Biology 14 (General Biology II)

Anatomy and Physiology

ANATOMY- is the study of the form of an

organism’s structure

PHYSIOLOGY- is the study of the functions

of organism’s structure

Tissue- group of

similar cells that

perform a common

function.

Organ- is made up

of two or more types

of tissues that either

perform a specific

task.

Organ system-

consists of multiple

organs that together

perform a specific

task

4 main types of Tissues:

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

(sing, epithelium)

- are sheets of closely packed cells that cover your body surface

- line your internal organs and cavities

Single epithelium- single layer of cells

Stratified epithelium- multiple layers

Pseudostratified epithelium– has single layer but appears stratified because the cells vary in length

Squamous (flat like floor tiles)

Cuboidal (like dice)

Columnar (like bricks on end)

Shape of Cells (Epithelial)

Simple squamous epithelium- is thin and leaky,suitable for exchanging materials by diffusion.

Cuboidal and columnar epithelia have cells withrelative large amount of cytoplasm, facilitatingtheir role of secretion or absorption of cytoplasm.

Simple Cuboidal

epithelium- are found

in glands, such as

thyroid and salivary

glands.

Simple Columnar

Epithelium- Lines the

intestines , where it

secretes digestive juices

and absorbs nutrients.

Stratified squamous

epithelium- protection

for outer skin and

linings of mouth and

esophagus

Pseudostratifiedciliated columnar epithelium

- forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of respiratory

- Helps keep lungs clean.

- consists of a sparse population of cells

scattered throughout an extracellular

material called a matrix.

1. Loose connective tissue- serves mainly

to bind epithelia to underlying tissues and

hold organs in place.

2. Fibrous connective tissue- has

densely packed parallel bundles of

collagen fibers, an arrangement that

maximizes its strength.

3. Adipose tissue- stores fat in large,

closely packed adipose cells held in a

matrix of fibers.

- This tissue pads and insulates your

body and stores energy.

4. cartilage- a connective tissue that forms

a strong but flexible skeletal material,

consists of collagen fibers embedded in a

rubbery material.

- surrounds the ends of bones,

providing a shock-absorbing surface.

5. Bone- has a matrix of collagen fibers

embedded in a hard mineral substance

made of calcium, magnesium, and

phosphate.

-The combination of fibers and

minerals makes bone strong without being

brittle.

6. Blood- transports substances throughout

your body and thus functions differently

from other connective tissues.

- the most abundant tissue in most

animals.

- consists of long cells called

muscle fiber, each containing many

molecules of contractile proteins.

3 types of Vertebrate Muscle Tissue:

1. Skeletal muscle

2. Cardiac muscle

3. Smooth muscle

1. Skeletal Muscle- attached to your bones by tendons

and is responsible for voluntary movements

of your body.

2. Cardiac muscle

- forms the contractile tissue of your

heart. It is striated like skeletal muscle.

3. Smooth muscle- gets its name from its lack of

striations.

- It is responsible for involuntary body

activities, such as the movement of food

through your intestines.

- senses stimuli

and rapidly transmits

information.

- The structural

and functional unit of

nervous tissue is the

nerve cell, or neuron,

which is uniquely

specialized to conduct

electrical nerve

impulses.

Connective tissue is a component of

most organs.

A. Circulatory System

- delivers O2 and

nutrients to your body

cells and transport CO2

to the lungs and

metabolic wastes to

the kidneys.

B. Respiratory System

- exchanges gases

with the environment,

supplying your blood

with O2 and disposing

of CO2.

C. Integumentary

System

- protects your

body against physical

injury, infection,

excessive heat or

cold, and drying out.

D. Skeletal System

- supports

your body, protects

organs such as your

brain and lungs,

and provides the

framework for

muscles to produce

movement.

E. Muscular System

- moves your

body, maintains

posture, and

produces heat.

F. Urinary System

- removes waste

products from your blood

and excretes urine. It also

regulates the chemical

makeup, pH, and water

balance of your blood.

G. Digestive System

- ingests and digests

your food, absorbs

nutrients, and eliminates

undigested material.

H. Endocrine System

- secretes hormones that regulate

the activities of your body, thus

maintaining an internal steady state

called homeostasis.

I. Lymphatic and

Immune System

- returns excess

body fluid to the

circulatory system and

functions as part of the

immune system.

- defends your

body against infections

and cancer.

K. Nervous System

- coordinates your body’s activities

by detecting stimuli, integrating

information, and directing the body’s

responses.

L. Reproductive System

- produces gametes and sex

hormones. The female system supports

a developing embryo and produces

milk.

1. provide a waterproof covering that

protects your body from dehydration and

prevents penetration by microbes.

2. The sensory receptors in the skin provide

important environmental information to your

brain

3. facilitate the important function of

temperature regulation

4. synthesis of vitamin D, which is required

for absorbing calcium.

HAIR- a flexible

shaft of flattened,

keratin-filled dead

cells, which were

produced by a hair

follicle.

Land mammals

react to cold by

raising their fur,

which traps a

layer of air and

increases the

insulating power

of the fur.

FINGERNAILS AND TOENAILS

- final component of the integumentary

system.

- protective coverings are also composed

of keratin.

Claude Bernard-French physiologist

two environments

important to an animal

External and Internal

Environment