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Aspecte referitoare la managementul cunostintelor si inginerie ontologica: integrarea datelor, potrivirea de ontologii (ontology matching), alinierea si fuziunea de ontologii, modularizarea ontologiilor etc. De asemenea, discutii privind sabloanele de proiectare ontologica (design patterns)
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Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Web semantic
Dr. SabinCorneliu BuragaFacultatea de Informatica
Universitatea “A.I.Cuza” – Iasi, Romania
http://www.infoiasi.ro/~busaco/
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Inginerie ontologica – partea II
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
“Este dificil sa vezi un tablouatunci când esti în interiorul ramei.”
/usr/games/fortune
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Cum integram diferite ontologii descriindaceleasi cunostinte, dar prezentind definitii,
puncte de vedere si notiuni diferite?
intrebare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
existenta unor ontologii diverse,modelind puncte de vedere diferite
realitati
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Expresivitatea limbajului ontologii folosit vs. complexitatea inferentelor ce pot fi efectuate
preliminarii
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Cerinte (Calvanese, Giacomo & Rodriguez‐Muro, 2008):utilizarea constructiilor ontologice diferite
inferenterecurgerea la volummare de date (indivizi)
baze de dateflexibilitate privind realizarea interogarilor
limbaje de interogare (specifice)realizarea de asocieri intre date, pastrand sursele originare
asocieri (mapping)
preliminarii
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Context: integrarea datelor – data integration
data integration is the problem of providing unifiedand transparent access to a set of autonomous and
heterogeneous sources
Bernstein & Haas, Communications of the ACM, sept. 2008
preliminarii
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Crearea corespondentelor dintre ontologii
necesitati
O1 O2
Om
O1 O2
mappingmerging
articulation
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Context:integrarea datelor
scheme de baze de dateinteligenta artificialaWeb (semantic)
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Motivele existentei nepotrivirilor –mismatchesconform (Noy, 2005)
reprezentarea subiectiva a unui domeniu (a unei lumi)
existenta diferitelor cerinte sifluxuri de activitati in cadrul aplicatiilor
folosirea altor conventii de reprezentare a cunostintelor
…
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Tipuri de nepotriviri:la nivel de limbajla nivel ontologic
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Nepotriviri la nivel de limbaj
diferente de sintaxa, expresivitate sau semanticaa limbajelor ontologice actuale
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Nepotriviri la nivel ontologic
diferente in structura semantica
exemple: termeni diferiti descriind acelasi concept,acelasi termen descriind mai multe concepte, conventii/paradigme de modelare eterogene,
puncte de vedere diferite etc.
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
www.aktors.org/ontology/ vs. ebiquity.umbc.edu/ontology/
Nume diferite pentru acelasi concept: PhD-Student vs. PhDStudent
Scop: periodice, publicatii compuse vs. absolventi, invitati
Definire diferita a conceptelor:Publication (restrictii privitoare la citari, referinte) vs.
Publication (restrictii referitoare la rezumat)
potrivirea ontologiilor – exemplu
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
www.aktors.org/ontology/ vs. ebiquity.umbc.edu/ontology/
Conventii de modelare diferite:Journal (clasa) vs. journal (proprietate)
Granularitate:Professor-In-Academia vs. adjunct, affiliated, associate,…
Conventii de modelare & nivel de detaliere: proprietateaaddress compusa din alte fragmente de informatie vs.
proprietatea address de tip sir de caractere (nestructurat)
potrivirea ontologiilor – exemplu
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Problema: date la intrare ontologii – exprimate prin entitatidiscrete (tabele, XML, clase, proprietati etc.) –, trebuie determinate relatiile (e.g., echivalenta, subsumare,…) care au loc intre aceste entitati
ontology matchingwww.ontologymatching.org
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
PavelShvaiko& Jerome Euzenat, 2006
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
potrivirea ontologiilor
PavelShvaiko& Jerome Euzenat, 2006
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Reducerea eterogenitatii poate fi realizata in 2 pasi
potrivire (match) – determinarea alinieriila momentul proiectarii sau (re)utilizarii ontologiei
procesarea alinieriifuzionare (merging), transformare etc.
