Unit 4Chimpanzees I Love, Deep Sea Danger and Inventing the Future

Pronouns and Antecedents A pronoun takes the place of a noun or nouns.

An antecedent, is the noun or nouns to which the pronoun refers.

The pronoun and antecedents MUST agree in number and gender.

Jay and I walked to the zoo, and we saw the new exhibit.

Jay called Carla to pick him up from the zoo.

Author’s PurposeThe Author’s purpose is the reason the author has for writing.

Authors may write to persuade (convince), inform (tell) , express ideas or feelings (verbalize), or entertain (amusement).

If you know the author’s purpose, you can adjust the way you read. If the purpose is to entertain, you may choose to read faster. If the purpose is to inform, you may want to read more slowly.

PersuadePersuasive writing: states the opinion of the writer and attempts to influence or convince the audience. It is intended to convince the reader that a certain point of view is the right one to have, or that some action should be taken.

Book or film review Restaurant reviews Editorial articles Political position papers Advertisements and commercials

Inform Informational writing: shares information about a topic or explains how to do

something .

Informational brochures/articles

Newspaper articles Research summaries Textbooks

Non-fiction trade books and picture books

How-to manuals Cookbooks

ExpressDescriptive writing: paints a picture in the reader’s mind often making use of sensory details (what the writer sees, hears, smells, feels)

Menus Catalogs Travel brochures

Some poetry

EntertainNarrative writing: tells a story. Creative narrative writing has a plot, setting, and characters who have motives for what they do.

Trade books and picture books

Novels Plays Diaries

Indefinite and Reflexive PronounsIndefinite

These are pronouns that don't refer to a specific person or thing. The prefix "in" means "not." That will help you to remember that these pronouns are not definite.

Singular Indefinite Pronouns: someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, something, no one, either, each.

Plural Indefinite Pronouns: few, several, both, others, many, all, some

Indefinite and Reflexive PronounsReflexive

These pronouns end in -self or -selves, and they always refer the action to the subject of the sentence.

Singular Reflexive Pronouns: myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself

Plural Reflexive Pronouns: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Draw Conclusions When you draw conclusions, you form reasonable opinions about what you

have read.

Use what you know about real life to help you draw conclusions.

Be sure that there are enough facts or information in the text to support your conclusions.

Follow and Clarify Directions Following directions involves doing or making something.

Clarifying directions means writing clear directions for others to use.

Directions usually are numbered. The numbers tell you the sequence of the steps. Read all directions before starting to act on the first direction given. Visualize the purpose or the end result of the directions while reading.

Writing a SummaryKey Features:

Tells what a selection is about

Includes the most important ideas and details

Leaves out unnecessary details

The pronoun who is used as a subject

Who planted the garden? (who is the subject of the sentence)

The pronoun whom is used as the object of a preposition, such as to, for, and from) and as a direct object.

Whom did you invite? (whom is a direct object)

Using Who and Whom