Behaviorism and Beyond

Conclusion of Chapter 1 and Start on Chapter 2

Learning Theories: Behaviorism

Behaviorism—A theoretical orientation that emphasizes learning and focuses on observable behaviorClassical conditioning: A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a response originally evoked by a different stimulusOperant conditioning: A form of learning in which a behavior elicits certain consequences, which in turn make the behavior more or less likely to occur in the future

Behavioral Theories

•Pavlov•Watson• Classical Conditioning on Humans• Baby Albert• The American Consumer

•Skinner•Operant Conditioning• American Education

Operant Conditioning

Social Cognitive Theory

Social Cognitive Theory: Albert Bandura’s version of learning theory, which emphasizes the role of modeling, or observational learning, in behavior

Self-efficacy–one’s belief that one can succeed

Social Learning Theory

Ethological Theory

Konrad Lorenz – theory in which biological forces drive developmentImprinting: An innate form of rapid learning

that involves attachment.Critical period: A particular period of time

in which a biological or an environmental event must happen, for typical development to occur.

Sensitive period: A portion of time during which a particular experience (or lack of it) has a strong effect on development (John Bowlby)

Ecological Systems Theories

Bioecological model – Bronfenbrenner’s approach, in which the individual develops within and is affected by a set of nested environments, from the family to the entire culture