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The secondary sector
Unit 8
1- What are mineral resources?● Raw materials are natural resources
which industry processes into finished
products. They have 3 origins:
o Animal
o Vegetal
o Mineral
● Energy sources are natural resources
which, after a transformation, provide
power. Power is used for industrial
processes, transport and other daily
needs.
MineralsMinerals can be classified into 3
groups:
1. Metallic minerals: contain metals.
2. Non-metallic minerals: do not
contain metals.
3. Energy minerals: can provide
energy.
These minerals are found in deposits in
the Earth’s subsoil. Extracting them is
called mining.
Mineral deposits
2- Is responsible mining possible?
Natural resources can be
renewable (if they regenerate
naturally or are never used up) or
non-renewable (limited).
Minerals are non-renewable, but
some can be recycled (iron,
aluminium), and others can’t (oil,
coal) so their consumption should
be controlled.
Homework
Exercises 1 and 2 on page 95.
3- What are the principal energy sources?
● Human physical force, animals, fire, wind... (Prehistory)
● Coal (Industrial revolution)
● Oil (from the end of the 19th Century)
● Natural gas (from the end of the 19th Century)
● Electricity (from the end of the 19th Century)
● Nuclear energy (20th Century)
● Renewable energies (solar, wind…) (20th Century)
4- Conventional energy sources
The conventional energy sources are
oil and natural gas.
They are non-renewable resources,
fossil raw materials. In the near
future they will be exhausted.
They are usually found far from the
consumption centres so they need to
be transported (price increase).
The principal oil-exporting countries and the oil-consuming ones do not always coincide. Some countries consume much of their production.Oil producing countries try to control and regulate the oil market.
The OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
It is a permanent, international
organization, it was established in Iraq on
September 1960. Its mandate is to
"coordinate and unify the petroleum
policies" of its members and to "ensure the
stabilization of oil markets in order to
secure an efficient, economic and regular
supply of petroleum to consumers, a
steady income to producers, and a fair
return on capital for those investing in the
petroleum industry."
OPEC members
Refining processes
Petroleum refining processes
are the chemical engineering
processes and other facilities used
in petroleum refineries to transform
crude oil into useful products such
as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),
gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel,
diesel oil and fuel oils.
These processes are mainly
controlled by Western countries.
Oil consumers
The biggest consumers of oil
are the industrialized and
the most populated
countries.
Energy consumption is an
indicator of development.
To avoid energy dependence,
these countries are
investigating alternative
energies.
Consumption and reservesThe consumption of oil and natural gas is increasing nowadays.
If it continues this way, oil reserves may last only a few decades.
Careful planning is necessary to find alternative ways and avoid the crisis.
Homework
Exercises 1 , 2 and 3 on page 97.
(exercise 1a in the form of a timeline)
Conventional electricity
Electricity generation is the process of
generating electric energy from other
forms of energy (convertir energía
primaria en secundaria o final).
Electricity is essential for industrial or
domestic use. It provides power for almost
all modern machines and equipment,
lighting and heat.
It is one of the most widespread forms of
energy.
Conventional electricity
It is widely used because:
● It can be transported easily.
● It is clean at point of use (no waste generation).
● It converts easily to other types of energy.
Conventional electricity
To produce electricity other sources of energy
are necessary. Each one has its advantages:
Thermal energy. Burning fuel produces heat
which then converts water into high pressure
steam, which turns turbines connected to
electric generators. The generators produce
electricity.
Thermal power stations usually burn coal, but
they can also use fuel oil, wood, urban waste or
natural gas, less polluting.
● Nuclear energy. It is
produced by nuclear fission.
When radioactive minerals
(uranium) break down,
large amounts of heat are
produced. This heat is used
to generate high pressure
steam which moves
turbines and generates
electricity.
● Hydroelectric or hydropower
uses the force of water to produce
electricity. First reservoirs collect
rainwater. When the water flows
through the turbines they produce
electricity.
Hydroelectric energy is the most
widely used renewable energy.
Practice
Make a commentary about this graph (it is on page 98):
Follow this pattern:
● Presentation (type of graph, topic,
available data)
● Analysis (“veo-veo”)
● Commentary (relation with theory)
● Conclusion (final summary or views
for the future)
Homework
Exercises 1 to 3 on page 98.
5- Alternative energy sources
Alternative energy is energy
derived from sources that do not use
up natural resources or harm the
environment.
Another definition is: Alternative
energy is any energy source that is an
alternative to fossil fuel. These
alternatives are intended to address
concerns about such fossil fuels.
Wind energyThe moving air (wind) has huge amounts of
kinetic energy, and this can be transferred
into electrical energy using wind turbines.
The wind turns the blades, which spin a
shaft, which connects to a generator and
makes electricity. The electricity is sent
through transmission and distribution lines
to a substation, then on to homes, business
and schools.
Wind turbines cannot work if there is no
wind,
or if the wind speed is so high it would
damage them.
Solar energyThere are 2 types: thermal solar and
photovoltaic.