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Corespondenta (matching) M intre O1 si O2 este< id, e1, e2, R, n >, unde:
id = identificator unic al corespondentei
ei entitate din ontologia Oi (element XML, clasa,…), i=1,2
R = relatie: echivalenta (=), disjunctia ( ) etc.
n = masura de incredere (conforma cu o anumita structuramatematica aleasa); uzual, are valori in intervalul [0, 1]
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Alinierea (alignment) A intre O1 si O2 esteo multime de corespondente peste O1 si O2prezinta o anumita cardinalitate: 1 la 1, 1 la N etc.
pot fi folosite meta‐date aditionale(metoda de aliniere, data alinierii, proprietati etc.)
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Alinierea (alignment)
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Utilizari (Jérôme Euzenat & Pavel Shvaiko, 2007):
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Tehnici de potrivire la nivel de termenipe baza sirurilor de caractere
prefixul: net = network, pin = pinguin (?)
sufixul: ID = PID, word = sword (?)
distanta editarii (numarul de operatii de inserare, stergere,substitutie a caracterelor pentru transformareaunui termen in altul): EditDistance (NKN, Nikon) = 4
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Tehnici de potrivire la nivel de termenibazate pe limbaj
procesarea entitatilor (tokenization)Hands-Free Kits → < hands, free, kits >
analiza morfologica pentru gasireatuturor formelor de baza (lemmalization): Kits→ Kit
eliminarea cuvintelor nerelevante: “a”, “the”, “by” etc.
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Tehnici de potrivire la nivel de termenipe baza sensurilor – cazul WordNethiponimie, meronimie: Brand [ Name
hipernimie, holonimie: Europe ] Romania
sinonimie
antonimie sau relatii de siblings: Microprocessors PC Board
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Tehnici de potrivire la nivel de termenipe baza glossei – se foloseste WordNet
numarul acelorasi cuvinte prezentein ambele glosse de intrare
conduce la cresterea valorii de similaritatea termenilor
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Tehnici de potrivire la nivel de termenipe baza glossei – se foloseste WordNet
exemplu: Maltese dog is a breed of toy dogs having
a long straight silky white coat
Afghan hound is a tall graceful breed of hound with a long silky coat
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Tehnici de potrivire la nivel structuralpe baza taxonomiei
potriviri ale drumurilor marginite in graful ontologiilor(bounded path matching)
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Tehnici de potrivire la nivel structuralpe baza taxonomiei
reguli privitoare la super/sub‐conceptedaca super‐conceptele sunt similare,
conceptele (copii ale acestora) sunt si ele similare
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Tehnici de potrivire la nivel structuralbazate pe modele
verificarea satisfiabilitatii (SAT) folosind axiome:
Axioms → rel (context1, context2)
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Tehnici de potrivire la nivel structuralbazate pe modele
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Tehnici de potrivire la nivel structuralbazate pe modele – utilizind logicile descrierii
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Procesele de potrivire pot avea loc secvential
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Procesele de potrivire pot avea loc in paralel
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Remarca: “Matching, however, requires explanations
because mappings between terms are not alwaysintuitively obvious to human users.”
