Water chemistry for kindasa 2

Inaam Ahamad Khan

The Water Chemistry Presentation

For

…Water You Can Count ON…

On xx/xx/xx

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY

References & AcknowledgementThe Inter-Islamic Network On Water Resources

Development and Management Workshop in Egypt, &

Water Chemistry & Treatment Presentation By Inaam Ahamad Khan

Several International Organisation like WHO, EPA, AWWA, NSF, ASTM, SM etc.

Information from Books & Cyberspace

My sons Iftekhar & Ahfaz for getting an idea of animation

If I speak slow or fast!

Important

This presentation is for non technical peoples

Please Tell me when I need to clarify a point

Max graphics and photos are used for better explanation

Goal of PresentationThe importance of water on our planet

The chemistry involve in water

Importance of water chemistry

Importance of water analysis

The danger of pollution in our life

Selection of water treatment methods

This presentation is in two parts

What is Chemistry ?

What is Water ?

What is Water Chemistry ?

For Better Understanding

What is Water Chemistry ?

Purely Scientific Definition

Any foreign substance in water, which is not H2O is considered a contaminant

What are Contaminants

Study of Substances (Contaminants) Present in Water

Any foreign matter un-dissolved or dissolved in water, makes it unfit for general,

domestic and industrial use is a contaminant

These foreign substances may come from natural or unnatural sources

Which includes particulate matters, atmospheric gases, inorganic & organic

compound and bio-organism

What Are Water Contaminants ?

Contaminants physical, chemical & biologicalproperties depends on water sources

Depending on specific use, if water has theseimpurities in a considerable quantity, it become

unsuitable

All waters available are considered not good for human activities


Water can contain up to 90 possible contaminants at unacceptable concentrationTreatment depends on chemistry of

contaminants


Inorganic compoundsOrganic compoundsSolids GasesBiological

Sources of Contaminants RainfallErosion Pollution DissolutionEvaporationSedimentationDecomposition


SOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS Natural

Natural SOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS

Natural & Man MadeSOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS

Man MadeSOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG

Man Made PollutionSOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS

Man Made Pollution Summary SOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS

Greenhouse effectSOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS

Heat dissipated into space

Heat trapped in the atmosphere

Incoming sunlight

Outer space

AtmosphereCO2, CFCs, NO2,

Methane etc.

Forest fires

Volcano

Industries

HousesVehicle

emission

Cows

Deforestation

SUN

How greenhouse effect is reducedSOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS

Inorganic Ions CationsNa+

Ca+2

AnionsCl-

HCO-3Organics Natural

Tannic Acid

Humic Acid

Man MadePesticides

Herbicides

Particles(Colloids)

Non Dissolved Solid Matter(Small deformable solids with a net negative charge)

Microorganisms (Endotoxin)

Bacteria , Algae , Microfungi(Lipopolysaccharide fragment of Gram negative bacterial cell wall)

H H H-C-C-OH H H

TYPE OF CONTAMINANTS

UN-DISSOLVED

Those substances which are removed

from water by simple filtration and

adsorption & absorption methods

Those susbstances which are not removed from

water by simple treatment methods

DISSOLVED

Particulate matter - Silt, Soil, Sand, Clay etc.

Colloidal matter - Silica, Inorganic & Organic Compounds, etc.

Biological - Algae,Bacteria, protozoa, viruses, plants & animals etc.


UN-DISSOLVED

DISSOLVED

SALTS OF PROMINENT COMMON IONS

Cations - Aluminium, Barium, Calcium, Hydrogen, Iron, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Heavy metals

Anions - Bicarbonate, Carbonate, Chloride, Fluoride, Bromide, Nitrate, Phosphate,Sulphate

Gases etc. - Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide, Silica, Organic Compounds


