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 Inflation … Or What? Will Kinney Seenet-MTP Workshop Balkan Summer Institute, Donji Milanovac 31 August 2011

W. Kinney - Scale-Invariant Perturbations: is Inflation the only Way?

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Page 1: W. Kinney - Scale-Invariant Perturbations: is Inflation the only Way?

   

Inflation … Or What?Will Kinney

Seenet­MTP WorkshopBalkan Summer Institute, Donji Milanovac31 August 2011

Page 2: W. Kinney - Scale-Invariant Perturbations: is Inflation the only Way?

   

CMB: Basic PropertiesCMB: Basic Properties

Adiabatic density perturbations

Superhorizon correlations

Gaussian statistics

Q: What does this really tell us?

Near scale­invariance over a factor of1000 in wavelength

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Generation of PerturbationsGeneration of Perturbations

Horizon

Mode freezing

Page 4: W. Kinney - Scale-Invariant Perturbations: is Inflation the only Way?

   

Generation of PerturbationsGeneration of Perturbations

Comoving horizon:

Key ingredient for generation of perturbations: shrinking horizon

Decelerating Expansion:Accelerating Expansion:

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The Comoving Horizon in InflationThe Comoving Horizon in Inflation

Decelerating

Accelerating

Page 6: W. Kinney - Scale-Invariant Perturbations: is Inflation the only Way?

   

The Comoving Horizon in InflationThe Comoving Horizon in Inflation

Page 7: W. Kinney - Scale-Invariant Perturbations: is Inflation the only Way?

   

Mode Exit and Re­entryMode Exit and Re­entry

exit

re­entry

quantum

classical

Page 8: W. Kinney - Scale-Invariant Perturbations: is Inflation the only Way?

   

Larger Scales Exit EarlierLarger Scales Exit Earlier

Page 9: W. Kinney - Scale-Invariant Perturbations: is Inflation the only Way?

   

Superhorizon PerturbationsSuperhorizon Perturbations

Page 10: W. Kinney - Scale-Invariant Perturbations: is Inflation the only Way?

   

The Horizon Is Not The HorizonThe Horizon Is Not The Horizon

The Hubble length is notthe causal horizon in inflation.

Mode freezing has absolutelynothing to do with causality.

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The Horizon Is Not The HorizonThe Horizon Is Not The Horizon

In general, the Hubble length is not even the freezeout horizon:

Scale invariance and freezeout:

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Is Inflation the Only Way?Is Inflation the Only Way?

Comoving Horizon (constant equation of state):

Duality:

Decelerating Expansion:Accelerating Expansion:

(Boyle, et al., hep­th/0403026)

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The Comoving Hubble Horizon in InflationThe Comoving Hubble Horizon in Inflation

Decelerating

Accelerating

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The Comoving Hubble Horizon in Bouncing CosmologyThe Comoving Hubble Horizon in Bouncing Cosmology

Bounce

Contraction

Expansion

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Slow RollSlow Roll

The Cyclic Dual to Slow RollThe Cyclic Dual to Slow Roll

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Slow RollSlow Roll

The Cyclic Dual to Slow RollThe Cyclic Dual to Slow Roll

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Slow RollSlow Roll

Dual­Slow RollDual­Slow Roll

The Cyclic Dual to Slow RollThe Cyclic Dual to Slow Roll

Quasi­static contraction

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Slow RollSlow Roll Dual­Slow RollDual­Slow Roll

(WHK, Moradinezhad Dizgah, arXiv:1007.0753)

PerturbationsPerturbations

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EkpyrosisEkpyrosis: Problems: Problems

Shrinking proper Hubble length: blue spectraInstabilities: growing mode

Singular bounce

Negative potential

Name sounds like a skin disease

Buchbinder, Khoury & Ovru, PRD 76, 123503 (2007)Khoury & Steinhardt, arXiv:0910.2230Linde, Mukhanov & Vikman, arXiv:0912.0944

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Generating Superhorizon PerturbationsGenerating Superhorizon Perturbations

(1) Accelerated Expansion

(2) Superluminal Sound Speed

(3) Super­Planckian Energy Density

New result:

In an expanding universe, to generate perturbations consistent with observation, youmust have one of:

(Geshnizjani, WHK, Moradinezhad Dizgah, arXiv:1107.1241)

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Non­Canonical Lagrangians as Bimetric TheoriesNon­Canonical Lagrangians as Bimetric Theories

Lagrangian with arbitrary kinetic term:

Acoustic metric

Light cone: 

Acoustic cone: Two horizons!

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x

y

Light Cones in DBI InflationLight Cones in DBI Inflation

Acoustic Cone:Light cone:

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Mode Freezing and HorizonsMode Freezing and Horizons

Tensor modes freeze out at theHubble Horizon

Scalar modes freeze out at theAcoustic Horizon

Curvature perturbations generatedby shrinking acoustic horizon!

(Garriga & Mukhanov, arXiv:hep­th/9904176)

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Horizons in DBI InflationHorizons in DBI Inflation

Hubble Horizon 

Acoustic Horizon

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Beyond InflationBeyond Inflation

For               we still need inflation to generate superhorizonperturbations.

: generate superhorizon perturbations in a  radiation­ or matter­dominated universe

Tachyacoustic Cosmology

Causally self­consistent cosmology: no timelike loops.Babichev, Mukhanov & Vikman, arXiv:0708.0561

Bessada, WHK, Stojkovic, Wang, arXiv:0908.3898

Armendariz­Picon, arXiv:astro­ph/0606168 Piao, arXiv:gr­qc/0609071

Magueijo, arXiv:08030859

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x

y

Light Cones in Tachyacoustic CosmologyLight Cones in Tachyacoustic Cosmology

Light cone:

Acoustic Cone:

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The Tachyacoustic SolutionThe Tachyacoustic Solution

Decelerating Expansion:

Decaying Sound Speed:

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Horizons in Tachyacoustic CosmologyHorizons in Tachyacoustic Cosmology

Hubble Horizon:

Acoustic Horizon:

Hubble Horizon grows (no tensor modes!)

Acoustic Horizon shrinks

Page 29: W. Kinney - Scale-Invariant Perturbations: is Inflation the only Way?

   

Horizons in Tachyacoustic CosmologyHorizons in Tachyacoustic Cosmology

Hubble Horizon 

Acoustic Horizon

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Perturbations in Tachyacoustic CosmologyPerturbations in Tachyacoustic Cosmology

Hubble Horizon:

Acoustic Horizon:

(Magueijo, arXiv:0803.0859)

(Bessada, WHK, Stojkovic, Wang, arXiv:0908.3898)

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Tachyacoustic Cosmology: ProblemsTachyacoustic Cosmology: Problems

String embedding problematic

Does not solve flatness problem

Is it a dynamical attractor? (Preliminary: yes)

Initial singularity

Page 32: W. Kinney - Scale-Invariant Perturbations: is Inflation the only Way?

   

SummarySummary

The Hubble length is not the horizon.

Expanding universe: only three ways to get scaleinvariance for a sufficient range of super­Hubble perturbations:

Accelerated expansionSuperluminal sound speedTransplanckian energy density

Nothing works nearly as well as inflation.