Pavel Shvaiko, 2005
potrivirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Procesul general: metodologie pentru creareaasocierilor –mappings (M. Ehrig, 2006)
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Intrarea: se dau 2 ontologii O1 si O2eventual, pot fi oferite asocieri cunoscute
(realizate manual)
Iesirea: reprezentarea alinierilortabel indicind relatia alignO1,O2
eventual, se pot oferi si valori de incredere
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Pasul 1: feature engineeringsunt selectate fragmente mici descriind entitatispecifice – reprezentind anumite semantici
ulterior, aceste trasaturi vor fi folositepentru compararea ontologiilor
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Pasul 2: search step selectionse cauta candidati pentru aliniere
se calculeaza similaritatea unor perechide concepte (c1, c2), cu c1 din O1, c2 din O2
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Pasul 2: search step selectionse cauta candidati pentru aliniere
unele constructii pot fi ignoratede exemplu, se poate compara o1:car cu o2:automobile,
dar nu cu o2:hasMotor
se pot adopta strategii de reducere a spatiuluicomparatiilor pentru ontologii largi
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Pasul 3: similarity computationpentru descrierile date ale 2 entitati din spatiulde candidati ai alinierii, se indica o similaritate
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Pasul 3: similarity computation
exemplu: simlabel(o1:car, o2:automobile) = simsyntactic(“car”, “automobile”) = 1
masura similaritatii poate fi data de unasau mai multe caracteristici (trasaturi, features)
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Pasul 4: similarity aggregationpot exista mai multe similaritati pentru 2 entitati,
conform criteriilor consideratee.g., privind etichetele conceptelor sau
relatiile cu alte entitati
aceste valori se agregaintr‐o unica valoare de similaritate
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Pasul 4: similarity aggregation
exemplu:
(simlabel(o1:car, o2:automobile) + simsubconcepts(o1:car, o2:automobile) + siminstances(o1:car, o2:automobile)) / 3 = 0.5
combinarea acestor valori se realizeazaprin mai multe strategii
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Pasul 5: interpretationvalorile de similaritate individuale & agregatesunt utilizate pentru alinierea entitatilor
aceste similaritati vor fi interpretate(se aleg diverse criterii: prag limita, structura etc.)
la final, se ofera sau nu o schema de alinierea entitatilor considerate – e.g., align(o1:car) =‘ ’
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Pasul 6: iterationsimilaritatea e propagata in ontologii
pe baza relatiilor intre entitati
la fiecare interatie, va fi recalculata similaritateaunei alinieri candidate pe baza similaritatii
perechilor entitatilor vecine
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Pasul 6: iteration
dupa o interatie, pot rezulta alte similaritati
procesul se termina cind nu se propun noi alinieri
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
ObservatiiMetodele avansate de aliniere utilizeaza:
Metode euristice si bazate pe reguliAnaliza grafurilorInvatare automataTehnici de rationament, theorem proving
Exista mai multi algoritmi propusiCompetitia OAC – Ontology Alignment Contesthttp://oaei.inrialpes.fr/
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
De asemenea, se pot folosi cunostintele anterioare(background knowledge), inclusiv:
WordNetontologii de referinta ale domeniuluiontologii de nivel superior – e.g., SUMO
resurse textuale onlineontologii disponibile online
alinierea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Proceseleprivindalinierea
Lambrix& Tan, 2005
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Merging ontology – algoritmul general:
fuziunea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
SF (Similarity Flooding)Artemis (Analysis of Requirements: Tool Environment for Multiple Information Systems)
CupidCOMA (Combination Of Matching Algorithms)NOM (Naive Ontology Mapping)QOM (Quick Ontology Mapping)OLA (OWL Lite Aligner)SMatch
implementari (initiale)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Cadre de lucru (frameworks):Alignment APICOMA++
PROMPT – extensie Protégé
Sisteme dematching – textual sau general:FOAM, OLA, Rondo etc.
implementari (actuale)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Necesitatea existentei unor motoare de cautare
Sindice (DERI, Ireland)Swoogle (UMBC, USA)SWSE (DERI, Ireland)
Watson (Open University, UK)
(re)gasirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Watson – http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk
mecanisme de control al calitatii:detectare de duplicate, fixarea unor probleme de sintaxa,…
API public
suport pentru interogari SPARQL
(re)gasirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Watson – http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk
structureaza ontologiile intr‐o retea ontologica(proiectul NeOn) – relatii intre ontologii:extends, inconsistentWith, duplicates etc.
plugin‐uri pentru Protégé si NeOn Toolkit
(re)gasirea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Initiativa NeOn (networked ontologies)
conform (E. Motta et al., 2007)
reutilizarea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
“Imprumutarea” entitatilor specificate de ontologii
practica obisnuita in ingineria software
faciliteaza dezvoltarea colaborativa a ontologiei
exemple demonstrative: http://owl.cs.manchester.ac.uk/2008/iswctones/
modularizarea ontologiilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
modularizarea ontologiilor
Matthew
Horridge&UliSattler, 2008
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
modularizarea ontologiilor
Matthew
Horridge&UliSattler, 2008
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Clasificare (Suárez‐Figueroa et al., 2007)vezi NeOnproject.org
logical ontology design patterns (LP)
architectural patterns (AP)
content design patterns (CP)
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Logical ontology design patterns (LP)
corespund contructiilor OWL, la nivel semantic
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Architectural patterns (AP)
“retete” de modelare de structuri exprimatecu ajutorul LP care caracterizeaza ontologia
in ansamblu
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Content design patterns (CP)
“retete” de specificare a structurii conformeunui tip, exprimata printr‐un vocabular
specific (non‐logic)referitor la un domeniu de interes
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Logical ontology design patterns (LP)
exemple:modelarea unei clase primitive,
a relatiei subClassOf, a proprietatilor functionale de tip datatype,
a unui individetc.
