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LOGO
WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
Contents
Blending / Amalgamation 2
Derivations/Eponyms3
Acronyms 4
Clipping or Truncation 1
Contents
Loaning / Borrowing 7
Compounding 6
Reduplicating 5
LOGO
CLIPPINGS or
TRUNCATION
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Clipping is a type of abbreviation of a word in which one part is 'clipped' off the rest, and the remaining word now means essentially the same thing as what the whole word means or meant. For example, the word rifle is a fairly modern clipping of an earlier compound rifle gun, meaning a gun with a rifled barrel.
TYPES OF CLIPPING
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Back Clipping / Apocopation
Examples:
Max – maximumBra – brassiereBros – brothers
Typo – typo graphical error Carbs - Carbohydrates
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Fore Clipping / Aphaeresis / Apheresis
Examples:
Varsity – university Pike – turnpike
Chute – parachuteBurger – hamburger
Gator – alligator
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Middle Clipping / Syncope
Examples:
Flu – InfluenzaJam/jammies – pajamas
Tec – detective
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LOGO
BLENDING / AMALGAMA
TION www.themegallery.com
Blending is one of the most beloved of word formation processes in English. It is especially creative in that speakers take two words and merge them based not on morpheme structure but on sound structure. The resulting words are called blends.
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Examples:
Prosumer = produce + consumer
Gasohol = gasoline + alcohol
Modem = modulator + demodulator
Cooperators = cooperative + investors
Brunch = breakfast + lunch www.themegallery.com
Examples:
Bleep = blankout + beep
Swipe = wipe + weep
Swaddle = wade + toddle
Blurt = blow + spurt
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LOGO
EPONYMS / DERIVATION
S
Deriviation is the creation of words by
modification of a root without the
addition of other roots. Often the effect
is a change in part of speech.
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adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernise) in British English or -ize (archaic → archaicize) in American English and Oxford spellingadjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally)noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational)noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance)verb-to-noun (agent): -er (write → writer)
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Examples:
Braille – Louise Braille (french teacher)Boycott – Charles C. Boycott (Irish land agent) Ammonia – Ammon (Egypt god) Ampere – Andre Marie Amper (physicist)Arachnid – Arachne (the girl in greek mythology who was turned into a spider
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LOGO
ACRONYM
Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase and making a word out of it. The classical acronym is also pronounced as a word. Scuba was formed from self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.
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Examples:
a.k.a = Also Known AsNB = nota bene
Cc = Caron Copy a.m. = ante meridiem p.m. = post meridiem
ps = postscripts
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LOGO
REDUPLICATING /
REDUPLICATED WORDS
Process of forming new words either by doubling an entire word (total reduplication) or part of a word (partial reduplication)
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Examples:
Eency – weency Incy – wincy Wee – wee
Walkie – talkie Mumbo – jumbo
Itsy – bitsyBye – bye
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LOGO
COMPOUNDING /
COMPOUND WORDS
Compounding or composition is the process of word
formation that creates compound lexemes (the other word-
formation process being derivation). That is, in familiar
terms, compounding occurs when two or more words are
joined together to make them one word. The meaning of the
compound may be very different from the meanings of its
components in isolation.
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Examples: (non – hyphenated)
Curriculum vitaeMarriage certificate
Editorial staffMemorandum circular
Notary clubLieutenant colonel
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Examples: (hyphenated)
Editor – in – chief Officer – in – charge
Bio – dataAttorney – in – lawMother – in – law
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LOGO
LOANING / BORROWIN
G
Loanwords are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a
different language (the source language). A loanword can also be
called a borrowing. The abstract noun borrowing refers to the process
of speakers adopting words from a source language into their native
language. "Loan" and "borrowing" are of course metaphors, because
there is no literal lending process. There is no transfer from one
language to another, and no "returning" words to the source language.
The words simply come to be used by a speech community that speaks
a different language from the one these words originated in.
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Examples:
Thee – youWhither – where Yore – years ago
Canst – canCometh – come
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LOGO
AFFIXATION
An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word. Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed. They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes. Affixation is, thus, the linguistic process speakers use to form different words by adding morphemes (affixes) at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of words
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