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Presentation about Wittgenstein's language-game and identifying similarities and issues in relation to Ontologies.
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Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar
Wittgenstein’s Language-game and Ontology in
Linked Data
Who is Ludwig Wittgenstein?Why is Wittgenstein’s work part of this
presentationOverview of Wittgenstein’s major worksLanguage-game concept and its usesIntroduction to Linked Data and OntologyRelationship between Language-games and
OntologyDiscussion
Agenda
Austrian-English 20th century philosopher (1889 – 1951)
Regarded as one of the most influential philosophers of the 2oth century
Main Themes: Language and Mathematics
Main Works: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Philosophical Investigations
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Fought in World War I &
II
Worked as a
teacher for
“The main job of Philosophy lies in clarifying concepts”
Coz it was suggested by
Also because I wanted to explore the philosophical origins of Linked Data particularly Ontologies
Possibly in trying to critique it!
Why Wittgenstein?
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922)
Rationalistic ThinkingDeconstructing
LanguageCriticizes his own mentor Bertrand
RussellMain Topics: Language
and Picture theory, Ethics
Philosophical Investigations (1953)Pragmatic ThinkingUnderstanding LanguageCriticizes St Augustine and DescartesMain Topics: Language-game, Private languages, Family Resemblance, Rules
Wittgenstein’s Major Works
LANGUAGE
Earlier Wittgenstein on Language
Language
Sentences Propositions
Words
True False
Elemental Logical
Propositions
Mutually exclusive
Propositions Propositions
Elemental Logical
Propositions
John is a bachelor
John is a manJohn is
unmarried
Logical Proposition
Logical Proposition
Question: What is the source for these propositions?
Picture and its various forms
vs
Logical Picture
Thought
Drawing
Motion
Symbolicor
Physical
Refuting St.Augustine on his assumptions about Language1) Language is uniform 2) The meaning of words are taught by means of
ostentation 3) All words have object as their meaning
Buildup to Language-game
Wittgenstein’s examples for language-games
Builders game Children’s primitive language
Giving orders and obeying them
Language has different application areas
Different language-games in different areas
Different types of sentences – Commands, Assertions, Questions and so on…
“Language is an activity pursued by us, one with purpose”
Why the term ‘language-game’? -> Family Resemblance
GAMESLANGUAGE
Different classifications of language-game 1) Pure and impure language-games (George
Pitcher) Pure -> Only wordsImpure -> Non-linguistic activities activities are
essential Refuted!
2) Primary and Secondary Language games (Hintikkas) Primary - Essential and self-sufficient language gamesSeconadary - Parasitic on primary language-games
Imagine “cause and effect” situations
Language-games mined…
Language-games and rulesRules are not necessary for all language games
Formal vs Factual aspect of language
Language-games and forms of life"The basic form of language-game is the one that we act“
Forms of life can refer to activityA form of life is constitutive of the meaning or life of signs.Its non-linguistic form gives linguistics signs a place in the
“marketplace”
Normative nature of language-gamesNot bothered about the symbols but the grammar of
expression and its intention
Language games and its associations
To tackle and solve language related philosophical problems – “Tool for deconstructing language”
To refute the claim that we learn meanings of words by their definition but by their usage – “Practice makes a man perfect”
To construct “Objects of comparison” to look at language
To showcase the essentiality of language in our daily lives – “a conclusive remark”
Purpose of language-games
Therefore….
Language-games
Forms of life
Non-linguistic activities
Linguistic expressio
ns
Rules
Grammatical
Surveyability
Time-out from ‘out of box’
Artificial Intelligence“We are going to make the computer intelligent enough to do all our work”
Semantic Web“We are going to make the computers understand real world objects so that they really answer our search queries
Linked Data“Let’s just link the data inside the documents”
Here comes Linked Data…
Tacit knowledgeand machines?
Linked Data contd…son of
lives inco-authored
co-authored
born in
of type
Web of Documents
Web of Data
Ontologies ?
Ontology
model the communication inside a particular domain
model the domain itself
ponders about
is friends
with
is at odds with
fears
Different Types of Ontologies?