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Logical ontology design patterns (LP)
Class (BusinessTask subClassOf Task)DatatypeProperty (name domain (Task) range (xsd:string)
)
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Logical ontology design patterns (LP)specificarea relatiilor N‐are
sabloane de proiectare
dupa (Aldo Gangelmi, 2008)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Architectural patterns (AP)
taxonomia, ontologia simpla (lightweight), modularizarea ontologiilor,
…
controlul versiunilor
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Architectural patterns (AP)
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Content patterns (CP)
exemple: participation, descriptionsituation,roletask, roleentity, collectionentity,
simple partwhole relations, designartifact pattern,…
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Content patterns (CP)
a se vizita:www.cs.vu.nl/~guus/public/ekaw-tutorial/content-patterns.pdf
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Content patterns (CP): RoleTask
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Content patterns (CP): RoleTask
Class (Role subClassOf owl:Thing)Class (Object subClassOf owl:Thing)Class (Task subClassOf owl:Thing)Class (Event subClassOf owl:Thing)Class (Description subClassOf owl:Thing)Class (Situation subClassOf owl:Thing)
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Content patterns (CP): RoleTask
ObjectProperty (classifiesObject domain(Role) range(Object))ObjectProperty (classifiesEvent domain(Task) range(Event))ObjectProperty (satisfies domain(Situation) range(Description))ObjectProperty (hasModalTarget domain(Role) range(Task))
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Content patterns (CP): RoleTask
ObjectProperty (definesTask domain(Description) range(Task))ObjectProperty (definesRole domain(Description) range(Role))ObjectProperty (hasParticipant domain(Event) range(Object))ObjectProperty (settingForEvent domain(Situation) range(Event))ObjectProperty (settingForObject domain(Situation) range(Object))
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Content patterns (CP): PartWhole relation
la nivel de OWL nu exista constructii specifice,dar se poate recurge la unele facilitati
exemplu:avind specificate relatiile tranzitive
Finger isPartOf Hand, Hand isPartOf Arm, Arm isPartOf Bodyse poate deduce
Finger isPartOf Body
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Content patterns (CP): kindOf relation
probleme privitoare la relatia kindOf:Hand is not kindOf Body
insa, ranirea unui brat este kindOf ranirea unui trup
idem, in situatia conceptelorMotor si Automobil
oamenii se asteapta sa obtina ierarhii de tip partonomic
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
sabloane de proiectare
Forearm
Arm Part ofArm
Hand
Arm OR part of armhas_locussome
Injury to Arm(or part of arm)
Injury to Handhas_locussome
Alan Rector et al., 2005
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
La nivelul Consortiului Web:Semantic Web Best Practice Working Group
www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
La nivelul Consortiului Web:Semantic Web Best Practice Working Group
solutii multiple pentru aceeasi problemaaspecte de evitat – pitfalls, antipatterns
comunitate de practica privind obtinerea/partajareade experiente in domeniul Web‐ului semantic
ofera cerinte specifice implementatorilor de instrumente
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
O alta clasificare:recurgerea la sabloane la nivel logic, privind deductiile, arhitectural, vizand numirea entitatilor, reengineering,
privind continutul
www.ontologydesignpatterns.org
sabloane de proiectare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Avand un model (consistent) bazat pe logiciledescrierii, nu s‐ar putea specifica diverse
constructii (reguli) privind entitatile modelate?
