APIA & AgroAPIA & AgroAPIA & AgroAPIA & Agro----Ecosystem AnalysisEcosystem AnalysisEcosystem AnalysisEcosystem Analysis

BFP Fisheries Workshop

Valuing fisheries and aquatic ecosystems

in multiple water use systems

6-7 February 2008

CIAT

Cali, Colombia

Acknowledgement: CAAEP & DAE, Cambodia, 2007

APIA: an Adaptive, Participatory and Integrated Approach

Based on identification of: i) requirements for an approach to IA

and ii) merits and limitations of existing methods.

1) Adaptive. Progress and outcomes continuously monitored and

evaluated. Lessons integrated back into the process.

2) Participatory. Genuine participation by stakeholders and policy

makers

3) Integrated. Application of a holistic approach viewing the

problem as a whole and in its broader context.

� Analysis across sectors and disciplines,

� Throughout the hierarchy of governance and institutions.

� Spatial and time scales initially set based on a-priori

assumptions and preliminary assessments and then

refined.

PROBLEM

IDENTIFICATION

SCOPING

ASSESSMENT

APIA

Adaptive

Participatory

Integrated

AssessmentITERATION and LEARNING

DECISION

- MAKING

SCREENING

Significance of Fisheries Impacts

SCOPING

Level of Impact Assessment

ASSESSING

Hydrological, Ecological,

Economic, Livelihood,

Institutional Impacts

MITIGATION and

ENHANCEMENT

Measures

TRADE – OFF

ANALYSIS

RECOMMENDATIONS

Selection of

OPTIONS

Source: Nguyen Khoa, 2005

The Concept of Farming System

� Recognises the importance of interactions between different parts of

agricultural systems in the process of transforming inputs

� Aims to provide research and extension worker with adequate

understanding of agricultural system on which they are working as the base

for planning and activities

� Focuses on entire system as a whole rather than on their separate parts or

components

Components of the system

1.Purpose, 2.Boundary, 3.Context or environment, 4.Interaction, 5.Sub-

system, 6.Hierarchy, 7.Input, 8.Output, 9.Performance

System Properties

Productivity, Stability, Sustainability and Equitability

ProductivityProductivity

Yield

profit

etc. Low

Medium

High

SustainabilitySustainability

Yield

profit

etc.

Non

Sustainable

Sustainable

development

Sustainable

Time

Stress or

disturbance

StabilityStabilityStabilityStability

Yield

or

profit

etc.

Low

Medium

Time or space

High

EquitabilityEquitability

Income

RichMed

Poor

High

Income

Rich

Med

Poor

Low

Village A Village B

TOOLS FOR AGRO-ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS

1. Time line of the commune

2. Hierarchy of system

3. Commune map and agro-ecosystem map

4. Seasonal calendar of croping and animal raising

5. NTFP analysis

6. Gender analysis on Agriculture activity

7. Communal transect

8. Venn diagram

9. Flow(flow labor, income, resources, economic analysis)

10. Problem tree

11. Problem matrix ranking

Time line:

Example of a commune in Cambodia

� 1976 - Pol pot regime

� 1979 - Crom samaky system for agriculture production.

� 1980-85 - ---------------

� 1986-90 - many of the farmer grow water melon as the cash crop.Begen the using pesticide of their crop.

� 1991-95 - ------

� 1996-2000 - ---------

� 2000-03 - -----------

2. Hierarchy system of Chung duong Commune

Rice FishWater

melonWet

season

rice

Integrated

crop:

-fruit tree

-Watermelon

-Vegetable

Animal

Raising

Animal

raising:

-Cattle

-Pig

Chicken

Integrated crop:

-Sweet potato

-Bean

-Friut tree

Flood Plain Low land Up land

Commune map

� Commune boundary

� Location of specific crops: rice field, water resources,

mountain, road, plantation,...

� Draw the line of boundary of agro-ecosystem by zone

� Put the legend under the map

� Use the color for clearly

Chinith rivers

Canal

Village road

National road

Boundary

33

3

3/

3

Balang Commune

Pagoda3

/

Village

Hospital

Lake

Pond

Commune office

Lagend

Thnout Chum Commune

3

Boeung Commune

Chong Dong Commune Map

2

kilometers

40

Santuk District

Chinith Rivers

∗

Kampong leng District

Ku

Samroang

KampaoyToul sala

Popech

Toul damnak

Chong dong

Khsach laat

Commune Map of Chong Dong (Commune boundary, roads, etc.)

