Review quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing and using reporting verbs

Discuss identifying different ‘voices’

Please try to stay awake long enough to:

Reference

All information from other sources used whether in the form of quotes, paraphrases or summary points must be acknowledged.    In-text citation + reference list

Quoting, Paraphrasing and Summarising

What is the difference?

Can you spot the difference in the writing of others?

A quote is a replication of the exact wording of the source materials •  Why do we use quotes? Effective if used selectively but do not use it

too often.

•  Is it necessary to use the actual words?

YES

•  How do I add a quote?

Author's original text:

Since 2003, the ‘legacy carriers’ Qantas and Air New Zealand have faced competition on most of the trans-Tasman routes from one or both of the new entrants. In September of that year the large international airline Emirates took up what are called ‘fifth freedom rights’ to operate on four routes; three between Auckland and the major Eastern seaboard Australian cities, and one between Christchurch and Melbourne (later Changed to Christchurch – Sydney).

   Source text: Hazledine, T 2008, 'Competition and competition

policy in the trans-Tasman Air Travel Market', Australian Economic Review, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 337-348. (Harvard referencing style)

Eg of short quote Hazeldine (2008) states that “Since 2003,

the ‘legacy carriers’ Qantas and Air New Zealand have faced competition on most of the trans-Tasman routes from one or both of the new entrants” (p. 337).

  (A short quote can be a sentence or a

segment of a sentence.)

Eg long quote The research investigated the effects of recent

changes to the international airline industry as an example of completion policy. In noting recent major changes Hazeldine (2003) stated that:

◦ Since 2003, the ‘legacy carriers’ Qantas and Air New Zealand have faced competition on most of the trans-Tasman routes from one or both of the new entrants. In September of that year the large international airline Emirates took up what are called ‘fifth freedom rights’ to operate on four routes; three between Auckland and the major Eastern seaboard Australian cities, and one between Christchurch and Melbourne (later Changed to Christchurch – Sydney) (p.337).

  Discussion: Is it appropriate to present this

information as a short or long quote?

Let’s look back and see how it was done

We call this using the direct voice

Smith (2004, p45) states that critical thinking is “the most important skill that students develop in tertiary study”.

The exact words of the sourceShould be used for emphasis

Direct voice

ParaphrasingKeeping core terminology but changing every day words

(use synonyms e.g., concept → idea

change verbs to nouns, e.g., develop → development

change nouns to adjectives, e.g., motivation → motivated

  Change the order of information

Change the sentence structure

Paraphrases are used for short sections e.g., 2-3 sentences.

Since 2003, the ‘legacy carriers’ Qantas and Air New Zealand have faced competition on most of the trans-Tasman routes from one or both of the new entrants. In September of that year the large international airline Emirates took up what are called ‘fifth freedom rights’ to operate on four routes; three between Auckland and the major Eastern seaboard Australian cities, and one between Christchurch and Melbourne (later changed to Christchurch – Sydney) (Hazeldine, 2003, p. 337).

Paraphrase the following

Hazeldine (2003) claims that Qantas and Air New Zealand, known as the ‘legacy carriers’ have faced competition on the majority of the trans-Tasman routes from some of the more recently established airlines ever since 2003. For example, Emirates, who are one of the bigger global companies exercised ‘fifth freedom rights’ to offer flights on four routes in September 2003. These included one linking Melbourne and Christchurch which was later changed to Christchurch – Sydney and also three routes between all the important East coast Australian cities and Auckland (p. 337).

Indirect Voice

Smith (2004) believes that the development of critical thinking skills is of central importance to all university students

Author prominenceMost commonWritten in your style

Indirect voice

Summarising can be done by:

•  Identifying all the main ideas but eliminating details.

•  Restructuring the passage to highlight the main points in your own words.

•  Clarifying any links or relationships needed.

•  Establishing a link between your argument or claim, and the summary given.

For long sections, summarise the ideas.

Since 2003, the ‘legacy carriers’ Qantas and Air New Zealand have faced competition on most of the trans-Tasman routes from one or both of the new entrants. In September of that year the large international airline Emirates took up what are called ‘fifth freedom rights’ to operate on four routes; three between Auckland and the major Eastern seaboard Australian cities, and one between Christchurch and Melbourne (later changed to Christchurch – Sydney) (Hazeldine, 2003, p. 337).

