PERIODIZATION:

Why Why 19141914??

1914 - PresentOLDOLD

CompetitionCompetition in Europe: in Europe: STILL unable to create a STILL unable to create a single state single state two World two World Wars. Wars.

Continuation of Continuation of RevolutionsRevolutions for national for national sovereignty, sovereignty, independence from independence from foreign rule. foreign rule.

NEWNEW

Mobilization of Mobilization of entire entire populations populations and enormity of and enormity of destructiondestruction

Disintegration of old Disintegration of old Empires and creation of Empires and creation of more than more than 200 nation states200 nation states!!

CONTINUITYCONTINUITY

Population growth Population growth due to due to improved food supplies improved food supplies from Columbian from Columbian Exchange, higher Exchange, higher standards of living due to standards of living due to industrialization, industrialization, production of medicines, production of medicines, modern sanitation… modern sanitation…

CHANGECHANGE

Explosive population Explosive population growthgrowth: : 400%400% between between 1900 and 2000: we are 1900 and 2000: we are over 6 billion now. over 6 billion now.

1914 - PresentContinuity Continuity

Scientific Revolution & Industrial Revolution

laid the foundation…

Mankind has been globalizing since he cam Out of Africa!

ChangeChange

Industrial output Industrial output increased 40 X & increased 40 X & spread… spread… More human impact on More human impact on

environment resulted environment resulted

GLOBALIZATION!! GLOBALIZATION!!

World War I:The Shot Heard Around the World

Cause Or Spark?Cause Or Spark?

Janet Pareja, Signature School, AP World History, Evansville, IN - 2014

Important Facts: WWI CAUSESCAUSES

Competition for colonies between armed European Competition for colonies between armed European empiresempires

Unification of Germany & Italy --> unbalanceUnification of Germany & Italy --> unbalance

Extreme Industrialized MilitarismExtreme Industrialized Militarism Extreme Nationalism Extreme Nationalism Inflexible War Plans & Iron-Clad TreatiesInflexible War Plans & Iron-Clad Treaties

TWO FRONT WAR of ATTRITIONTWO FRONT WAR of ATTRITION Entente v. AlliesEntente v. Allies Defensive War- Trench WarfareDefensive War- Trench Warfare US enteredUS entered

VERSAILLES TREATY VERSAILLES TREATY 14 Points 14 Points Stab in the Back Myth Stab in the Back Myth

Tense Situation in Europe due to competition for colonies

WHO did not get their “share” of colonies?

Germany and Italy Germany and Italy emerged as emerged as nation states at the end of the 19nation states at the end of the 19 thth century. century.

FrustratedFrustrated by their inability to by their inability to expand their borders, they had expand their borders, they had the will to fight withthe will to fight with

““blood and iron.”blood and iron.” ““Rather than a new ideal of cooperation, Rather than a new ideal of cooperation,

they held the tired old dream of they held the tired old dream of Charlemagne and Napoleon, of one power Charlemagne and Napoleon, of one power conquering all the others…And Germany conquering all the others…And Germany was in the best position to achieve thiswas in the best position to achieve this.”.”

Arms race Arms race - industrial powersindustrial powers IF YOU HAVE IT YOU WILL USE IT!!:IF YOU HAVE IT YOU WILL USE IT!!:

Inflexible war plans & time tables& time tablesFrance- Plan XVII-

offensive maneuvers & attacks: “Attack”offensive maneuvers & attacks: “Attack”

Germany – Schlieffen Plan swift attack on France then defend v. Russiaswift attack on France then defend v. Russia

Nowadays: “Contingency plans” Nowadays: “Contingency plans” better or worse?better or worse?

Secret & public treaties … No choice but to act!

1879The Dual Alliance

Germany and Austria-Hungary made an alliance to protect themselves from

Russia

1881Austro-Serbian

Alliance

Austria-Hungary made an alliance with Serbia to stop Russia gaining

control of Serbia

1882The Triple Alliance

Germany and Austria- Hungary made an

alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking

sides with Russia

1914Triple Entente (no separate peace)

Britain, Russia and France agreed not to

sign for peaceseparately.

1894Franco-Russian

Alliance

Russia formed an alliance with France to protect herself against Germany and Austria-

Hungary

1907Triple Entente

This was made between Russia,

France and Britain to counter the increasing threat from Germany.

1907Anglo-Russian

Entente

This was an agreement between Britain and

Russia

1904Entente Cordiale

This was an agreement, but not a

formal alliance, between France and

Britain.

Public supported Public supported national national rivalriesrivalries: : fun, romantic, competitive! fun, romantic, competitive! Governments manipulated public Governments manipulated public

opinion?opinion?

Unification of Germany & Italy as models for Unification of Germany & Italy as models for “Right to Self Determination.”

Other “peoples” wanted their own nations, too! Other “peoples” wanted their own nations, too! Poles, Bosnians, Czechs, Yugoslavs…Pan Slavism Poles, Bosnians, Czechs, Yugoslavs…Pan Slavism

conflicted with German “volk” areas.conflicted with German “volk” areas.