intrebare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Nu exista inca nici un standard Webprivind exprimarea regulilor
propuneri: RuleML
SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language)F‐Logic (Frame Logic)
RIF (Rule Interchange Format)
vezi si www.w3.org/2005/rules/
reguli
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Forma generala a unei reguli:
if situation1/action1 then situation2/action2
reguli
antecedent consecvent
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
SWRL – Semantic Web Rule Language(Horrocks et. al, 2004)
foloseste puterea OWL de exprimare a axiomelor+ permite utilizarea regulilor in stilul Horn
expresivitate mare, dar complexitate majora
www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/
reguli
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
FLogic (Kifer, Lausen & Wu, 1995) logica deductiva, orientata‐obiect
regulile pot fi deduse din fapte anterior precizate
X, Y, Z : Person [ getsSupport → Z ] ← X : Person [ isOnline → Y ] Y : Group [ isMember → Z ]
reguli
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Reprezentarea grafica a unei reguli ce stipuleaza faptulca o organizatie detine un contract daca numarul de client indicat de contract este egal cu cel detinut de organizatie
(Jürgen Angele & Michael Gesmann, 2007)
reguli
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Specificarea regulilor in CycL(Witbrock, Grobelnik & Fortuna, 2008):
(#$forAll ?HUMAN(#$implies
(#$isa ?HUMAN #$Human) (#$anatomicalBodyParts ?HUMAN #$Ear)))
reguli – exempletoti oameniiau urechi
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Specificarea regulilor in CycL(Witbrock, Grobelnik & Fortuna, 2008):
(#$forAll ?PERSON(#$implies
(#$isa ?PERSON #$Person)(#$thereExists ?LOVER
(#$and(#$isa ?LOVER #$Person)(#$loves ?LOVER ?PERSON))))
reguli – exemple Everybodyis loved by someone
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Specificarea regulilor SWRL pentru procesarea in Jena(Sergiu Bursuc, 2005):
#reguli pentru descoperirea cunostintelor despre un regizor[(?movie cinema:directedBy ?director) ->
[(?director cinema:directsGenre ?genre) <-(?movie cinema:hasGenre ?genre) ]
[(?director cinema:investigatesTheme ?theme) <-(?movie cinema:hasTheme ?theme) ]
[(?director cinema:usesImagery ?imagery) <-(?movie cinema:hasImagery ?imagery) ] ]
reguli – exemple
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Utilizarea ontologiilor in context multimediaRaphaël Troncy & Lynda Hardman, 2008
Managementul cursurilor academice via ontologiiJorge Cardoso, 2007
Ontologii folosite in domeniul financiarAmit Sheth, 2006
Ontologiile in contextul business intelligenceThierry Declerck et al., 2008
studii de caz
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Specificarea – la nivel ontologic – a proceselorde baza (canonical processes) privind
producerea online de artefacte multimedia
exemple:crearea de albume fotografice digitale
prezentarea de interviuri video adnotate de utilizatori
studiu de caz (Troncy & Hardman, 2008)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
RaphaëlTroncy& Lynda Hardm
an, 2008
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Sistemul S‐CMS(Semantic Course Management System)
arhitectura stratificata
recurge la ontologii specificate in OWL, reguli declarate via SWRL, interogari etc.
studiu de caz (Jorge Cardoso, 2007)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
studiu de caz (Jorge Cardoso, 2007)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Ontologii in contextul aplicatiilor financiareScop: automatizarea detectarii inconsistentelor &
neregulilor financiareSpecificarea riguroasa a terminologiei
din sistemul financiarIntegrarea datelor din surse multiple structurate
& semi‐structurateManagementul & executia formulelor analitice
asupra datelor financiare
studiu de caz (Amit Sheth, 2006)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Crearea ontologiei – financial domain ontology –,populata din surse de incredere
Implementarea unor extractori softwarepentru dezambiguizarea datelor si formarea relatiilor
relevante dintre acestea
Dezvoltarea unui cadru de lucrupentru specificarea formulelor/regulilor (rules)
si pentru interogarea ontologiei
studiu de caz (Amit Sheth, 2006)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
studiu de caz (Amit Sheth, 2006)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
subset al ontologiei financiare
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
studiu de caz (Amit Sheth, 2006)
Specificarea calculului valorii contului bancar:
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Proiectul MUSINGstudiul managementului cunostintelor
in contextul afacerilor, in special business intelligence
adopta diverse ontologii:generale – BACH, XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language), PROTON, privind sectorul industrial etc.
