Variety and summary

REVISIONVARIETY

INFECTION CONTROL

What does this symbol mean?

INFECTION CONTROL

INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL FOR BIO HAZARD

Infection control

Define “aerosol”

Infection control

A fine mist of tiny air-borne particles that may contain bacteria, viruses & fungi.

Dispersed by air currents, may be inhaled or contaminate work surfaces.

Infection control

Vacuum steam steriliser 29 Minute cycle for Wrapped

instruments

Infection control

Biofilm

What is it? Where would it be found in the dental

surgery?

Infection control

Biofilm is a naturally occurring slime producing bacteria and fungi which form into complex communities on wet surfaces

Biofilms form in the water mains and on the walls of small bore plastic tubing in dental units

Infection control

Define “contamination”

Infection control

Contamination is the introduction of micro-organisms to sterile or non-sterile instruments, equipment or living things

infection control

How would you describe the word

“decontamination”

Infection control

Decontamination is the processes required to make a re-useable dental instrument fit for use on another patient

This will include cleaning, inspection for cleanliness, sterilisation or disinfection if sterilisation is not possible

Infection control

Draw the symbol for single use items

Infection control

Single use item

anatomy

The Heart

The heart and the blood vessels are part of the ___________ system

Blood _________ carry blood away from the heart

Veins carry blood to the ______ from the rest of the body. The blood circulates, carrying oxygen and nutrients

anatomy

The heart and the blood vessels are part of the CIRCULATORY system

Blood VESSELS carry blood AWAY from the heart

Veins carry blood TO the HEART from the rest of the body. The blood circulates, carrying oxygen and nutrients

Circulatory system

anatomy

There are _____ separate chambers in the heart

Two _____ and two ______

anatomy

There are FOUR separate chambers in the heart

Two ATRIA and two VENTRICLES

anatomy

How is oxygen transported around the body?

What percentage of oxygen is in an expired breath?

anatomy

Erythrocytes transport oxygen around the body

(RED BLOOD CELLS)

anatomy

Constituents of blood are:

RED BLOOD CELLS, ALSO KNOWN AS…..?

THROMBOCYTES, ALSO KNOWN AS ……?

LEUCOCYTES ALSO KNOWN AS ………? PLASMA …………..associated with the

defence mechanism, also known as ……..?

anatomy Constituents of blood are:

RED BLOOD CELLS, ALSO KNOWN AS erythrocytes

THROMBOCYTES, ALSO KNOWN AS blood platelets

LEUCOCYTES ALSO KNOWN AS white blood cells defend against infection

PLASMA - associated with the defence mechanism, also known as BLOOD CLOTTING AND ANTI BODY PRODUCTION

anatomy

Expired air contains 16% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide

Inspired air contains 20% oxygen required for metabolism

anatomy

The atria receive blood returning to the heart and the ventricles pump the blood out from the heart.

Each of these chambers has a one way valve to ensure that the blood flow is always in one direction.

With each beat, the right ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

This happens approximately every 2.5 BILLION times in an average life time.

Oral diseases – periodontal disease

This is the second most commonest disease affecting the oral cavity

The first being dental caries “periodontal disease” covers a group

of diseases which affect the supporting structures of the teeth

THE PERIODONTUM


The gingivae

The periodontal ligament

The alveolar bone

PERIODONTITIS IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF TOOTH LOSS IN ADULTS


THE SOLE CAUSE OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE IS THE PRESENCE AND ACCUMULATION OF DENTAL PLAQUE AROUND THE GINGIVAL MARGINS OF THE TEETH

WHAT IS DENTAL PLAQUE?


PLAQUE- is a combination of saliva and oral bacteria which form a sticky film on the surface of the tooth and allows food debris to become incorporated into its structure

It tends to form initially at the gingival margin because this area is not self-cleansed by salivary flow or by the tongue and soft tissue movements





Bacteria within plaque use food debris to nourish themselves and allow the bacteria to colonise and grow

Bacteria produce TOXIC BY-PRODUCTS as they digest food

These irritate the gingivae and cause inflammation

(CHRONIC GINGIVITIS)


The inflamed gingivae become red and swell to form a FALSE POCKET around the neck of the tooth

False pockets allow more plaque to develop as self cleansing becomes impossible

Plaque now extends below the gingival margin The continued action of saliva on plaque allows

inorganic ions to be incorporated into the plaque structure

CALCULUS is now formed


Calculus formation above the gum margin is called SUPRA GINGIVAL CALCULUS it is yellow in colour

Calculus formation below the gum margin is called SUB GINGIVAL CALCULUS it is brow/black in colour due to the blood pigments

Its surface is rough allowing more plaque to form over it and irritating the gingivae further


The abrasion of the calculus and the chemical action of the toxins cause PAINLESS micro-ulceration of the gingivae, leading to bleeding to touch or dental probing

The visible appearance and bleeding on probing of the gingivae are the classic diagnostic signs of CHRONIC GINGIVITIS

Events leading to periodontitis

Non-treatment of chronic gingivitis allows TOXINS to build up and eventually enter the underlying gingival tissues through the MICRO-ULCERATION areas

TOXINS destroy the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT TRUE POCKETS form The attachment is lost from the neck of the tooth and

down the root of the tooth Further plaque MINERALISES causing irritation and

more toxin infiltration The tooth is now mobile as the alveolar bone is

destroyed leading to tooth loss.