FOAF
Open Graph Protocol
Language-games and Ontologies
1) Ontology (or vocabulary) of a particular domain comprises of one or more language games used in that domain
2) The class hierarchy in ontologies are similar to the language deconstruction from TLP – slight digression from lang-games
3) The rules in language games are similar to the rules that can be built on top of ontologies to make inferences
4) Since Language games operate at a abstract level, they can be used to compare two linguistic activities similarly ontologies help in comparing domains
5) Language games in some sense, can be seen to represent our discussions in natural languages through formal language, Ontologies do the same, since machines can understand only formal languages
Language-game and Ontology- any similarities? (Discussion)
Major Issues Who decides the rules? Universality aspect Issue with currency Truth aspect Issue with homonyms in a conversation Rules or certain parts of them can be
only partially explicated -Case for intransitive understanding
Verbal explication of rules may lead to incorrect interpretation (Johannessen)
Tacit knowledge articulation? Issue with completeness and autonomy
Common Issues with both Language-games and Ontologies (Discussion)
Minor Issues Expert vs Amateur modeling Versioning issue How can computers ‘practice’ which is
the most important thing in rule following?
German to English translation issue with Wittgenstein’s writing – Possible!
(Ondrej) mentions the problems associated with constructing language-games in literature meaning ontologies constructed over literature may not be the best option
Another Wittgenstein needed to philosophize about human-computer communication?
Language is very important in life as its mastery is related to :- Understanding our own emotions (recognition), Playing a part in a team, convey things meaningfully and Finally in deciding the rules of the game!
Deciding the boundary of language-game might be difficult with the interwoven nature of current realities How granular and how expansive can a language-game
be?
Echoing other scholar’s opinion that language games are one of the best tools in solving philosophical problems related to language
Why isn’t “Communication” thought of being an essential characteristic of language?
Personal Insights (Discussion)
End of the presentation language-game!
Lets head over to the post-presentation Q&A language-game
Appendix…
Preparatory studies for future regularization of language*
Purporting a new theory for language
Constructing language models with essential (common) characteristics
Implying games that are just for lollygagging
What language-games don’t imply
Aaberge, T. (2007). The Semantic Web in a philosophical perspective. From The ALWS Archives: A Selection Of Papers From The International Wittgenstein Symposia In Kirchberg Am Wechsel, 0. Retrieved from http://wab.uib.no/ojs/agora-alws/article/view/953/602
Aaberge, T., & Akerkar, R. (2012). Ontology and Ontology Construction: Background and Practices. IJCSA, 9(2), 32–41.
Beran, O. (2007). Language games of literature. From The ALWS Archives: A Selection Of Papers From The International Wittgenstein Symposia In Kirchberg Am Wechsel, 0. Retrieved from http://wab.uib.no/ojs/agora-alws/article/view/961
Bienert, R. F. (1996). Wittgenstein's concept of a language-game. University of Toronto (Canada)). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 327 p. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304328297?accountid=12665. (304328297)
Frohmann, B. (2004). Deflating Information: From Science Studies To Documentation. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rQhgnaGsohsC
Garrett, B. (2001). Wittgenstein's Private Language Arguments. From The ALWS Archives: A Selection Of Papers From The International Wittgenstein Symposia In Kirchberg Am Wechsel, 0. Retrieved from http://wab.uib.no/ojs/agora-alws/article/view/815/328
Johannessen, Kjell S. (1992): "Language, Computer Sciences and Tacit Knowledge". In: Wittgenstein and Contemporary Theories of Language. Edited by Paul Henry and Arild Utaker. Working Papers from the Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen 5. pp. 28-44.
Tejedor, C. (2011). Starting with Wittgenstein. Bloomsbury. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZrHoHgAACAAJ
Zöllner-Weber, A. (2007). Utilizing OWL for Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. From The ALWS Archives: A Selection Of Papers From The International Wittgenstein Symposia In Kirchberg Am Wechsel, 0. Retrieved from http://wab.uib.no/ojs/agora-alws/article/view/959
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