UN-DISSOLVED & DISSOLVED

IMPACTS

Colour, Odour, Taste, Turbidity, Temperature, Alkalinity, pH, & Hardness

EFFECTS

Appearance, Foaming, Deposit, Plugging, Corrosion, Scaling & Harms to life

NATURE OF CONTAMINANTS

NATURE OF CONTAMINANTS Impacts & Effects on Environments

Nuisance Algal Blooms


Impacts & Effects on Plant Equipment

Example of Impacts & Effects


Bio-film formation


Bio-film & ColloidsImpacts & Effects on Plant Equipment

Impacts & Effects on Plant Equipment


How Impacts & Effects Starts on Life NATURE OF CONTAMINANTS

Water 0.000002 ppm

Phytoplankton 0.0025 ppm

Zooplankton 0.123 ppm

Rainbow smelt 1.04 ppm

Lake Trout 4.83 ppm

Herring Gull 124 ppm

Herring Gull Eggs 124 ppm

Impacts & Effects Humans NATURE OF CONTAMINANTS

Ohio Beach Cyanobacteria USAEscherichia coli

SDWA PROTECTING AMERICA’S PUBLIC HEALTH

Comprehensive Source Water ProtectionMULTIPLE RISKS REQUIRE MULTIPLE BARRIERS

RISK

RISKPREVENTION

RISK MANAGEMENT

INDIVIDUALACTION

PROTECTION BARRIERS

RISK RISK RISK

RISKMONITORING/ COMPLIANCE



RISK

RISKPREVENTION

RISK MANAGEMENT

INDIVIDUALACTION

PROTECTION BARRIERS

RISK RISK RISK




RISK

RISKPREVENTION

RISK MANAGEMENT

INDIVIDUALACTION

PROTECTION BARRIERS

RISK RISK RISK




RISK

RISKPREVENTION

RISK MANAGEMENT

INDIVIDUALACTION

PROTECTION BARRIERS

RISK RISK RISK


RISK RISK RISK RISK

PROTECTIONBARRIERS

RISKPREVENTION

RISK MANAGEMENT

RISK MONITORING/COMPLIANCE

INDIVIDUALACTION

Action for Impacts & EffectsNATURE OF CONTAMINANTS

NATURE OF COTAMINANTS? Problematic Chemical Contaminants

Calcium and magnesium

Iron and manganese

Silicates

Carbon dioxide

Hydrogen sulfide

Problematic Chemical Contaminants Copper

AluminumHeavy metals

(Arsenic, lead, cadmium)Nitrates

PhosphatesSulphate

NATURE OF COTAMINANTS?

Problematic Biological Contaminants

AlgaeProtozoa

(CryptosporidiumGiardia)

Bacteria(Pseudomonas bacteria Coliforms,

Escherichia coli and Fecal coli)Viruses

Plants & Animals


Biological organism can be classified as viable and non-viable

Viable is that organism which can proliferate under a given specific condition

Non-viable are derived from a breakdown of, or a product of a viable organism

Biological Contaminants NATURE OF COTAMINANTS?

AQUATIC ORGANISMSOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS

AQUATIC PLANTSSOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS

AQUATIC PLANTSSOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS

AQUATIC ORGANISM CLOSE-UPEXAMPLES OF

CONTAMINANTS

EXAMPLES OF CONTAMINANTS AQUATIC ORGANISM CLOSE-UP

Dear I am also AquaticSOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS

Man-made Contaminants Petroleum

Petroleum products(Polymers, Plastics, Paints, Dye, etc.)

Metal, Car, Fabric, Electronic & IT Industry

Food, Glass, & Construction Industry

Industrial & Domestic WasteTemperature Variations


NATURE OF COTAMINANTS? Most Dangerous Problematic

Contaminants

Particulate matter - Silt, Sand, Soil, Clay, Wood, Plastics etc.

Colloidal matter - Inorganic & Organic

Temperature Variations

WATER SOURCES & CHARACTERSTICS

CharacteristicsSurface Water

Ground Water

Particulate matter - Silt, Sand, Soil, Clay, Wood, Plastics etc.Colloidal matter - Inorganic &

OrganicTemperature Variations

Calcium, Magnesium Iron,Manganese, Silicates, Copper,

Aluminum, Heavy metals,Nitrates, Phosphates, Sulphate,

Ammonium, Carbon dioxide,

Hydrogen Sulfide

Bio-organism, Plants & Animals

Pollutions


Particulate - Silt, Sand, Soil, Clay, Wood, Plastics etc.

Colloidal - Inorganic & OrganicColour & Temperature Variations

SURFACE WATER

Varies, Seasonal,Pollution,

Moderate to High

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide,Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonium


Rel. Constant, Nil or Very Low Varies, Pollution,Moderate to High

Divalent & Trivalent metals Ions, Heavy metals, Sulphate, Nitrates,

Phosphates, Silicates,

Rel. Constant, Rarely, SeasonalNil or Very Low


Rel. Constant, Rarely SeasonalNil or Very Low

Varies, Pollution,Moderate to High

Nil or Very Low Seasonal

Varies, SeasonalPollution,

Moderate to High

GROUND WATER

Particulate - Silt, Sand, Soil, Clay, Wood, Plastics etc.