3.5

kilometers

7

Chong Dong Commune Map

∗

0

Seasonal calendar of croping and animal raising

Description of the following parameters:

� Climate: rainfall, temperature

� Crop by agro-ecosystem zone: Rice crop, sweet potato

� Animal raising (cattle and poultry)the disease by

season(F&M disease)

� Labor on step of crop production and animal raising by

% gender participant

� Main of festivals

� Working labor outside of the commune

� Market price of agricultural product

Hypothetical Seasonal Calendar

NTFPs

Social

activities

Market

prices

Labour

Livestock

Hill

rice

DS

rice

Cropping

patterns

Climate

DNOSAJJMAMFJMONTH

NTFPs

Social

activities

Market

prices

Off-

farmLabour

Livestock

Hill

rice

DS

rice

Cropping

patterns

Climate

DNOSAJJMAMFJMONTH

NTFPs

Social

activities

Market

prices

Off-

farmLabour

Livestock

Hill

rice

DS

rice

Cropping

patterns

Climate

DNOSAJJMAMFJMONTH

NTFPs

Social

activities

Market

prices

Off-

farmLabour

Livestock

Hill

rice

DS

rice

Cropping

patterns

Climate

DNOSAJJMAMFJMONTH

NTFPs

Social

activities

Market

prices

Off-

farmLabour

Livestock

Hill

rice

DS

rice

Cropping

patterns

Climate

DNOSAJJMAMFJMONTH

NTFPs

Social

activities

Market

prices

Off-

farmLabour

Livestock

Hill

rice

DS

rice

Cropping

patterns

Climate

DNOSAJJMAMFJMONTH

NTFPs

Bong

FaiPii

maiSocial

activities

Etc.Rice,Market

prices

Off-

farmLabour

Etc.grassNoLivestock

Etc.Hill

rice

DS

rice

Cropping

patterns

Etc.RainClimate

DNOSAJJMAMFJMONTH

NTFPs

Bong

FaiPii

maiSocial

activities

Etc.Rice,Market

prices

Off-

farmLabour

Etc.grassNoLivestock

Etc.Hill

rice

DS

rice

Cropping

patterns

Etc.RainClimate

DNOSAJJMAMFJMONTH

Etc.NTFPs

Etc.Etc.Bong

FaiPii

maiSocial

activities

Etc.Rice,Market

prices

CutEtc.RiceBurnOff-

farmLabour

Etc.F&MgrassNoLivestock

Etc.Hill

rice

DS

rice

Cropping

patterns

Etc.Rain,Climate

DNOSAJJMAMFJMONTH

Communal transect

Agricultural type, residental, natural resources,

others

Land use4

Soil group(s) (if known)

Soil fertility, other soil characteristics

Soil type (s)3

Highland, lowland, terrace level, etc.

Topography (flat, rolling, steep, etc.)

Land type 2

Descriptive name of each agro-ecosystem

Digital photo representative of each agro-

ecosystem.

Name 1

Type of information presentedTransect row-

heading

Order

Communal transect (continue)

Environment, Gender, poverty, others as identifiedKey issues11

Development opportunities which existOpportunities10

Major problems occurringProblem9

Average land holding size

Average no.of cattle/family

Average no.of pigs/family

Average family labour nos.

% of families with off-farm labor

No. months of rice self-sufficiency

Mojor income souces ( 1st, 2nd, 3rd )

Socio-economic8

Significant use (cattle, pigs, poultry, fish, others)

Livestock movement (in-out) by season

Livestock7

Cropping system(s)

Major crops (1st, 2nd, 3rd)other if significant

Crop6

Water source,irrigation, flooding, etc.Water5

karEbgEckRbePTtMnb;ekSRt-brisßanLA�D TYPES FOR AGRO-ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISATIO�

RbPBTwkWater resource

Remains under water

throughout the year,

but may be used for

fish farming or

growing aquatic

plants

dIl icTwk

tamrdUvSeasonally

flooded

Un-bunded land

that remains under

deep water for

significant periods

of the year. May

support flooded

forests and often

used for recession

cropping or

deepwater rice.

