- 1. The War of 1812 A Forgotten Yet Important War
2. 3. 4. Why the War of 1812
- My questions about the War
- Schools of thought on the War of 1812
- Julius Pratt Expansionists of 1813 (1925) refuted most other
reasons
- Historians still debate his analysis
5. http://www.history.army.mil/BOOKS/amh/AMH-06.htm 6.
http://www.history.army.mil/BOOKS/amh/AMH-06.htm 7. Forgotten War
or Second Independence
- Warren H. Goodman argued Southern expansionism was cause of
War. 1941
- Donald R. HickeyWar of 1812 A Forgotten Conflict (1989)
- David Curtis Skaggs review (William and Mary Quarterly) 1989
race for military history
- Hickey updates in 2001 Journal of Military Historywith
historiography
8. More Sources
- War of 1812 by Carl Benn 2002 argues political crisis,
annexation of Canada and served to deny help to Indians and open
land
9. South Carolina
- Margaret Kinard LatimerSouth Carolina. A Protaganist in the War
of 1812 American Historical Review( 1956)
- Argued political shift in congress led by Southern politicians,
John C. Calhoun, William Lowndes, Langdon Cheves
- Dedicated to overturning Republican Foreign and Economic
policies
10. Causes
- British military support for Indians in area
- Some argue National Honor
11. Taking of the Chesapeake 12. 13. Election of 1812 14.
Accepted Reasons
- Executive Orders in Council
- Seizure of American ships, insults and injury to American
Seaman by British
- Outrages at Sea took two forms
- Seizure and forced sale of ships entering blockades areas
- France declared counter blockade and seized American ships
- Second impressments of American soldiers-pretext-looking for
deserters who worked on American ships
15. 16. Atlantic Napoleonic Wars
- To Britain the war was a burdensome adjunct to war with
France
- To Canada it was a naked American attempt at aggression and
expansion
- U.S. entered war with confused objective and without settling
any issues
17.
- Madison's use of economic pressure to force England to repeal
its blockade almost worked
- Poor grain harvest in England
- need of American provisions to supply the British troops
fighting the French in Spain.
- June 16, 1812, the British Foreign Minister announced that the
blockade would be relaxed on American shipping
18. 19. Political Shifts
- Power had shifted to west and south
- Grievances about European interventions had gained
momentum
- Jeffersonian responses-conciliation, restrictive measures,
minimum armaments and peace at all price.
20. 12th Congress
- Prior to this legislation was merely jockeying of party
strength
- New Englanders voted for Navy and arming but to antagonize the
administration
21. War fever
- More in Ohio Valley and Northwest
- Convinced moving British out of Canada solve problems
- Western War hawks and southern war hawks
22. Not everyone for the war
- Quakers protest treatment on moral reasons
- Imprisoned due to protests
- Thomas Rotch abolitionist and helped with underground
railway
- Served on committee of Indian Concerns
23.
- Before Election 1/3 in Congress pro
24. 25. 26. President Jefferson
- Embargo on American trade with Britain
- Maritime interests ruined
- Seaports enter depression some never recover
- Eastern interests hate Jefferson rest of country hate
Britain
27. Country at Large
- Outraged over impressments and lack of concern by larger
interests
- British vessel 1807 attacks the Chesapeake and impresses
seaman
- General public wave of indignation and maritime interests join
this time
- Insult to American flag and Jefferson chooses not to go to war
with Britain
28. Reactions
- Impressments and seizure of cargo net different results
- Maritime interests on Eastern seaboard protest but not want to
risk trade with England-so loose occasional ship
- Impressments no financial hardship-so treatment of sailors not
important
- Maritime interests minimized it
29. 30. 31. 32. Tecumseh
- Village at Tippecanoe (Ind)
- BritishBattle of Tippecanoe 1811
- Successful until Battle of Thames 1813.
33. September 1814 minor battle but F. Scott Key wrote Star
Spangled BannerBattle of Ft. McHenry in Baltimore 34. 35. 1814
Taking of Washington 36. . 37. Cartoon depicts President James
Madison and King George III boxing.The artist gloats over naval
loss suffered by the British and the defeat of thewarship Boxer to
the Enterprise during the War of 1812. 38. King George III makes a
batch of ships and puts them into a bread oven: This cartoon is a
satire on British efforts to recover after major navallosses on the
Great Lakes in 1813 and 1814. 39. 40. Battle of New Orleans January
18 1815 41. Treaty of Ghent
- Dec 24, 1814-marks end of War
42. all the rights and privileges they enjoyed before the
war.
- Madison had looked for diplomatic resolution
- August 20 Dearborn Prevost Armistice lacked Impressments
Issue
- Only thing settled was boundaries U.S. Canada
- Return to pre war conditions
- Real losers First Nations -
43. Results
- Historians mixed. General view was that nothing was
settled
- 1990 Canadian Wesley Turner argued both sides won. U.S. won by
eliminating Indians and British, Canada won because fended off
invasion and vindicated existence of nation
44. However
- Southern Campaign successful regarding expansionfor Western War
hawks and southern war hawks
- Georgia Tennessee and Mississippi Valley Territory had designs
on Florida-Spanish possession
45. Early attempts on SpanishFlorida
- 1763 -Britain gained control of Florida in 1763 in exchange for
Havana, Cuba, which the British had captured from Spain during the
Seven Years' War (1756-63). Spain evacuated Florida after the
exchange, leaving the province virtually empty. At that time, St.
Augustine was still a garrison community with fewer than five
hundred houses, and Pensacola also was a small military town.
- 1783- During the Revolutionary War, Spanish troops entered
Florida and repossessed the land. Settlers attempted revolution
several times against Spain.
46. 47.
- During War of 1812 Spain allowed Britain to use Pensacola as a
garrison
- 1814 -American troops captured the base in Pensacola.
- 1818- On one of those military operations, in 1818, General
Andrew Jackson made a foray into Florida. Jackson's battles with
Florida's Indian people later would be called the First Seminole
War
48. 49. Creek Indians
- Alliance First Nations Mississippi Territory
- Lower Creeks in east (Georgia)
- White Encroachment leads to division
- Lower Creeks take on more white characteristics, farming,
land
- Lower Creeks and Choctaws neutral
- Spring 1812 Lowers attack whites
- Group of 4000 or so Red Sticks
50. Creek National Council
- Red Stick Chief Little Warrior
- American War heightens the division
- British and Spanish try to ally
- Red Sticks try to stay neutral
51. Horseshoe Bend
- Red Eagle Attacks garrison kills 300
- Jackson recovering from wound in Nashville
- 2000 Tennessee Militia and 1000 Creek
- Looses many and executes some
- Women and children allowed to escape
52. Results
- Power of Upper Creek Broken
- Moved west eventually to Oklahoma
- Land immediately opened to settlers
- Cotton helps flagging slavery
- Without authorization goes over International Boundary
53. Conditions in South Ripe
- Escaped Slaves, Defiant Red Sticks,
- Spanish Outposts in Florida and the West
- French Speaking Louisiana Territory and the Pirates
- New Orleans the only strong American Outpost in the South-cut
off geographically
- British not strong enough until 1814.
54. My Findings
- Clearly there is a controversy over the causes and possibly the
results of the War.
- International Context must include Spain.
- Treaty of Ghent Marks end however, the Southern Spanish held
area was not.
55. Conclusions
- End of Federalist control
- The Treaty of Ghent is the one thing that differentiates the
causes and results
56. 57. Questions
58.
- Quiz One due in class Tuesday
- Read Rise of Northern Capitalism
