What is Robotics - Robotics Concept Explained for Kids

Roboticsfor School

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ROBOTICS

The Word Robot may bring to your mind a pictures of this….

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ROBOTICS

Or May BE this….


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But a Robot Need To BE A Machine Resembling Human…


ROBOTICSInstead It can as simple as This…


Humanoids & (AI)Artificial Intelligence

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Are all the final outcomes of RoboticsTo talk about them now will be to

Early…..


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So let us Start with Some Basic

Right From GroundZERO


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What is Robot

A robot is machine designed to

execute one or more task

repeatedly with speed and precision


The Three Laws of Robotics

• A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

• A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

• A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

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• The word robot introduced by Czech playwright Karle Capek: robots are machines which resemble people but work tirelessly.

• His view is still to be fulfill!

Best soccer player ever Best robot player ever

ROBOTICSA Brief History of Robotics


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Two famous robots:Puma. (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly). ‘78.SCARA. (Selective Compliant Articulated Robot Assembly). ‘79.

PUMA SCARA


ROBOTICSClassification of Robots II AFR

• Type A: Handling Devices with manual control

• Type B: Automatic Handling Devices with predetermined cycles

• Type C: Programmable, servo controlled robots

• Type D: Type C with interactive with the environment

AFR: The Association Française de Robotiquewww.cyberlabzone.com

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Year: 1250Bishop Albertus Magnus holds banquet at which guestswere served by metal attendants. Upon seeing this, SaintThomas Aquinas smashed the attendants to bits andcalled the bishop a sorcerer.

The Origins of Robots

Year:1640Descartes builds a female automaton which hecalls “Ma fille Francine.” She accompaniedDescartes on a voyage and was thrownoverboard by the captain, who thought she wasthe work of Satan.


ROBOTICSROBOTICSThe Origins of Robots

Year : 1738Jacques de Vaucanson builds a mechanical duckmade of more that 4,000 parts. The duck couldquack, bathe, drink water, eat grain, digest it andvoid it. Whereabouts of the duck are unknowntoday.

Year: 1805Doll, made by Maillardet, that wrote in eitherFrench or English and could draw landscapes.



Year:1940Sparko, the Westinghouse dog, usesboth mechanical and electricalcomponents

Year:1960Industrial Robots created. Robotic Industries Association states that an“industrial robot is a re-programmable, multifunctional manipulatordesigned to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices throughvariable programmed motions to perform a variety of tasks.



Year:1960Shakey is made at Stanford Research InstituteInternational. It contained a television camera,range finder, on-board logic, bump sensors,camera control unit, and an antenna for a radiolink. Shakey was controlled by a computer in adifferent room.


ROBOTICSROBOTICSCombining these fields we can create a system that can

SENCE

PLAN

ACTwww.cyberlabzone.com

ROBOTICSROBOTICSIn this Presentation we will study many aspects of robotics.

1. General Robot Structures2. General Definitions3. Sensors and Sensor Planning4. Actuators5. Vision6. Artificial Intelligence7. Motion Planning8. Mobile Robot9. Forward Kinematics10. Inverse Kinematics


ROBOTICSROBOTICSGeneral Robot Structures

An Robot normally constitutes of:– A sequence of mechanical bodies called LINKS.– Prismatic or revolute JOINTS connecting links.– ACTUATORS to move these joints.– SENSORS

• To measure status of robot• To measure status of environment

– A programmable CONTROL system.– A SUPERVISION system.


ROBOTICSROBOTICSGeneral Definition Robot

Look at a Venn diagram of Mechanical Electrical HardwareSoftwareControl Systems.

Robotics is theoverlapping area at thecenter of the three


ROBOTICSSensor & Sensor Planning

where should I dig?

where is thetruck?

Sensing Planning Acting

informationabout theenvironment

actionon the

environment


ROBOTICSROBOTICSWhat is Sensing ?

• Collect information about the world

• Sensor - an electrical/mechanical/chemical device that maps an environmental attribute to a quantitative measurement– attribute mixtures - often no one to one map– hidden state in environment

• Each sensor is based on a transduction principle - conversion of energy from one form to another

• Also known as transducers


ROBOTICSROBOTICSTypes Of Sensor

• Active– send signal into environment and measure

interaction of signal w/ environment– e.g. radar, sonar

• Passive– record signals already present in environment– e.g. video cameras


Where is the face?