TMnabTabLowland low

terrace

Bunded rice land

typically inundated

for longer periods

than the higher

terraces.

Usually the first

paddies to be

planted, normally

with longer

duration photo-

sensitive WS

varieties. May

flood in very wet

years.

TMnabmFümLowland

mid terrace

Bunded rice

land with

characteristics

between the

upper and lower

terraces.

Usually planted

with medium

duration WS

varieties.

TMnabx<s;Lowland upper

terrace

Bunded rice land

typically inundated

for shorter periods

than the lower

terraces. Usually

the last paddies to

be planted,

normally with

shorter duration

photo-sensitive WS

varieties. May not

be planted in very

dry years

tMbn;x<s;rabUpland

Un-bunded land of higher

elevation than the

lowland rice terraces. It is

typically hilly or of

gently rolling

topography.

This land is not

seasonally inundated and

can support a variety of

field and fruit crops or

upland rice.

tMbn;éRBPñMHighland

An area of higher elevation,

sometimes mountainous,

often with steeper slopes.

Usually found around the

border areas of Cambodia

along the Cardamom range

in the southwest and the

Dangkrek range in the north.

These zones tend to be more

remote and are often still

forested. They may have

only limited agriculture, but

can be important sources of

NTFPs

kMritkMBs;Twkl icPermanently

floodedSeasonally

flooded

LandPaddy RiceBunded

Example Transect from Banteay Chhmar Commune, Banteay Meanchey.

Description Hilly Zone Mixed crop upland zone

Crops -A little early rice

-Wet rice (early, medium and late rice).

-Upland rice (a little)

-Mung bean

-Mango, Banana, Coconut, Jack fruit.

-Vegetables (pumpkin Wax gourd).

Livestock -Wildlife/beast

-Hare/Rabbit

-Buck-Koe-deer

-Cow, Pig, Chicken and

Duck

Comments -Fertile soil

-White alluvial soil

-Regular calcium tic

-Red soil (labansek group)

-Soil erosion

-Land mine

-Gravel soil (no fertile soil)

-Sandy clay soil (no fertile soil)

-Clay soil (no fertile soil)

-Calcareous soil (no fertile soil)

-Fertile soil (forest area)

-Land mine.

Problems -Soil erosion

-Drought

-Wild pig destroyed crops.

-Lack of water

-Insect pests

-Drought

-Livestock disease (cholera). Opportunities -Forest output

-Farm

-Livestock

-Farm all seasons

-Crop a vegetable

-Plants a fruit tree

Productivity -Rice: medium yield. -Forest is low.

-Wildlife is low.

-Rice: medium 1.5 T/ha.

-Mungbean: low 2 bags/rai.

-Livestock is low

Assessment of Poverty, Gender and Environmental Impacts: Pro Forma

Based on this analysis, modify the proposed solution to maximize its positive impact on the poorest

villagers in the agro-ecological zone.

High positive (++), M positive (+), Non (0), M (-), Low(-)

How can these be reduced?�egative impacts on the poor

How can these be enhanced?Positive impacts on the poor

What are the potential positive and negative consequences on the poorest farm families of the widespread

adoption of the proposed solution in place of the traditional practices and how can the positive ones be

enhanced and the negative ones reduced?

What factors may constrain adoption/use of the technology by poor households? E.g. high investment,

high operation and maintenance costs, high labour need, large land holding requirement, need for

specialist equipment or skills, etc.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Is the problem addressed faced equally by all villagers in the agro-ecological zone, mainly the better off

or primarily the poorest?

(tick √√√√ one) All ............. Better-off ................ Poorest ...............

Proposed solution ………………………………………………………………….

or technology ………………………………………………………………….

Venn diagram

CAAEPII

SEILA

ADRA

WFP

Commune

delopment

council

no relationship

exchange

informatiom

some relationship

good relationship

PDA

Source: CAAP & DAE, 2007

Flows

(labor, income, resources; economic analysis)

� Family size: large, mediun, small family members.

� Average annual family income by family size.

� Resources of land and animal.

