Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

1789-1900

Section 1: Latin American Peoples Win Independence

Colonial Society Divided

Six Classes of People ____________ – Born in Spain ____________ – Europeans

born in Latin America Meztizo –

________________________ Mulattos –

________________________ Natives &

Africans

Revolutions in the Americas

________________________first Latin American Country to gain independence from Europe

Haitian Revolution

1791, 100,000 + slaves rebelled against French

1804, ________________________

Creoles Lead Independence

____________ felt they were treated unfairly

Napoleon’s Spanish King

Many people in Spain and Latin America revolt After old king was restored, Latin American

revolutions continue

Latin American Leaders

Simon Bolivar – ________________________________ Helped Venezuela win independence in 1821

Latin American Leaders

________________________– Helped Argentina win independence in 1816, and Chile in 1818

Joseph de San Martin and Simon Bolivar

1824, joined forces to defeat Spanish and make ________________________

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

Mestizos and Natives fought for independence

1810, priest ________________________made a Grito de Dolores - A call for peasants to fight

Priest Jose Maria Morelos took over They won in 1815

1821, Mexico officially won independence

1823, ________________________separated from Mexico

Brazil’s Royal Liberator

Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807

Portuguese King John VI fled to Brazil Helped Brazil for 10 yrs

Brazil’s Royal Liberator

Asked Pedro to rule Brazil

1823, Brazil becomes independent through a bloodless revolt

Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

1789-1900

Section 2: Europe Faces Revolutions

Clash of Philosophies

____________ - usually wealthy, argued to protect monarchies

____________ -middle class merchants want more power to elected parliament

____________ - peasants, want drastic changes and democracy to all people

Nationalism Develops

____________ - loyalty should be dedicated to the nation, not the ruler Usually Liberals or

Radicals

____________–nation with independent government

Nationalist Ideas

Nationalists believed that people of a common language and culture defined a nation

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power

Ottomans controlled the ____________ Region that includes Greece and other countries

1821, __________ were the first to fight for independence

Greek Support

Greeks were popular around the world Culture was respected by many

Greeks Gain Independence

1827, British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed Ottoman fleet

1830, ________________________ sign Peace treaty

1830 Uprisings

1830’s, old borders were breaking down

October, 1830, Belgium declares independence

1830 Uprisings Crushed

Metternich sent Austrian troops to restore order

Polish living in Russia revolted

1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite

1848, Metternich resigned Uprisings in Europe

1849, Europe conservative again

Radicals Change France

After Louis XVII, ____________ inherited throne

1830, suspends legislature

Charles flees to London

Radicals Change France

His monarchies were crumbling

Feared spread of Revolution

The Third Republic

Louis Philippe took over constitutional monarchy

The Third Republic

Important Reforms: 1882, primary education

6-13years old 1884,

___________________ 1900,

___________________ 1906, employers must

give employees one day off per week

France Accepts a Strong Ruler

Citizens kicked Louis Philippe out Formed new government

He built railroads, decreased unemployment, and country prospered

Reforms in Russia

1800, Russia still not ____________

1820s, ____________ still existed Prevented economic improvement

Freeing serfs would anger the Nobles

Defeat Brings Change

1853,

1856, Could not provide enough supplies for troops

End of Serfdom

1861, serfs granted freedom Nobles kept half the land

Reform and Reaction

Everyone had 49 years to pay government for land

Alexander III encouraged ________________________

Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

1789-1900

Section 3: Nationalism

Setting the Stage

Metternich wanted to maintain old Europe

1800’s, ________________________

Congress created political boundaries Controlled by large empires

Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

Austrian Empire –

Russian Empire –

Ottoman Empire-

Breakup of Austrian Empire

Austria splits in Austria- Hungary Until WWI, 1914

The Russian Empire Crumbles

Russification – ________________________________

Helped strengthen national feelings and breakup Russia

1917, Last Romanov czar

Ottoman Empire Weakens

1856 British and French pressure to grant equal citizenship

Cavour Unites Italy

Camillo di Cavour leader for Italian reunification

Thought nationalism was strong enough to unite Italy

Cavour Unites Italy

1852, Cavour becomes Prime Minister Believed:

Supported France in war with Russia

Cavour Unites Italy

1860, northern Italian states liberated from Austria

Garibaldi Brings Unity

Giuseppe Garibaldi- called the sword of Italy

Learned guerilla warfare from his exile in South America

Garibaldi Brings Unity

Used guerilla warfare

1870 French forced to withdraw troops from Rome

The Red Shirts

Nickname because of Garibaldi’s uniform

Italian troops enter Rome Italy unified

Steps Toward Unification

1848 Italy and Germany _____________________

39 separate states with a common language and culture were ready to unite

German Issues

German liberals revolted in Prussia

German unity should promote individual rights and liberal reforms

Bismarck Takes Control

____________- conservative member of Prussia’s wealthy

1847 becomes politician

1862 Wilhelm I chose Bismarck as Prussia’s Prime Minister

Bismark Takes Control

Supported the King of Prussia

____________- policies based on Prussian interests

Bismarck

Argued German unity would not be won by speeches and majority vote but by “blood and iron”

He collected the taxes anyway

Prussia Expands

1864 formed and alliance with Austria against ____________

Schelswig and Holstein should be controlled German Federation

The Seven Weeks’ War

•

• Persuaded Napoleon III to keep France neutral

• • Austria declared war

on Prussia

The Austro-Prussian War

• Prussia’s king blamed Austria for starting the war

•

• War dissolved the German Confederation

•

The Franco-Prussian War

• Only three states out of Prussian control– Another war

needed to include southern states

• 1870 conflict with France

The Franco-Prussian War

• These states supported Prussia and the north German states in a war against France

•

• The peace treaty declared the unification of Germany

Creating the German Empire

Victory created a German Empire

Allied German states met at Versailles

Germany rose in power

The Empire’s Growth and Change

• 1871 Germany prospered

• • Holy Roman

Empire was the ____________

Bismarck and the Wilhelm II

• Bismarck did not want to expand German borders–

• Alliances

– Austria, Hungary

– Protect each other from attack

A Shift in Power

1815 Congress of Vienna established 5 Great Powers in Europe

1871 Germany and Britain the most powerful militarily and economically

Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

1789-1900

Section 3: Nationalism

The Romantic Movement

1800’s Enlightenment ideas reason in art

__________________-reflected a deep interest in nature and in thought of feelings of the individual

Writers reacted against Enlightenment ideas

The Ideas of Romanticism

• Emotion or wild emotion was a key element

Romanticism in Literature

Poetry, music and painting the most influential arts

____________- poetry was the highest form of expression

The Gothic Novel• Gothic horror

stories

• Took place in medieval castles

•

Composers Emphasize Emotion

•

• Celebrated heroism and national pride with new power of expression

The Shift to Realism in the Arts

• ____________-tried to show life as it was, not as it should be

• ____________showed the political importance of the working class

Photographers Capture Reality

Could record an instant in time

First photographs called ________________________ (Louis Daguerre)