+ cele modelind timpul: 4D, OWL‐Time
se considera aspectele referitoare la serviciile financiare,la managementul riscurilor, la internationalizare
studiu de caz (Thomas Declerck et al., ‘08)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Proiectul MUSINGsursele de date provind de la partenerii MUSING
(balante contabile, profiluri de companii, informatii de presa, date oferite de siturile Web etc.) + cele publice:
Wikipedia, CIA Fact Book,…
ontologia a fost dezvoltata manual, in cooperare cu experti
studiu de caz (Thomas Declerck et al., ‘08)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Proiectul MUSING – provocari:extragerea informatiilor din documente nestructurate(s‐au folosit instrumente precum GATE si ANNIE)
fuziunea datelor extrase din diverse tipuri de sursestructurate & nestructurate,
recurgind la baze de cunostinte, analiza lingvistica,machine learning etc.
studiu de caz (Thomas Declerck et al., ‘08)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Dezvoltarea unei/unor ontologii trebuiesa reprezinte doar primul pas
un model conceptual nu are sens daca nu e utilizat
“concluzii”
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
“concluzii”
ontologii
baze de dateagentisoftware
serviciiWeb
problemsolving methods
baze de cunostinte
alte aplicatiisemantice
adaptare dupa Alan Rector et al., 2005
declara o manierade structurareofera o descriere
a unui domeniu
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
“concluzii”
Privire de ansamblu:aplicatii aliniate problematicilor Web‐ului semantic
Ora Lassila & James Hendler, IEEE Internet Computing, July 2007
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Modelarea unor domenii necesitati expresivitaticare nu sunt oferite de actualul OWL
extinderea OWL cu noi constructii care insa sa pastrezeproprietatile din cadrul OWL DL
OWL 2
www.w3.org/2007/OWL/
viitor: owl 2
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
expresivitate ridicata – via logica SROIQrestrictii de cardinalitate calificate si privind reflexivitatea,
inlantuirea proprietatilor (property chains) etc.
suport pentru meta‐modelare & adnotari
asocierea de profile stabilirea constructiilor OWL 2 ce corespund
unei anumite complexitati computationale in vedereaefectuarii rationamentelor automate
viitor: owl 2
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
OWL ELefectuarea de rationamente in timp polinomial
utilizare mai ales in cazul ontologiilor din domeniulstiintelor vietii (e.g., FMA, NCI Thesaurus, SNOMED CT,Gene Ontology etc.) care vizeaza mai ales scalabilitatea
la nivel formal, se bazeaza pe logica descrierii EL++ce permite exprimarea restrictiilor existentiale
(Baader, Brandt & Lutz, 2005, 2008)
viitor: owl 2
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
OWL QLsuport pentru efectuarea de interogari (optimizate)
in stilul bazelor de date conventionale
se preteaza pentru ontologii avind un volummare de fapte
ofera expresivitatea necesara specificarii de tezaure saude scheme de tip UML ori ER (entityrelation)
viitor: owl 2
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
OWL RLpermite exprimarea regulilor in cadrul ontologiilor
poate fi implementat in cadrul sistemelor conventionalede baze de date relationale
la nivel formal, se bazeaza peDLP – Description Logic Programs (Grosof et al., 2003)
si pD* (Horst, 2005)
viitor: owl 2
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Pentru alte detalii, a se consulta:
Christine Golbreich & Evan K. Wallace, OWL 2 Web Ontology Language: New Features and Rationale,
W3C Working Draft, 02 December 2008
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2newfeatures/
viitor: owl 2
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Utilizarea unor modele ontologice bazate pe logica fuzzy
a se consulta: Elie Sanchez (Editor), Fuzzy Logic and the Semantic Web,
Elsevier, 2006
viitor: fuzzy logic & semantic web
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
Rezumat
Inginerie ontologicaalinieri, sabloane de proiectare, reguli, studii de caz
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
Semantic Web <?xml version=“1.0” ?><curs desc=“…” />
?