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CONTEMPLATE THE FOLLOWING:
1. HOW DO WE USE WRITTEN AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE AS HUMAN
BEINGS?
2. WHAT WOULD IT BE LIKE TO LIVE WITHOUT ANY LANGUAGE?
3. HOW COULD YOU MANAGE TO COMMUNICATE IF YOU COULD ONLY
USE 2 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OR LETTERS?
DO LETTERS (SYMBOLS) HAVE ANY INHERENT
MEANING?WHY DO WE CONSTRUCT
LANGUAGES/CODES?
ORIENTATION IN TIME AND SPACE + PERSPECTIVE=
THINK OF PAST FORMS OF COMMUNICATION AND PAST
CIVILIZATIONS. CAN YOU THINK OF ANY EXAMPLES OF LANGUAGES OR CODES
THAT DON’T USE THE LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET?
?
PUNCHED CARDS
PUNCHED CARDS WERE WIDELY USED THROUGHOUT THE 20TH CENTURY FOR CONTROLLING TEXTILE LOOMS.
EARLY DIGITAL COMPUTERS USED PUNCHED CARDS AS THE PRIMARY MEDIUM FOR INPUT OF BOTH COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND DATA.
According to IBM’s 1964 video, the use of punched cards for words and numbers wasn’t
implemented for nearly 200 years since the Jacquard loom in 1801;
however, there is at least one person who thought of
programming with punched cards as far back as 1837!
Charles Babbage
He is known as the “father of the computer.”
He is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer.
Charles Babbage
While Babbage's machines were mechanical (not digital), their basic architecture was similar to a modern computer. The operation was instruction-based and the machine had a separate input/output unit.
Charles Babbage
The Analytical Engine
The major innovation was that the Analytical Engine was to be programmed using punched cards: the Engine was intended to use loops of Jacquard's punched cards to control a mechanical calculator. It was not created in Babbage’s lifetime.
INPUT DEVICES
PUNCHED CARD READERS ARE AN EARLY EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
INPUT DEVICES PROVIDE OUTSIDE INFORMATION FOR THE COMPUTER TO
PROCESS
INPUT DEVICES
YOUR BRAIN IS ESSENTIALLY A COMPLEX
PROCESSOR OF INFORMATION.
WHAT INPUT DEVICES SEND INFORMATION TO YOUR
BRAIN?
INPUT DEVICES
THESE DEVICES SEND OUTSIDE DATA TO THE
COMPUTER FOR PROCESSING.
WHAT ARE MORE MODERN EXAMPLES OF INPUT
DEVICES?
OUTPUT DEVICES
THESE DEVICES SEND DATA FROM THE COMPUTER
PROCESSOR TO THE USER IN A FORM HUMANS CAN
UNDERSTAND.WHAT ARE SOME
EXAMPLES OF OUTPUT DEVICES?
BINARY
A BINARY CODE REPRESENTS COMPUTER
PROCESSOR INSTRUCTIONS USING THE BINARY
NUMBER SYSTEM'S TWO BINARY DIGITS, 0 AND 1.
BINARY
AT THE CORE OF ALL DATA PROCESSING IS A SERIES OF 0’S AND 1’S IN THE
COMPUTER PROCESSOR.
THINK BACK TO THE QUESTION ABOUT SPEAKING IN ONLY TWO
LETTERS/SOUNDS.
ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator
And Computer
ENIAC – 1943 (WW2)
It was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It
was digital and capable of being reprogrammed to solve "a large class of numerical problems.“It was originally designed for
military purposes (to calculate artillery firing tables). The war
ended before its completion.
ENIAC (Vacuum Tubes)
It contained nearly 18,000 vacuum tubes. The vacuum tubes
performed the calculations acting as switches representing on and off as an electric current passed
through them resulting in the binary language of 1s and 0s.
Vacuum Tubes
The problem with vacuum tubes were
that they got very hot, used a lot of electricity, and frequently burned
out. One had to be replaced in the ENIAC every few minutes.
Following its development in 1947 by American physicists
at Bell Labs, the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics.
This small, light electrical switch allowed the development of miniaturized electronic devices.
Transistors in a CPU (computer processing unit) act as electrically charged switches which either hold an electric current or don't. (yes or no, 1 or 0).
How do our computers and smart phones turn 1’s and 0’s into all of the amazing outputs that we experience as a user?
The integrated circuit (microchip) was invented in 1958. It networks large numbers of tiny transistors into a small silicon chip.
• NASA used the integrated circuit in the development of its Guidance computers on the Apollo Lunar Orbiter and Lander.
• They’re in virtually all electronic equipment today.
• Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are all made possible by the low cost of integrated circuits.
1971 - Intel developed the first microprocessor, which combined the calculating power from integrated circuit and a control unit (essentially an entire computer on a single chip).
In 1975 a calculator manufacturer, MITS, incorporated the chip into the first successful personal computer, the Altair 8800 . This new computer was introduced in the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics Magazine.
Microsoft’s first sale was the license for the BASIC programming language for the Altair which started the computer revolution. Shortly thereafter Microsoft was formed and Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak released the Apple 1 in 1976.
MICROSOFT AND APPLEARE NOW BOTH FAMOUS
FOR THEIR SYSTEM SOFTWARE, WHICH
INCLUDES THE PROGRAMMING THAT CONTROLS THE
COMPUTER HARDWARE (THE OS).
SYSTEM SOFTWARE INCLUDES THE “KERNEL” WHICH TRANSLATES THE
0’S AND 1’S GENERATED BY THE PROCESSOR, AND THE “SHELL” WHICH MAKES THE OUTPUT INTERFACE LOOK A CERTAIN WAY TO THE USER.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE ALSO ACTS AS A PLATFORM ON
WHICH TO INSTALL/CREATE APPLICATION SOFTWARE.
CAN YOU GIVE EXAMPLES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE
THAT YOU HAVE USED?
ORIENTATION IN TIME AND SPACE + PERSPECTIVE=
WERE BILL GATES AND STEVE JOBS IN THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT
TIME?
HOW DID THEIR UNIQUE PERSPECTIVES CONTRIBUTE TO
THEIR SUCCESS?
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