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Danish Lodge at Calicut
60 yards behind the old jail and 260 from the sea
Two buildings with a considerable yard between them
The missionary Paulinus of St. Bartholomew wrote that the Danish lodge was well known for its beauty.
Four rooms on the ground floor Later used partly as dispensary and partly as
wards for lunatics
During Tipus invasion the lower portion was used as a stable for Tipus horses
Three on the upper storey with boarded floors
The principal chamber being 30X20 ft
One each on either side, measuring 26X15 ft.
Historic Alleys, Short Essay on Danish SettlementsImage: http://mapio.net/pic/p-10096443/
http://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2012/01/danish-factory-in-calicut-1752-1796.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.htmlhttp://mapio.net/pic/p-10096443/
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
The Malabar Trade: Colachel
At the invitation of the newly emergent Travancore State, the Danes established a factory at Colachel
Despite its longevity (1755-1824), it never did much trade, as a contemporary (the Abbe Reynal) describes it in 1760:
The factory of the Danes at Kolhachy is nothing more than a small store house where they might nevertheless be supplied with two lakhs weight of pepper. But such is their indolence or their poverty that they made but one purchase and that of a very small quantity these ten years.
Another reason for failure was the establishment of an EICfactory at Edava, and their hold over Travancore
Historic Alleys, Short Essay on Danish Settlements
http://dutchinkerala.com
http://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2012/01/danish-factory-in-calicut-1752-1796.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.htmlhttp://dutchinkerala.com/english/article10/travacore2.jpg
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Danish Intrigues in the Malabar
After twice failing to show interest in Trankebar in the 17th c., the Dutch interested themselves in it in the 18th.
However, in spite of negotiations, the Danes remained unwilling to leave Trankebar.
In the Treaty of Mavelikara with Travancore (1763), the Dutch tried to demand the exclusion of the Danes from trade with Travancore, in lieu of foregoing their alliances with Travancores rivals. Furious with this, the Danes supplied weapons to the Zamorin of Calicut.
In 1729 Marthanda Varma succeeded to the throne of Venad. In his long campaign of unifying southern Kerala, he sought the Danes help in procuring arms, in return for favours in the pepper trade
Travancore-Danish dalliances would continue under Rama Varma (1759-98)
This was seriously noted by the EIC factor of Anjengo, and was one of the factors in the takeover of Danish properties in India by the EIC in 1801
Short Essay on Danish Settlements
http://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.html
Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017
Ouster of the Danes from Malabar
The Danes surreptitiously supplied arms to Travancore and Mysore, but Danish goods were outdated and often unusable
However, the Danes neutrality had become irrelevant after the Travancore-Dutch War of 1741 destroyed VOC dominance of Kerala and led to the rise of EIC ascendancy
It suffered a blow after the conquest of Calicut by Hyder Ali in 1767; Tipus subsequent alliance with the French (and Travancores earlier alliance with the EIC) left Danish arms without a market
Tipu ordered the Danes out in 1788 from Calicut, but would himself be evicted from Calicut in 1791 by the EIC
The Danes continued to claim their lodge from a temporary bases in Alleppey, but operations ended in 1796 after the EIC ruled that they had ceded the lodge to Tipu by default
While the Colachel lodge continued till 1824, the EIC had long c