Colloidal - Inorganic & OrganicColour & Temperature Variations

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide,Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonium


Divalent & Trivalent metals Ions, Heavy metals, Sulphate, Nitrates,

Phosphates, Silicates,

UNITS OF EXPRESSION IN WATER

1ppm (Parts Per Millions) =1g/1000000g = 1000mg/1000g=1000g/1kg=1000 ppb(Parts Per Billions)

In water various units of concentration are used

Mass(Count)/Mass(Count) units – ppm or ppbMass/Volume units – mg/L, µg/L or g/L

Volume/Volume units – ml/L or µl/LCount/Volume units – C/ml, or C/LColony Forming Unit (CFU)/100 ml

Radioactive Particle – pCi/L

CLASSIFICATION OF WATER

Brackish TDS

SeawaterTDS

BrineTDS

Medium Brackish>10000 &

<20000

Low Brackish>1000 & <10000

Potable <1000

High Brackish>20000 &

<30000

Seawater >30000 & <45000The water remaining as a salt solution after

desalination process Brine Contains nearly all the salts that

were present in the original water

For the convenience in the selection of analytical methods and treatment processes

Drinking & Potable

Potable water comply 100% with drinking water specification is drinking water

PARAMETER UNIT JUBAIL JEDDAH JEDDAH OMAN INDIA pH - 7.22 7.6 7.4 5.43 7.17 Turbidity JTU 2 8 4 5 - Conductivity us/cm 4400 19150 26000 14500 1490 TDS mg/l 3303 13800 23472 9005 830 Total Alkalinity mg/l 148 130 220 244 236 Total Hardness mg/l 1140 2970 7800 1240 345 Calcium mg/l 286.4 407.9 1900 240 60.4 Magnesium Mg/l 103.1 473.8 1152.1 155.5 47.4 Total Iron mg/l 0.34 0.8 0.23 0.81 0.38 Sodium mg/l - 4077 5612.2 2895.7 119.8 Potassium mg/l - 105.3 145.1 75.0 1.3 Sulfate mg/l 725 4000 2300 800 65.0 Chloride mg/l 1260 5410 12394 4800 210 Phosphate mg/l 0.6 0.3 0.14 1.0 0.75 Nitrate mg/l 11.0 19.0 1.76 1.14 11.0 Silica mg/l 15.3 29.5 34.5 15.6 24.4

SELECTED PARAMETER OF BRACKISH

SELECTED PARAMETER OF SEAWATERS PARAMETER UNIT Black Sea Mediterrian Red Sea Arabian Gulf Atlantic Ocean

pH - 7.7 8.1 7.9 7.9 7.8

Turbidity JTU - - 2 1 -

Conductivity μs/cm 25424 63098 64850 63500 54852

Dissolved Solids

mg/l 16017 39753 41514 4110 34577

Total Alkalinity

mg/l 110.6 189.0 85.0 120.0 115.0

Total Hardness mg/l 3091.7 7083.1 7000.0 7600 5848

Calcium mg/l 277.5 481.0 500.0 448 356

Magnesium Mg/l 582.4 1428.1 1396.4 157306 1204.0

Total Iron mg/l - 0.06 0 .05 0 .01 -

Sodium mg/l 5080.7 12398.6 12945 12375 10856

Potassium mg/l 438.5 429.3 334 .5 433 .3 291.1

Sulfate mg/l 989.8 3084.7 3680.0 3200 2637.0

Chloride mg/l 8553.0 21700.6 22550 22550 19102

Phosphate mg/l 0.16 - 0 .18 0 .02 -

Nitrate mg/l 3.8 - 3 .2 9 .2 -

What is SalinityWhen TDS is expressed as sodium chloride salts

SEAWATER SALTS – INCLUDES VARIOUS SALT COMPOUNDS:

NaCl (67.0 %)MgCl2 (14.6 %)Na2SO4 (11.6%) KCl (2.2 %)CaCl2 (3.5 %)Misc. (1.1 %)

Total TDS

WHY TO CHECK WATER QAULITY?WATER ANALYSIS DEPENDS ON USER’S PARTICULAR NEEDS AND

REQUIREMENTSWATER ANALYSIS IS CRITICAL & MOST IMPORTANT

CONSIDERATION FOR SUCCESSFUL DESIGN, OPERATION AND

INTERPRETATION OF TREATMENT PLANT & USES OF TREATED WATER

ROLE OF WATER ANALYSISTO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF CONTAMINATION