� Economics analysis on main crop

Possible schematic for flow diagramsFlows of: Farm produce, Agricultural inputs, Labour, Credit, Information, NTFPs,

Livestock, Health services, Schooling, Etc.Zone 1

Zone 2

Province

District

Zone 3

Village

Zone 4

etc.

SYSTEM PROPERTY

-No equality for those far from a pond or

well.

- People don’t have the right to occupy their

own land.

EQUITABILITY-Fishing

-Forest cutting

-Water using (Pond and well).

-Illegal forest cutting.

-Has no soil fertility (no forest)

-There is a water but it is easy to dry

-Lack of technique to raise an animals

SUSTAINABILITY-Animal raising

-Cash crops (mung bean, watermelon

and corn)

-Mulberry

-Fruit tree

-The climate is variable.

-Feeding insect.

-Rain is not regular.

-Cost of agricultural products fluctuates.

-Animal diseases

STABILITY-There is a road system

-Paddy rice system

-There is orchard land

-There is village common land

-Forest

-Rice-Cash crops-Fruit trees-Livestock-Soil

fertility (medium)-There is a river close to

Siem Reap border.

PRODUCTIVITY-Rice-Cash crops-Fruit trees-

Livestock-Soil fertility (medium)-There

is a river close to Siem Reap border.

NEGATIVE (-)Type of Agro-

ecosystem zone

POSITIVE (+)

1ranking

24score

6. Lack of irrigation system

5. Lack of village veterinary service

4. Lack of technique on fish raising

3. Lack of technique on vegetable

production

2. Insect and pest on rice

1. Animal disease

654321Problems

1

1

1

5

2

6

3 4

5

2 13 3

4 5 62 3

1

2

2

3

3

4

Problems ranking

KEY QUESTIONS, GUIDELINE AND WORKING

HYPOTHESIS (SOLUTION)

Vaiety demonstration and

field days

Source quality seed of

early rice for a high

yield

2. How to increase the

yield of short duration

rice varieies?

1. Demonstration

appropriate irrigation

well technology.

- Demonstrtion and

promote the correct

use of pesticides on

watermelons.

1.Tube well irrigation

technology

-Safe pesticide use

1.How can we overcome

leaf curl, insect damage

and drough for

watermelon growers?

WORKING

HYPOTHESIS

GUIDELINEKEY QUESTION

INNOVATION ASSESSMENT

1MLL+++++-+++Demonstrate

and promote

the effective

use of

pesticides on

watermelons

2LMH+++++++Demonstrate

appropriate

irrigation

wells

technology

PRIORITYFEASIBI

LITY

DURATI

ON

COSTEQUITA

BILITY

STABIL

ITY

SUSTAIN

ABILITY

PRODU

CTIVITY

WORKING

HYPOTHESIS

Evaluation Framework: Performance of Key Features

Means of verificationIndicatorsFactor evaluated

Study team & workshop

assessments

Peer review

Relevance, practicality & wide

acceptance of results & proposals

Outcome oriented

Study team assessmentCost-effective use of available data

Ability to resolve critical questions &

knowledge gaps

Composite

assessment

Study team & workshop

assessments

Peer review

Inter-sectoral & disciplinary analysis &

recommendations

Comprehensive spatial & temporal

coverage

Diagnosis of complex causal pathways

Synergistic & innovative outcomes

Holistic

& Integrated

Study team & workshop

assessments

Commitment/genuine involvement

Integral use of local knowledge

Representation of interest groups

Communication & conflict reduction

Participatory

Study team & workshop

assessments

Adaptation to resource constraints

Response to outcomes & lessons

Reaction to unanticipated outcomes

Adaptive

& Learning

Potential of APIA-AEA

� Consideration of inter-sectoral and interdisciplinary issues

� Flexible rather than prescriptive process allowing incorporation of alternative concepts, tools and methods as necessary

� Transparent process (assumptions, decisions, etc.)

� Incorporation of local knowledge and facilitation of ‘ownership’ of management measures agreed for implementation

� Not only provides assessment results of scientific value, also initiates a negotiation process

� Potential to resolve conflicts between fishers and farmers

� Ability to contribute to higher level processes and issues (e.g. incorporation in IWRM initiatives in Sri Lanka)