Islamic Republic of Iran

Ministry of Energy

Water Consumption

(Evapo-Transpiration- ET)

Cairo, Oct. 2015

Presented by: B. Taheri, S.M. Nabavi & MousaviMr.

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Based on these unpleasant facts, improving wise water policy and strategies that would promote water use efficiency has been put in the priorities of Iran water resources management plans.

Population Growth and Water Scarcity

3

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

1960 1990 2025

Year

Cub

ic M

eter

World

Iran

MENA

45 years ago: The available fresh water per capita in Iran was ½ of the world average in

the early years of 1960

15 years ago: The available fresh water per capital in Iran was 1/3 (one third) of the

worlds related average.

In next 20 years: The per capita of available fresh water in Iran would be ¼ (one

fourth) of the world’s related average.

Less than 10 years in the future Some parts of the country would be encountered

with somehow water crisis conditions.

The Available Fresh Water Per Capita

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I.R. of IRAN Area: 1.648 million km2

Population: 75 million

No of provinces: 30

Average Rainfall: 250 mm

Neighboring Countries:

Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia,

Turkey Saudi Arabia

Oman

Kuwait

Qatar

Bahrain

U.A.Emirates

Iran Location

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The country's population has increased about 8 times

during the last 80 years and it has got from 10 millions in

1920 to more than 78 millions in 2015. At present Iran is

the 17th most populated countries in the world and based

on the data presented in UN it will be classified as one of

the 10 most populated regions in the world by the end of

2050. Therefore the need for water has been increased

but still the quantity of water is not adequate.

Population Growth and Water Scarcity

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The average annual precipitation is estimated to be 250 mm

and the range varies from 50 mm in some parts of the central

water basin to more than 1600 mm in some coastal areas

near the Caspian Sea. Meanwhile with respect to the average

annual precipitation in the world with average rainfall of

more than 830 mm, Iran is classified among the semi-arid

and arid countries. Still the main source of water resources

throughout the country is annual precipitation.

Precipitation

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Precipitation Distribution

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Water Resources Potentials and Related Issues

Six major water basins in IRAN

Major catchments Area (*103 Km2)

Caspian Sea 177

Persian Gulf 430

Oromieh Lake 53

Central 831

Hamoon 106

Sarakhs 44

Total 1641 Major catchment Basins location

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Water Resources Potentials and Related Issues

Rate of precipitation in six major water basins

As % of total rainfall Rainfall (km³/year) Basin

32 138 Central Plateau

38 162 Persian Gulf and

Oman sea

19.5 83 Caspian Sea

3 12 Hamoun Lake

5 19 Orumie Lake

2.5 11 Serakhs

100 425 Total

Precipitation Statistics Comparison Between MOE and Meteorological Org.

A serious Reduction in Precipitation in the 7

Years, Ending on 2012

Temperature Measurement Stations

Mean Temperature Changes in Iran in Degrees Centigrade 1.1 Degrees Increase According to Records Ending in 2012

بريز كارون بزرگ تغييرات پتانسيل تجديد پذير حوضه ا

Long Term Water Cycle in Iran (BCM)

Renewable Water 130

Water Flowing towards the Country 13

Precipitation 400

Evaporation 283

Infiltration 25

Runoff 92

Remaining Water 117

Country water balance

Precipitation (400)

Evaporation (270)

)BCM)

Infiltration (13)

Consumption (44)

Evaporation (5.5)

Groundwater exploitation (61.2)

Consumption (52)

Infiltration from consumption (18.3)

Surface water (105)

Transboundry water (13)

Ground water recharge (56.5)

Average

reservoir deficit

from

groundwater (4.7)

Uncontrolled water (58)

Controlled water (31)

Environmental

water right volume (15)

Recharge of alluvial aquifers(25)

Under control water (21-22)

Release to the seas & boundaries (61.8) Rest of consumption,

ground drainage & output

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Water Resources Potentials

400 BCM • Average annual precipitation

130 BCM • Renewable water resources

270 BCM • Average annual evaporation

92 BCM • Surface currents

38 BCM • Seepage to alluvial aquifers

According to studies carried out for formulation of the Iran Water Comprehensive Plan, the main characteristics of annual precipitation and its conversion to water resources are shown:

Annual Water Resources in Billion Cubic Meters (BCM)

Return Water from Consumption 29

Total 159

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70

30

At present Iran is using 70% of the total renewable freshwater while due to the

international norms the upper limit should be 40% of renewable freshwater; it

means that the remaining unexploited renewable fresh water is only 30 % of

the total fresh water resources including environmental basic needs.