TO IDENTIFY AND MEASURE THE NATURE & QUANTITY OF

CONTAMINANTSTO DETERMINE THE BEST METHOD TO CONTROL /

ELIMINATE THEMTO SELECT THE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS OR

PROCESSES TO EVALUATE THE DESIGN AND OPERATION PRINCIPLE &

PARAMETERS FOR CONTROL

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

The sample collector must be fully trained in sampling technique, objective of analysis and

field test procedures

Use proper sampling procedure and container

Collect representative sample sufficient enough in volume, to be transported conveniently and

analyzed as being sampled

The reliability of analytical results and interpretation of data depends on sampling

Sample collection methods depends on the source & the nature of analysis and control program

GRAB SAMPLESample collected at a particular time and place, represents the

composition of the sources,

COMPOSITE SAMPLEA mixture of garb samples collected at the same sampling

point at different times,

INTEGRATED SAMPLEA mixture of grab samples collected from

different points simultaneously, or as nearly so as possible,

SAMPLE COLLECTION METHODSSAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Frequent sampling is beneficial for the process andquality control

Depends on the variation in water analysis

The type of treatment processes used & Other factors

Careful sampling ensure, analytical resultsrepresent the actual sample composition

SAMPLE COLLECTION FREQUENCY

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

SELECTION OF TREATMENT METHODS

Contaminants Nature Methods Large & Small Floating debris

Gravel, Sand & SiltAquatic organism, Fine debris

Screening, Sedimentation, Macro-straining,

Suspended, colloidal and dissolved solids,

Lime Soda Softening,

Coagulation, Flocculation,

Sedimentation, Clarification,

All Gases and Volatile Organics

Aeration, & Stripping

Suspended matter 1- 1000 micron

FiltrationGravity & Pressure


Contaminants Nature Methods

Di & Trivalent Ions,Color, Odor etc.

0.01 – 0.001 Micron

Nano-filtration(Membrane Process)

Suspended matter 0.1- 1 micron

Micro-filtration(Membrane Process)

All types of Particles And Ions, Organics,

Hyper-filtration (RO)(Membrane Process)

All type of Dissolved mattersElectro-dialysis(ED & EDR)

(Membrane Process)


Contaminants Nature Methods Hardness & Dissolved

Minerals Ion-exchange

Inorganic & Organics, Color, Odor & Taste,Water Stabilization,

Adsorption, Absorption & Dissolution

Micro-organism,Color, Odor & Taste,

Iron, Manganese etc. Organics,Chemical Oxidation

All type of Dissolved matters MSF, MED, MVC etc.(Thermal)

1st Step of Conventional method for low TDS surface and groundwater

After Basic Screening Coagulation Process

WATER TOWARDS

SEDIMENTATION

WATER TREAMENT MOTHODS

Lake & Reservoir

WATER TREAMENT MOTHODS2nd Step of Conventional MethodAfter Coagulation Sedimentation

WATER TOWARDS FILTRATION

FROM 1st STEP

SEDIMENTS

WATER TREAMENT MOTHODS3rd and Final Steps of Conventional Method

After Coagulation Sedimentation

FILTRATION

FROM 2nd STEP

TO CONSUMER

DISINFECTION STORAGE TANK

COAGULATION

SEDIMENTATION

FILTRATIONDISINFECTION

STORAGE

WATER TREAMENT MOTHODSLake & Reservoir

TO CONSUMER

spray ball

Break tank

Excess Water Recycled

from Deionizer (DI)

Raw water

« S” Trap to Sewer

Water is kept Circulating

To Water Softener & DI

plant

CartridgeFilter

5 micron

ActivatedCarbonFilter

Air Break to Drain

Pump

Air Filter

Float Operated Valve

Sand Filter

WATER TREAMENT MOTHODSPretreatment for Softener or Deionizer

Brine and Salt tank

brine“Hard“ Water

In

Zeolite Water Softener-ExchangesCa and Mg for Na

Drain

“Soft" Water to Deionizer

by pass valve

WATER TREAMENT MOTHODSSoftener Process

Cationic column

Anionic column

Hygienic pump

Outlets or storage.