Summarise the following sentences.

Since 2003 the ‘legacy carriers’ have faced local competition from newer airlines. For example, Emirates, fly Melbourne to Sydney and three routes between the Australian East coast and Auckland (Hazeldine, 2003).

External Voice

Many researchers have concluded that critical thinking skills are extremely important for all university students (Smith 2004; Jones 2005).

Information/research prominenceWritten in your style

External voice

1. Direct voice direct quotation

2. Indirect voice author- ‐prominent paraphrase or summary

3. External voice information- ‐prominent paraphrase or summary

4. Own voice your own ideas (not from outside sources, no in- ‐text

citation needed)

Voice

Text A: A significant increase in the number of people losing their homes since the great financial crisis (GFC) has alarmed leading community support agencies who have called on the government to prioritise spending initiatives and implement action as a matter of urgency (Costello, 2010; Red Cross, 2010; Langton & Dodson, 2011).

Which type of voice is used in this text?

making a general point / setting out established information from an authority.

For example, data from an institutions such as the ABS / CSIRO.

demonstrating the information (either fact or opinion) is widely known or established by citing one or several sources.

Use External Voice when

Text B: We can gain access to different kinds of information in today’s world. However, not all the information is reliable for academic writing. Brick (2012) suggested five reliability tests to evaluate academic sources. They include an assessment of the authority, audience, transparency, objectivity and currency of the text.

Which type of voice is used in this text?

•  acknowledging that ideas and information have been taken from a source and it is presented in the form of a paraphrase or as a summary

•  the source is significant such as a recognized authority e.g., influential researchers in a discipline such as Halliday on grammar, Flannary on climate change, an agency or institution (UNESCO, WHO, OECD, Macquarie University).

Use indirect voice when

Text C: Kieseker and Marchant (1999) defined workplace bullying as ‘an abuse of coercive power by either individuals in the internal workplace or external clients’ (p. 63). As no clear definition of this term has been provided elsewhere in the literature, their definition will be used in this essay.

What are the two types of voices used in this text?

•  It is essential to express your own thinking based on the reading and research you have conducted.

•  The sources you incorporate into your text are used to support your argument and claims made in response to the assigned task.

Is my own voice important?

Reporting verbs

investigate, study, observe, find, examine

e.g., Smith (1999) investigated the causes of water pollution.

e.g., Jones (2010) studied the effects of cyber bullying on the emotional development of teenagers.

Relating to research

conclude, point out, suggest, argue, show, state, propose, describe

Eg; Brown (2009) points out that there are four stages in the process of adaptation to a new culture.

Eg; Preston (1999) argues that the effects of cultural shock can be minimised by adequate support provided to expatriates during the settling-in period.

Relating to discussion

contend, assume, assert

Eg; The author assumes that tax refunds will lead to an increase in consumer spending.

Eg; Brown (2011) contends that privatisation of water supplies will improve the management of water resources.

Relating to evaluation

1.  Describe 2.  Claim 3.  Argue 4.  Reject 5.  Outline 6.  Assume 7.  Discuss

Decide whether the reporting verbs are neutral (n) or evaluative

. a.  The World Bank states that privatisation of water

supplies will reduce corruption and mismanagement.       b. The World Bank assumes that privatisation of

water supplies will reduce corruption and mismanagement.       c. The World Bank argues that privatisation of water

supplies will reduce corruption and mismanagement.

Task 6: Explain the difference in meaning in the following sentences

Compare the use of tenses in these sentences. Discuss how you can indicate your attitude by using tenses.

a. Traditional behaviourists believe that language learning is the result of imitation, practice, feedback on success, and habit formation.

 b. Traditional behaviourists believed that language learning is the result of imitation, practice, feedback on success, and habit formation.

: Express your voice using tense.

Academic writing requires you to use authoritative sources. Your role is to use sources to support your ideas - but you must make clear what is your voice and what is the voice of othersDoing this well enhances your writing and helps you to avoid plagiarism

Academic writing

professions.learningcentre@adelaide.edu.au

  Brick, J. (2012). Academic culture: A

student’s guide to studying at university. Sydney: National Centre for

English Language Teaching and Research, Macquarie University.

References