Unit 6

Ch.21- Girding for War: The North and the South 1861-1865Ch.22- The Furnace of Civil War 1861-1865

Ch.23- The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877

Ch.21- Girding for War: The North and the South 1861-1865

• Abraham Lincoln: Pres. 1861. He believed that the South cannot geographically split from the union, thus did not recognize the confederacy.

• European View: Europeans wanted to see a split, w/ US divided, they were safer and could ignore Monroe Doctrine.

• Fort Sumner: (Charleston Harbor) Fort running out of supplies, Lincoln wants to provision it, nor reinforce it, but the South threatened war if he tried. Southern attack on Fort Sumner caused North to raise in favor of the war.

• Blockade: April 19 & 27-leaky blockade of Southern seaports.

Ch.21- cont.1861-1865

• Boarder States: Virginia Arkansas, Tennessee, N. Carolina joined Confederacy after Sumner

• Crucial B. states: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, W. Virginia. Crucial in Union’s victory.

• Butternut Region: S. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois racial prejudice and pro-south in Northwest. Made Lincoln declare war to save union not end slavery.

• Indian Territory: 5 Civilized tribes owned slaves and sided with the Confederacy. Their rivals and The Plain Indians sided with the North.

• Southern Advantage: Defensive, win independence not war, self-determined, fighting for home, and morally better off, better leaders, bred to fight. Shortages; shoes, uniforms, blankets, bad transport, waiting for Foreign aid that never came

Ch.21- cont. 1861-1865

• Northern Advantage: Farm& factory, good eco. good trans. navy, man-power, (Brit, German, and Irish immigrants) shortages: less prepared, bad commanders.

• Britain: Ruling class pro-south, working class pro-Union. France and Britain couldn’t step-over Blockade.

• King Cotton Fail: Huge exports led to pile up at British warehouses. No longer need cotton for now

• Trent Affair: US forcefully stopped a British ship the Trent, to England with 2 Conf. Diplomats.

• Alabama: British built ships for Conf. w/out weapons and the ships are armed elsewhere.

Ch.21- cont. 1861-1865

• State’s Righter's: haunted confederacy, states believed in their own sovereignty.

• Lincoln’s Regime: suspended habeas corpus, supervised voting, tempered with treasury, increased army size.

• Drafting: Us passed 1st draft laws in 1863, the rich could pay off services,

• Morrill Tariff Act: 1861, increased duties from 5-10%. Protect internal industry

• National Banking Act: N.B system; stimulate sale of gov. bonds, establish standard bank-note currency.

• Women’s War: Civil war, men drafting enabled women to gain work in all places.( Gov. industry, etc), went to war as men.

Ch.22- The Furnace of Civil War 1861-1865

• Battle of Bull Run: Victory of the south inflated overconfidence, and soldiers sagged off. Union realize this isn’t a one punch war.

• G. George B. McClellan: (Young Napoleon/ Tardy George) army of Potomac, too cautious.

• Seven Days Battle: Lee’s counter attack to McClellan’s advancing.

• Peninsula Campaign: Lincoln diverts Mc’s reinforcement to chase Stonewall Jackson away from DC. Waterway approach.

• Total War: (6 parts plan) suffocate slowly south by blockade, liberate slaves (lower South Eco.) cut Confederacy in half, chop Conf. to pieces (troops to Georgia &Carolina), decapitate Conf. (capitals), engage everywhere and anywhere (main strength)

Ch.22- Cont. 1861-1865

• Blockade Running: smuggling through blockade, risky but profitable.

• 2nd Battle of Bull Run: Lee defeat Pope, hope to gain foreign & boarder support.

• Antietam: bloodies days of the war, victory for Union (emancipation springboard)

• Emancipation Proclamation of 1863: Lincoln declared freedom of conf. slaves. Did not free slaves in boarder states,

• Burnside’s Slaughter Pen: A.E Burnsides launch attack on Lee @ Fredericksburg Virginia, and lost badly.

• George G. Meade: stopped Lee’s attack at Gettysburg• Gettysburg Battle: George G. Pickett, bloody charge across field

that ended with slaughter of Conf.