Ozone generator

UV light

HCl NaOH

Eluate toneutralization

Air break to sewer

Drain line

From water softener

Water must be kept circulating

12345

6

12345

6

Return to Deionizer

CartridgeFilter 5 µm

WATER TREAMENT MOTHODSDeionizer for Pharmaceutical

CartridgeFilter 1 µm

WATER TREAMENT MOTHODSDeionizer Process System

WATER TREAMENT MOTHODSDistillation

Seawater Distillation Plants (MSF)

Abu Dhabi Emirate

Saudi Arabia


http://www.water-technology.net/projects/shuaiba/

Colloids

Bacteria

Pollens Yeasts

Organic macromolecules

Organic compounds

Viruses Dissolved salts

RO

NF

MFSand filter

1 mm 0.1 mm 0.01 mm 0. 1 nm 0. 1 nm10 mm

100 mm

hair visible to naked eye

Red globule Smallest

microorganismsPolio virus

UF

Membrane Classifications (Pore Size)

Microfiltration

Ultrafiltration

Nanofiltration

WATER TREAMENT MOTHODSNew Filtration Methods

New Filtration MethodsWATER TREAMENT MOTHODS

Membrane Classifications (Pore Size)

New Filtration MethodsWATER TREAMENT MOTHODS

Size

spec

trum

of w

ater

born

e pa

rtic

les

It is a sieve that strains out undesirable particles, It is in either sheets or fibers forms,

The membrane has tiny holes, water molecules pass through but larger particles are kept out,

Some membranes are designed to trap larger particles such as bacteria, protozoa and

“suspended solids”,Others stop even the tiniest particles such as

salts, viruses and pharmaceuticals,

WHATER TREAMENT MOTHODSWHAT IS A MEMBRANE ?

Membrane Process Example WATER TREAMENT MOTHODS

Pressure-Driven Membrane Process

Suspended Solids (Particles) Macromolecules (Humic)Multivalent Ions (Hardness)Monovalent Ions ( Na+ , Cl-)

UF NF ROMF

Water Molecules


Membrane Pore Size (mm)

Pressure (bar)

Reverse Osmosis (RO)

25-60 bar

Ultra-filtration (UF)

1- 10 bar

Nano-filtration (NF)

20-40 bar

Microfiltration (MF)

<1 bar

10-4-10-3

10-3-10-2

10-2-10-1

10-1-10 1

Suspended BacteriaViruses Salts ionsWater

Pressure-Driven Membrane ProcessWATER TREAMENT MOTHODS

Protozoa

Bacteria

VirusOrganics Inorganics

Water Molecules

Membrane Process Example WATER TREAMENT MOTHODS

MEMBRANE CLASSIFICATION

ORIGIN

MATERIAL

STRUCTURE

Synthetic Biological

SolidLiquid

Organic Inorganic

Non-porous Porous

New Filtration Methods MembranesWATER TREAMENT MOTHODS

Polymer MembraneWATER TREAMENT MOTHODS

membrane Manufactring.wmv

WATER TREAMENT MOTHODSCeramic Membrane

Bypass Valve

JetPump

NFPump

Raw Water

Bypass Valve

NF

Concentrate

UFFeedTank

NFProduct

Tank

UF


UF & NF Membrane Process

Product

Forward Osmosis PretreatmentFor Reverse Osmosis

Concentrated DS

Diluted DS

solute

ReverseOsmosis

ForwardOsmosis

RawFeed Solution

ConcentratedSolution

CleanWater


ERI Simulation.exe

Danger of POU Available for House

Cartridge Filtration RO / Deionizer

Danger of POU Available for House

MF UF NF RO

Membrane FoulingWATER TREAMENT MOTHODS

Impacts & Effects on RO membranesNATURE OF CONTAMINANTS

Organics

Scale

Particulates

Bio-film

Membranes Fouling

Market

ProductionPlan

MaintenancePlanning andScheduling

Execute

Record

AnalyzeAnd

Improve Circle ofDespair:

ReactRepairReturnRepeat

Circle ofContinuous

Improvement

MaintenancePrevention

Early Detection

TechnicalData Base

andStores

The IDCON Maintenance Productivity Circle

How Operation Decides Membrane Maintenance

PARAMETERS UNIT MIN. MAX. WHO SASOTemperature, Ambient oC 28.0 33.0 NG NGpH , 8.20 8.50 6.50 - 8.50 7.00 - 8.50 Conductivity, uS/cm 350 530 NG 800 - 2300Turbidity, FAU 1.0 3.0 5.0 25.0Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 195 295 1000 500 - 1500Odor, TON UNO UNO UNO UNOColor, Cu 1.0 3.0 15.0 50.0Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 32.5 41.0 NG 100 - 500P-Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 0.50 1.00 NG NGT. Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 29.4 37.1 NG NG

KINDASA POTABLE WATER PROJECTED SPECIFICATIONS

WHAT COMMON PERSON SEE IN WATER ANALYSIS

pH indicates the acidic or basic nature of a water, The term assume the activity of hydrogen ion,

a H + is being considered, and a logarithmic scale is used to express a wide range of ionic activities.