Thermal solar: Solar water heating systems
capture the free heat from the sun and use it
to heat up water for use in the home. It’s a
simple process:
● panels on your roof absorb heat from the
sun – they are known as the collector
● the water in the panels heats up
● this hot water is pumped through a coil
in your cylinder
● which transfers the heat to the water in
the cylinder
Solar energy
Photovoltaic: it a technology
that converts sunlight into
electricity.
It is used primarily for grid-
connected electricity to operate
residential appliances, commercial
equipment, lighting and air
conditioning for all types of
buildings.
Geothermal energy
"Geo" means "from the earth,"
and "thermal" means "heat," so
this type of energy is found
under the earth. The hot lava
from a volcano and the hot
steam from a geyser both come
from underground heat and we
can use that same type of heat in
our homes.
Biomass
BiogasBiogas is sometimes called deep green
energy because it is such a valuable
source of energy in rural areas. It
provides a clean, easily-controlled source
of renewable energy and requires very
little labor, replacing firewood or fossil
fuels.
Biogas is made from organic matter. It’s
produced by the natural fermentation
process using materials such as:
farm waste (manure),
plant matter,
sewage,
biomass
Ocean energy
Ocean energy can use tides
(tidal energy) or waves.
These systems are not well
developed yet and they are
expensive.
Waves energy
Problems related to alternative energies
● They depend on nature.
● They need huge investments.
● Output is low.
● Energy is difficult to store.
Combining several renewable energy systems is probably the most sustainable
solution. This would satisfy the total energy demand all year round.
Homework
Exercises 1 and 2 on page 99.
6- Principal types of industry and their locations
Industry can be
considered as a system.
Its inputs, processes
and outputs can be
expressed in a diagram.
*Audio activity
Types of industry
There are two basic types of industry:
● Heavy industry
● Light industry
Each has specific needs and each affects
the environment in different ways.
As a result, their locations are not the
same.
Light industry
Light industry is industry that is usually less capital intensive than heavy
industry, and is more consumer-oriented than business-oriented (i.e., most light
industry products are produced for end users rather than as intermediates for use
by other industries).
Light industry facilities typically have less environmental impact than those
associated with heavy industry.
One economic definition states that light industry is a "manufacturing activity
that uses moderate amounts of partially processed materials to produce items of
relatively high value per unit weight".
Examples of light industries include the manufacturing of clothes, shoes,
furniture, consumer electronics and home appliances.
Light industry
Heavy industry
Heavy industry is an industry that involves one or more characteristics such
as large and heavy products; large or heavy equipment and facilities (such as
heavy equipment, large machine tools, and huge buildings); or complex or
numerous processes. Because of those factors, heavy industry often involves
higher capital intensity than light industry does, and it is also often more
heavily cyclical in investment and employment.
Traditional examples from the mid-19th century through the early 20th
included steelmaking, artillery production, locomotive erection, machine tool
building, and the heavier types of mining.
Heavy industry
Homework
Exercise 1 on page 100.
7- The industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the
transition to new manufacturing processes in
the period from about 1760 to sometime
between 1820 and 1840. It started in
England.
This transition included going from hand
production methods to machines, new
chemical manufacturing and iron production
processes, improved efficiency of water
power, the increasing use of steam power, and
the development of machine tools.
FordismFordism, named after Henry Ford, is a notion
of a modern economic and social system based on
an industrialized and standardized form of mass
production.
It has been described as "a model of economic
expansion and technological progress based on
mass production: the manufacture of
standardized products in huge volumes using
special purpose machinery and unskilled labor".
Although Fordism was a method used to improve
productivity in the automotive industry, this
principle could be applied to any kind of
manufacturing process.
Reconversion and restructuring
Industrial restructuring is a striking feature of the economic landscape in
Europe today. However, patterns of restructuring vary from one country to
another and across sectors.
Traditional industries are the ones that have suffered a crisis. They lack
competitiveness, so many companies have closed or implemented industrial
restructuring processes, which could be defined as a set of economic
policies led to help these industries to meet the current economic standards.
New industriesToday, there is a new revolution of new high-technology industries.
They employ in general few, but highly skilled workers. The mechanical and
repetitive tasks are performed by robots.
New industries
Science and technology parks are an example of industrial reconversion.
Several factors are taken into account to establish a park:
● Close to good road networks and airports.
● Availability of skilled workers.
● Links with University.
● Close to consumers and large cities.
● Location is attractive (room to expand).
● Reasonable price of the land.
● Possible fiscal exemptions or assistance.
Homework
Exercises 1 and 2 on page 103.
8- What are the great industrial regions of the world?
Some parts of the world are
more industrialized than
others.
Industry is powerful in
developed and developing
countries for different
reasons.
However, there are a lot of
countries that are still not
industrialized.
Reasons for industry development
● Political stability
● Capital availability
● Good transport infrastructure
● Skilled workforce
● Consumerism
● High technology
Some developing countries have become emerging powers thanks to a rapid
industrialization process. Other reasons for them are:
● Increasingly skilled cheap labour
● Stable governments
Homework
Exercises 1 and 2 on page 104.