Fresh Water Consumption

Water Status in Iran

Access to safe and fresh water

Average Agriculture water consumption Agricultural

Land

Access to sanitation

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Water Consumption at a Glance

0

20

40

60

80

100

1961 2005 2021

1 1.4 5

98.6 92.4

86

1.3 6.2 9

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Industry Agriculture Domestic

GW Reduction Between 1997 and 2011

Change in GW Resources Volume, Between 1997 and 2011, Almost -75 BCM

Another 35 BCM Was Overdraft Occurred Before 1997, Making the Cumulative Loss Equal to 110 BCM

ب زيرزميني به ذخيره تجديد شونده نسبت برداشت از ا

ماري طي دوره 1385تا 1345ا

همدان برق نیروگاه

هنگ همد ب زیر زمینی در دشت کبودرا

فروریزش زمین در اثر افت شدید سطح ا

ان

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Storage and Diversion Dams

Irrigation and Drainage Networks

Urban Water, Wastewater and Sanitation

Hydropower

Infrastructure

Constructed

2150

Under

Construction 222

Ready for being

constructed

573

Under Study 346

Total 3291 Unit: 1000 ha.

Main Irrigation and Drainage Networks (ha.)

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54

22 18

27

Between 50%-75%

Between 75%-100%

Between 25%-50%

Less than 25%

121 Dams

Number of Dams under construction in Iran Progress Percentage, 2014

Large Dams in Iran

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Major Challenges and Trends in Iranian Water Resources Management

Unbalanced sequence between demand and supply of water resources

Excessive withdrawal of groundwater resources

Demand Management in accordance to priorities set in the National Water Plan

Assessment of total value and cost of water relevant to each basin

Pollution of water resources and its economic and environmental consequences

Efficiency in water irrigation systems

Risk Management of water related natural disasters ( i.e. drought and flood )

Implementation of National Integrated Water Resources Management

Efficient and equitable water price for various uses

Land use planning

Unaccounted for water (UFW)

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Water Consumption Vision

Population

90 million

Consumption increase due to urbanization and

improved welfare

Water Demand

5.1~3.12005

2020 WD

WD

water more bcm 30 need We

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What Should be Done for the

Fresh Water Future

Improvement of Water efficiency

Increasing the Storage Capacity

Modern Water Harvesting Methods

Water & Wastewater Recycling

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Quality and quantity of surface and groundwater monitoring stations of the Ministry of Energy

1165 hydrometric stations

679 evaporative stations

1398 independent typical rain gauges

339 rain gauge stations

314 snow survey stations

1247 water quality measurement stations

1020 measuring stations for suspended sediment load

13621 observation wells

33 Rivers of Iran

34

independent typical rain gauges

35

Recorder and Storage Rain

gauges

36

Evaporation

Measurement stations

37

hydrometric stations

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1. Which Institutions Are Responsible for the Collection of Routine Weather

Data?

I.R. of Iran Meteorological Organization and its provincial offices (weather data)

Ministry of energy and its provincial Water Management Bureaus (rainfall, evaporation , hydrometric data)

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2. Is there a Central Processing and Publication of Reference ET in Place?

Not Exactly a Single Center! Several Organizations Do This Separately and Collaborate with Each Other!

Iran Meteorological Organization

Ministry of Agriculture, in a limited number of research pilot fields

Ministry of Energy (and Water Resources), measures Evaporation Data through Pan Evaporation in more than 700 stations nationwide

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3. What are the Institutions (if any) in the Country that

Provide Remote Sensing (RS) Data (Particularly ET and/or Related Parameters) to the Agencies of

Agriculture, Water Resources and Environment?

Iranian Remote Sensing Center, which provides RS maps of different types including ET maps

Ministry Of I.C.T

Iranian Space Agency

However, this is a new area of activity which needs further strengthening, organizational improvements and coordination not only in the national level, but also in the regional and international levels.

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4. What are the Major On-going Programmes/projects for RS ET(and/or related parameters) Determination?

Ministry of Energy:

An ongoing pilot project has started in Zayandehrud River’s basin in Central Province of Isfahan, for conducting “Watershed Level, Water Resources Monitoring” under the supervision of Central Water and Wastewater Management Authority of the MOE in the Water Research Institute (also a subsidiary of the MOE), using satellite images

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5. What are the Spatial Resolutions of the RS ET maps (Pixel Size in meters) ?

MODIS Sat. with a resolution of 500-1000 m

Land Sat. with a resolution of 30 m

Covered Area: All the Country

Pilot Area: Zayandehrud Watershed

6. What are the Temporal Resolutions of

the RS ET maps (Frequency in Days) ?

MODIS Sat. twice a day

Land Sat. once every 16 days

Covered Area: All the Country

Pilot Area: Zayandehrud Watershed

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7. What is the Surface Area (in ha) Covered by RS (or in % of the Total Area)

While the available maps cover the entire country, the ongoing pilot project covers the Zayandehrud Watershed

Total Area in ha: 41,503 Km2 (4,150,300 ha)

As a % of total land: 2.52% of 1,648,195 Km2 of the country’s land mass.

16,649 Km2 mountainous, 24,854 Km2 plains

Rainfall from 1400 mm to 50 mm

8. What do you think is missing to have a complete

operational RS ET I the country and how the regional

collaborative platform can help?

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Thank you for your attention