Where as pH is expressed, pH = - log10 a H + , The Power of Hydrogen ions,

The pH value always lies between 0 and 14.

TemperatureSome Water Properties for Common Person

pH

Temperature is important to maintain water quality,

Examples of pH

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14Acidic AlkalineWater

Bacteria

pH and life in water

Plants (Algae, sea-grasses etc.,)

Fish and some insect

Shellfish, calms etc.,

Most water animals

Acid neutralizing capacity of water is called alkalinity. It is due to presence of certain ions mainly

Bicarbonates (HCO3) – (pH 4.3)Carbonates (CO3) – (pH 8.3)Hydroxides (OH) – (pH 8.3)

Some Water Properties for Common PersonAlkalinity

Water HardnessHardness Classification Mg/l or ppm as CaCO3

Soft 0 - 60Moderate 61 - 120

Hard 121 - 180Very Hard > 180

Not only impacts on Aesthetic quality, It may hide dangerous germs,

Turbidity

Some Water Properties for Common Person

It is also an indication of water quality,Color & Order (Smell)

HOW A PERSON CAN SENSE WATER QUALITY

Musty, Earthy, or Woody Harmless Aesthetic only

ChlorineExcessive

chlorination Not good

Rotten egg, blacken silver

Hydrogen sulfide & sulfate bacteria

Various effects

Detergent order & foams

Seepage of septic into water source

Toxic & carcinogenic

Gasoline or oilLeak of gasoline &

oil into water sourceToxic &

carcinogenic

Methane gas & PhenolIndustrial Waste &

organic in waterToxic &

carcinogenic

Sense of Smell Causes Symptoms Health Effect

HOW A PERSON CAN SENSE WATER QUALITY Sense of Sight

Causes Symptoms Health Effect

Yellow cast after filtering

Bio-organism vegetation decaying

Various health effects

Milky or Cloudy

Precipitate salts, air from pump

& poor treatment

Various health effects

Green stain on sink &

blue-green cast to bathroom fixture

High carbon dioxide content

in water (pH <6.8)

Unhealthy various health effect

HOW A PERSON CAN SENSE WATER QUALITY

Particles, dirt, & clay

Un-dissolve Matters

Unhealthy may contains

Microorganism

Sense of SightCauses Symptoms Health Effect

Brownish or rusty

Acidic water Various health effects

Grey string like fibre

Algae & organic matter

Unhealthy may contains

Microorganism

HOW A PERSON CAN SENSE WATER QUALITY Sense of Feeling

Whitish pipes, heater, kettle & Soap curd

Causes Calcium &

magnesium salts

Symptoms Health Effect

Aesthetic only

Abrasive texture & residue in sink

Fine sand & silt Trap of contaminants

Sense of Taste Salty High sodium

contentAesthetic & unhealthy

Alkaline taste High dissolved minerals

Aesthetic unhealthy

Metallic taste Very low pH, High iron, lead

& copper

Unhealthy

WHAT CHEMIST SEE IN WATER ANALYSIS PARAMETERS UNIT MIN. MAX. WHO SASO

Calcium, mg/l 11.50 12.70 75 - 200 75 - 200Magnesium, mg/l 1.00 2.30 30 - 150 30 - 150Total Iron, mg/l 0.01 0.05 0.30 0.1 - 1.0Barium, mg/l NR * NR * 0.70 1.0Manganese, mg/l 0.01 0.05 0.1 - 0.5 0.05 - 0.5Sodium, mg/l 54.00 89.00 200 NGPotassium, mg/l 2.00 3.70 NG NGSulfate, mg/l 3.50 5.90 250 200 - 400Chloride, mg/l 87.00 148.00 250 200 - 600Fluoride, mg/l NR ** NR ** 1.50 0.6Nitrate, mg/l 0.05 0.01 50.0 45Nitrite, mg/l 0.01 0.05 3.0 NGPhosphate, mg/l 0.01 0.05 NG NGCarbonate, mg/l 0.60 1.20 NG NGBi-Carbonate, mg/l 34.20 41.60 NG NGSilica, mg/l 0.30 0.50 NG NGResidual chlorine, mg/l 0.20 0.40 NG 0.2 - 0.5