Ch.22- Cont. 1861-1865

• Gettysburg Address: Lincoln’s moral address to war,( did not die in Vain)

• Ulysses S. Grant: Won F. Henry and Donnellson, lost Shiloh. Captured New Orleans securing Mississippi.

• David G. Farragut: Command Flotilla joined N. to seize New Orleans.

• Battle of Vicksburg: After Gettysburg, ended Conf. hopes of foreign aid.

• William T. Sherman: Command to march through Georgia, captured/burned Atlanta before delivering his “March of the Sea” at Savannah.

• Total War: Sherman’s men cut up rail tracks, burn fields and crops, and destroyed everything.

• Congressional Committee on Conduct of War: 1861, Radical republicans.

Ch.22- Cont. 1861-1865

• Democrats: War Demos. support Lincoln, Peace Demos. don’t.• Copperheads: Completely opposed war and pres. • Clement L. Valandigham: Copperhead (Man w/out country)• Union Party: Republicans w/ war Demos. Peace and

Copperheads supp. McClellan.• Andrew Johnson: chosen by U. party to ensure Lincoln’s victory.• Battle of Cold Harbor: death of many Union soldiers under

Grant. Captured Richmond, corner Lee @ Appomattox Courthouse Virginia.

• John Wilkes Booth: Killed Lincoln April 4 1865.

Ch.23- The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877

• Planters Resist Emancipation: Slavery lawful until state legislature/Sup. Court declare otherwise.

• Exoduster: free blacks from Louisiana, Texas and Missouri emigrated to Kansas 1878-1880

• Societies of Self-improvement: raise funds to buy lands, build schools, hire teachers.

• Freemen’s Bureau: Primitive welfare agency, provide clothing, food, medical care and Edu.

• Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan: 10% of state voters swear allegiance to union, provide amendment with Emancipation, before rejoining Union.

Ch.23- Cont. 1865-1877

• Wade-Davis Bill: Requires 50% state voters swear allegiance, stronger safeguard for emancipation by Congress.

• Black Codes: aim= stable and subservient labor force, restore pre-civil war emancipation system or race, legal punishment by gang labor.

• Civil Rights Bill: citizenship, vetoed by Johnson, cong. override his veto.

• 13th Amendment: Abolished slavery• 14th Amendment: Citizenship to free blacks.• 15th Amendment: Black suffrage (right to

vote)• Joint Committee on Reconstruction:

(House +Senate) Radicals didn’t want rapid return of South, Moderates want quick return of south with as little change as possible.

Ch.23- Cont. 1865-1877

• Reconstruction Act: (Military Reconstruction Act) March, 2 1867 divide South into 5 Military districts, each commanded by Union general. Ratify 14th, provide universal suffrage.

• Ex Parte Milligan: Supreme Court can’t try civilians when Civil courts open.

• Union League: political club for blacks, became their vehicle into politics.

• Scalawags: southerners who support abolition and Union.

• Carpetbaggers: Northern, who moved to south in search of personal gain (union soldiers and Northern Businessmen)

• Panic of 1873: depression lasted 6 yrs. business went bankrupt, job losses due to runaway inflations.

• Ku Klux Klan: whites who resented freedom of blacks and moved to insight fear to prevent their participation in politics.

Ch.23- Cont. 1865-1877

• Force Acts: 1870&1871- Fed. troops able to stop “lash law” but the KKK had already intimidated.

• Tenure of Office Act: Pres. needs Senate consent to remove official appt. by Senate.

• Edwin M. Stanton: Fired by Johnson and led to Johnson’s impeachment trail.

• Seward’s Polar bear Garden: (Seward’s Folly) William S. bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. Area furred out.

• Women: Ignored for the most part during Reconstruction. The Issue of slavery was placed above women’s rights.

• Compromise of 1877: Removal of troops from South, appt 1 southern governor into Haye’s cabinet, intercontinental railroad through Texas, help Industrialize the South before Southern Democrats acknowledge Hayes as president.