Sensing for specific tasks

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Actuator Is An

• A mechanical device for moving or controlling something

• Electric Motors and Drives

• Hydraulic Drives

• Pneumatic Drives

• Internal Combustion hybrids

Electro-hydraulic System Example

Hydraulic Cylinder Actuators


ROBOTICSROBOTICSRobot vision in social settings

• Humans (and robots) recover information about objects from the light they reflect

• Human head and eye movements give clues to attention and motivation

• In a social context, people constantly read each other’s actions for these clues

• Anthropomorphic robots can partake in this implicit communication, giving smooth and intuitive interaction


ROBOTICSROBOTICSArtificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is the study of thecomputations that make it possible toperceive, reason, and act.”

Ability to think and learn. The ability tolearn facts and skills and apply them,especially when this ability is highlydeveloped.


Motion Planning

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• Motion planning is aimed at enabling robots with thecapabilities of automatically deciding and executing asequence of motions in order to achieve a taskwithout collision with other objects in a givenenvironment.

• Basic Problem: Static obstacles

• Extended Problems: Moving obstacles, Multiplerobots, Dynamic Constraints, Planning withuncertainties, and etc.


Areas involve Robot Motion planning• Mars ExplorationRovers:– Robot geologists– Vision System• 2 panoramic cams• 2 navigation cams• 4 hazard avoidancecams– Brain: laptop computerinside the RoversElectronics Module

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http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:H.RES.67:

Mobile Robot

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• “Mobile” means not stay-put at one place• Mobile + Robot = Robot that is not stay-put at one

place….thus Mobile Robot can move around in much larger workspace, seeing, touching, transporting, manipulating things in various location


ROBOTICSMobile Robot Applications

Construction

Security

Personal affair

Material Handling

Entertainment

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ROBOTICSManipulator kinematics

Type of joints• Frame assignments

• Link connection description

• Link transformations

• Actuator space


What do we mean by “Intelligence”?

• Open question: where intelligence beginsand ends

• Intelligence (our working definition):the ability to improve an animal or human’slikelihood of survival within the real world,and, where appropriate, to compete orcooperate successfully with other agents todo so.

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Summary of Robot Behavior • Presence of stimulus is necessary, but notsufficient, to evoke a motor response. Only whenstimulus exceeds a threshold does it produce aresponse. • A strength multiplier, or gain g, can be used toturn off behaviors or alter the response’s relativestrength. • Responses are encoded in two forms:

– –Discrete encoding: Rule-based methods often used– –Continuous functional encoding: inverse square law often used

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Advantages of Robots

• Robotics and automation can, in many situation, increaseproductivity, safety, efficiency, quality, and consistency ofproducts• Robots can work in hazardous environments• Robots need no environmental comfort• Robots work continuously without any humanity needsand illnesses• Robots have reputable precision at all times• Robots can be much more accurate than humans, they mayhave mile or micro inch accuracy.• Robots and their sensors can have capabilities beyond thatof humans• Robots can process multiple stimuli or taskssimultaneously, humans can only one.• Robots replace human workers who can create economicproblems

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Disadvantages of Robots• Robots lack capability to respond in emergencies, this can cause:

– Inappropriate and wrong responses– A lack of decision-making power– A loss of power– Damage to the robot and other devices– Human injuries

• Robots may have limited capabilities in– Degrees of Freedom– Dexterity– Sensors– Vision systems– Real-time Response

• Robots are costly, due to– Initial cost of equipment– Installation Costs– Need for peripherals– Need for training– Need for Programming

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Possible Robot Coordinate Frames

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New Directions

• Entertainment / social robots

• Humanoid robots

• Swarm / distributed robots

• New robot locomotion mechanisms

• Application-specific robotics

• Medical robots

• Telemedicine

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Discussion of Ethics and Philosophy in Robotics

•Can robots become conscious?

•Is there a problem with using robots in militaryapplications?

•How can we ensure that robots do not harmpeople?

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Thank You


Education

What is Robotics - Robotics Concept Explained for Kids