T. Bacteria Count CFU Per100ml NG NG NG NGT. Coliform CFU Per100ml 0 <1 <1 <1E. Coliform CFU Per100ml 0 0 0 0Fecal Coliform CFU Per100ml 0 0 0 0

BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

KINDASA POTABLE WATER PROJECTED SPECIFICATIONS

AS ION

MCL, MCLG, TTHOW TO INTERPRATE WATER ANALYSIS

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water,

MCLs are set as close to MCLGs as feasibleusing the best available treatment technology and

taking cost into consideration,

MCLs are enforceable standards,

MCL, MCLG, TTHOW TO INTERPRATE WATER ANALYSIS

Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG)

The level of a contaminant in drinking waterbelow which there is no known or

expected risk to health, MCLGs allow for a margin of safety and are

non-enforceable public health goals,Treatment Technique (TT)

A required process intended to reduce the level ofa contaminant in drinking water,

MCL, MCLG, TT (Microorganism)HOW TO INTERPRATE WATER ANALYSIS

CONTAMINANTS MCLG MCL or TT

Crypto Zero TT- 99%

Giardia Zero TT – 99.9%

Legionella Zero TT

Coliforms (E. Coli & F. Coli) Zero 5%*

Viruses Zero TT – 99.99%

MCL, MCLG, TT (Disinfection Byproduct)HOW TO INTERPRATE WATER ANALYSIS

CONTAMINANTS MCLG (mg/l) MCL (mg/l)

Bromate Zero 0.010

Chlorite 0.8 1.0

Halo-Acetic Acid (HAA5)

---* Some individual ones

have MCLG values0.060

Total Tri-Halo-Methanes

TTHM)

---* Some individual ones

have MCLG values5%*

MCL, MCLG, TT (Inorganics)


Arsenic Zero 0.010

Copper 1.3 TT Action Level 1.3

Lead Zero TT Action Level 0.015

Thallium 0.0005 0.002

HOW TO INTERPRATE WATER ANALYSIS

MCL, MCLG, TT (Organics)CONTAMINANTS MCLG (mg/l) MCL (mg/l)

Acrylamide Zero TT(0.05%)

Alachlor Zero 0.002

Benzene Zero 0.005

PAHs Zero 0.0002

Carbon tetrachloride Zero 0.005

Chlordane Zero 0.002

DBCP Zero 0.0002

1,2 Di-chloroethane Zero 0.005


MCL, MCLG, TT (Radionuclides)


Alpha Particles Zero 15 pCi/L

Beta Particles & photon emitters Zero

4 milliremsPer Year

Radium 226 & Radium 228 Zero 5 pCi/L

Uranium Zero 30 µg/L


Low TDS water of RO or any other desalination process is highly corrosive in nature

Water Corrosiveness

Why low TDS water is corrosive ?Low TDS water are particularly low in calcium,

pH, alkalinity, and high in carbon dioxide,

Low silica content, (reduce water buffering capacity)

Ratio of alkalinity to chloride and sulfate,

Why to control corrosiveness ?Corrosiveness of water damages

Water mains,Storage tanks,

Plumbing,Process Equipment,

Depending on corrosive nature water other quality is also changed

Water Corrosiveness

Major Factors Influencing CorrosionpH

TemperatureDissolved SolidsSystem DepositsWater Velocity

Microbiological Growth

Water Corrosiveness

All water systems experiences some degree of corrosion. The objective is to control the corrosion well enough to maximize the life

expectancy of the system...

How chemist asses the corrosive nature ?Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) = pH - pHs

Ryzner Stability Index (RSI) = 2 pHs - pH

Saturation (pHs) is required to calculate IndicesAnd for pHs temperature, pH,& calcium, alkalinity

& ionic concentration in water Calculated as pHs= p Calcium + p Alkalinity +C

What is required to calculate indices ?

Water Corrosiveness

Water CorrosivenessRELATION BETWEEN INDEXES & WATER STABILITY

Index Value Stability of water

LSIIf pH < pHs SI is negative The water is corrosiveIf pH < pHs SI is positive The water is scale forming

RSI

5 – 6 Slight scale forming6 – 7 Equilibrium

7 – 7.5 Slightly corrosive7.5 – 8.5 Highly corrosive

How to reduce corrosiveness ?Find out stability indices & stabilize the water

Water CorrosivenessTECHNIQUES TO STABILIZE WATER

Several techniques are used to stabilize waterThe selection of techniques depend on the final water

quality needed and the applicationThe more frequent techniques

Blending the product water with the raw other water source

Adding lime to adjust the pH and to increase Ca2+ concentration

Adding CO2 and adjusting the pH to increase both the Ca2+ and the alkalinity

Calcite (lime stone) contractorAdding corrosion inhibitors

Water CorrosivenessTECHNIQUES TO STABILIZE WATERCalcite Contractor

Limestone contactors advantagesEasier and safer to operate,

Reduces operating cost, Self adjusts the water pH

without risk of alkali overdose, Requires minimal maintenance and operator skills,