Periodontal abscess

Removable Prosthetics

Why do we provide patients with removable prosthetics?


Prevents masticatory forces on remaining teeth

Prevent overeruption of opposing teeth Prevents tilting of adjacent teeth Prevents soft tissue trauma due to mastication Prevents digestion problems Allows adequate mastication Provides good aesthetics especially anterior

teeth


What are the retention factors in removable prosthetics?


Saliva – a film of saliva developing between the denture and the patients soft tissues

A post dam along the back border of the denture An accurate design and fit of denture to allow the

film to develop adequately Use of natural undercuts such as the alveolar

ridges or natural teeth Use of clasps around natural teeth to increase

retention


Removable Prostheticsdenture construction

1st imps – taken in either edendtulous stock tray or dentate stock tray using alginate

Lab – models cast in plaster, special trays made from shellac, wax occlusal rims are made

2nd appt – final imps in special trays using alginate, bite registration

Lab – final models cast, articulator used to show movement then construct wax try ins shade chosen by dental team and patient

Removable Prostheticsdenture construction

3rd Appt – try in of accuracy of occlusion, shade and fit. Any adjustments can be made at this stage, major adjustment would require a re-try

Lab – try in and models are flasked, wax removed with boiling water to leave the teeth in position, filled with acrylic, clasps added at this point if necessary, clean and polish dent for fit

Fit – inserted & checked for comfort, accuracry and retention & appearance. Instructions given on their wear, final adjustments made with straight handpiece and acrylic trimming bur, articulating paper, miller forceps

List the information required for the dental technician to construct a removable prosthetic at each stage

Chrome cobalt partial dentures

Used as the base of the denture Complicated design & longer to construct More expensive Much thinner palatal coverage is possible

allows more tolerance for pts with gag reflex Less likely to break Skeleton design gives minimal coverage hygienic


Fixed prosthetics

Why would we provide a patient with a crown?

Fixed prosthetics

Heavily restored tooth Repeated failure of restoration Root filled tooth tends to become brittle Aesthetics Shape change to make a more retentive

abutment tooth for a removable prosthetic

Fixed prosthetics

Bridgework:

Name the variety of bridges available for patients giving a reason for providing a patient with a specific type

Bridge types

Maryland

Cantelever

Spring cantelever

Fixed fixed

Semi fixed

State the reasons for providing a temporary crown

State the reasons for providing a temporary crown

Maintain space

Prevent sensitivity

Prevent gingival overgrowth

Prevent over eruption

Prevent food packing

Aesthetics

Prevent damage to prep

radiography

Why are x-rays taken in dentistry?

RadiographyX-rays are taken to:

Detect caries

Detect bone level

Detect overhangs/perforations

Determine tooth structure prior to xtn

Detect supernumary

Diagnose cysts, tumours, jaw fractures

Orthodontic treatment planning

Aid in endodontic tx

Radiography – name this type of film

Radiography - ceph being taken

Radiography-developing machine

Intra-oral unit

Extra-oral unit OPG

Why would this type of film be taken?




Name the components of an intra-oral film packet

Name the components of an intra-oral film packet

Front of plastic envelope Black paper X-ray film Black paper Lead foil Back of plastic envelope

Intra-oral film

A celluloid film coated with light-sensitive bromide salts in an emulsion

This is surrounded in black paper to protect it from unwanted light

Enclosed in a waterproof envelope one side of the film is a lead foil which prevents the emulsion coat being exposed twice by absorbing scatter during the exposure

When exposed the crystals form a hidden image The film must be processed to develop the image

In pairs discuss some faults which may occur during processing

What temperature should the chemicals reach to ensure clarity of the film?

For manual development of x-rays draw the tanks and label them

Temp = 18-22 degrees Celsius

Faults: Too dark – overdeveloping Fogged film – Daylight exposure Blank film – placement in

fixer before developer Partly blank film – not fully

immersed in developer Scratches or fingerprints –

bad handling

Faint image – under developing, temp too low or time too short or dev too weak

Blank spot – contamination with splashes of fixer

Brown or green stains – incomplete fix

Black line across film – being folded during process

Local anaesthetic

In pairs:

Discuss the different types of LA available in the dental surgery

Name the reasons for using the different types

Discuss the different types of syringes, needles and injection types

Discuss the nerves anaesthetised to carry out treatment througout the mouth

In groups

Compile 15 questions and answers on specific topics we have covered previously

When completed, deliver to the rest of the class to answer

the end

Education

Variety and summary