Does not require continuous feed of chemicals

KINDASA WATER SPECIAILITYKINDASA Water Quality’s International

ReputationKINDASA and PEPESI jointly sent the water

samples to NSF approved laboratories for thorough analysis

40 – Inorganic chemicals :–Only Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, B, Cl2, ClO2 & ClO4 found higher than bottle water specification,

157 – Organic chemicals :– Nothing is detected,5 – Radionuclides :–Only Tritium <270 pCi/l

limit is 2700 pCi/l,

KINDASA WATER SPECIAILITYKINDASA Water Quality is The Best…..?KINDASA do not use any chemical without

studying its properties and effect on potable waterAll chemicals used in process are manufactured

using natural raw materials,All chemicals are safe and non polluting,

No organic or polymeric chemicals are used in process,

Only two RO cleaning chemicals are used off line,The most important mission of KINDASA

technology is pamper the customer’s

Chemistry

Data and Control

Monitoring

Performance

KINDASA WATER SPECIAILITY

KINDASA KEEPS THE TRACK

PLEASE DO REMEMBER

PROJECTED WATER SCARICTY

SAVING WATER & ENERGY

IS A BIG WIN IN EVERY WAY

HOW KINDASA EXPERTS HELPS THE ENVIRONMENT

Yearly Carbon Foot Print After Reducing Process Chemicals Usage

Description

Phase A Phase BSaved

SR A & BKg

ReducedSR

From Feb 2008

Tonnes Reduction in CO2

Kg Reduced

SR From Feb

2008

Tonnes Reduction in CO2

Sulfuric Acid 401500 477785 1475 365000 434350 1341 912135

Pump KW 876 105 475 4529 543 2459Ferric

Chloride 5124 5124 0 0 0 0 59874

Pump KW 543 65 0.7 788 95 0.8 160Lime 9000 6075 7200 64800 43740 51840 49815

Pump KW 1488 179 1 5107 613 2.8 791Total 489333 9151 534091 53186 1023424

Ways to Reduce Water Usage

Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

Replace

Please save me

Question Please?

Please Wait to Know the Value of Water ???

Please do not waste water

Ion Exchange

Benefits Effective at removing ions

Resistivity 1-10 MΩ.cm with a single pass through the resin bed.

Resistivity 18 MΩ.cm with proper pretreatment Easy to use: Simply open the tap and get water Low capital cost

IX resin (+)

Ion (-)

Particulate

Colloid (-)

Organics

Fines (-) R - NH4OH- + Cl- R - NH4 Cl- + OH-

R - SO-3 H+ + Na+ R - SO-

3 Na+ + H+

Cation Exchange Resin

Anion Exchange Resin

H2O

Limitations Limited or no removal of particles, colloids, organics or

microorganisms Capacity related to flow rate and water ionic content

Regeneration needed using strong acid and base Prone to organic fouling Multiple regenerations can result in resin breakdown and

water contamination Risk of organic contamination from previous uses

Electrodeionization (EDI, CDI, ELIX, CIX)

Conductive Carbon Beads

A C A C

Na+

Na+

Na+

Na+

H+

H+

OH -

OH -Cl-- Na++

Cl -

Cl -

Cl -

Cl -

-+

WasteProduct

RO Feed WaterIon Exchange Resin

Continuous deionization technique where mixed bed ion-exchange resins, ion-exchange membranes and a small DC electric current continuously remove ions from water (commercialize by Millipore in mid 80’s)

Performance enhancements:Ion-exchange added to waste channels improve ion transfer and removal.Conductive beads aded to cathode electrode channel reduces risk of scale and use of a softener

Cations driven toward negative electrode by DC current Anions driven toward positive electrode by DC current Alternating anion permeable and cation permeable membranes effectively separate ions from

water RO feed water: Avoids plugging, fouling and scaling of the EDI module

Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph of Salmonella typhimurium (red) invading cultured human cells.

Photo Source: Photo by Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH with information from The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Silt

SandGravel

Pore Size

Virus

Fungi

Pore

Bacteria

Education

Water chemistry for kindasa 2