Only War changes Only War changes European Borders! European Borders!

The The “Spark” “Spark”

Domino effect: Domino effect: alliances & procedures alliances & procedures activated!activated!

Heir to Austrian throne Heir to Austrian throne Arch Duke Ferdinand & wife Sophie Arch Duke Ferdinand & wife Sophie assassinatedassassinated by Serbian Slav nationalist during visit to Sarajevo, by Serbian Slav nationalist during visit to Sarajevo, Bosnia, in a far corner of the Austrian empire.Bosnia, in a far corner of the Austrian empire.

Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of supporting Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of supporting assassination assassination declared WAR… and Russia declared WAR… and Russia supported Serbia. supported Serbia.

Two Front War““Eastern FrontEastern Front “ “

Against RussiaAgainst Russia More fluid lineMore fluid line Through Serbia, Albania, Through Serbia, Albania,

Romania…Romania…

October Revolution in October Revolution in RussiaRussia

Lenin came to powerLenin came to power Bolsheviks negotiated w/ Bolsheviks negotiated w/

Germany & stopped fighting Germany & stopped fighting in December 1917.in December 1917.

ALLIES vs. CENTRAL POWERS

Western FrontWestern Front Through France – English Channel – Through France – English Channel – Switzerland Switzerland

DefensiveDefensive : : TRENCHESTRENCHES UsedUsed advanced technologies to MAINTAIN advanced technologies to MAINTAIN position: position:

Mustard Gas Mustard Gas Machine GunsMachine Guns Bombs & FlaresBombs & Flares Barbed wireBarbed wire

End of the war- more offensiveEnd of the war- more offensiveTanks, planes, subs (German Tanks, planes, subs (German U-Boats)U-Boats)

Central, Allied, Neutral

TrenchTrenchWarfareWarfare

The Western Front

In France and Belgium – Defense against Germany

US entered on the side of the Allies--- WHY?

Propaganda Propaganda Excitement Excitement for war! for war!

HemingwayHemingway

Loans, equipment salesLoans, equipment sales from from US to AlliesUS to Allies

TradeTrade interrupted by war interrupted by warIe: British Ie: British LusitaniaLusitania sunk by sunk by

German U-boat?German U-boat? … …Armistice, 1918Armistice, 1918

Wilson’s Fourteen Points: Basics

Free tradeFree trade Self-determination of nationalitiesSelf-determination of nationalities Some loss of territorySome loss of territory Peace without victoryPeace without victory DisarmamentDisarmament Fair treatment of colonial peoplesFair treatment of colonial peoples Establishment of League of NationsEstablishment of League of Nations

***Germany expected ONLY these to be the terms of ***Germany expected ONLY these to be the terms of surrender…surrender…

Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Treaty of Versailles

““Big Four:” Big Four:” Britain, Britain, France, United States France, United States (and Italy who joined (and Italy who joined late)late)

Central powers & Central powers & Russia Russia (who left the (who left the Allies late in the war due Allies late in the war due to Russian Revolution) to Russian Revolution) were were not includednot included

The “Stab in the Back Myth” was born…

France would not France would not allow Wilson’s allow Wilson’s proposalsproposals Their countryside, Their countryside,

population, industry had population, industry had been ravaged…they been ravaged…they wanted revenge, and to wanted revenge, and to avoid a recurrence!avoid a recurrence!

1.1. German German military military reduced to almost nothingreduced to almost nothing - but their heritage!! - but their heritage!!

JunkersJunkers – Landed, – Landed,

Feudal- heritage, Feudal- heritage,

Germanic military aristocracyGermanic military aristocracy

Von Bismarck

Treaty of Versailles2. Germany had to: 2. Germany had to:

Accept Guilt PAY REPARATIONS

to France & GB:to France & GB: Cost of the war Cost of the war

Treaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

3. Re- Drew map of

Europe Austria & Hungary Austria & Hungary

separated & reduced separated & reduced

Poland, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Yugoslavia created from created from German & Ottoman territoryGerman & Ottoman territory

French territory increased at French territory increased at German border German border

4. Mandate System Colonies of Central Powers Colonies of Central Powers

became became “mandates;” “mandates;” to be to be held & exploited by held & exploited by AlliesAllies (not (not US) US) until reparations were paid until reparations were paid offoff..

Ottoman territories Ottoman territories British British “mandates”:“mandates”: Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Arabia, Yemen… Iraq, Arabia, Yemen… and the and the subject peoples were subject peoples were FURIOUSFURIOUS

Mandate System carved out of Mandate System carved out of Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Mandate System in AfricaMandate System in AfricaFormerFormerGermanGermanColoniesColonies

Balfour Declaration ZionistsZionists 2 November, 19172 November, 1917 UK Foreign SecretaryUK Foreign Secretary Confirmed support

from the British government for establishment in Palestine of a Homeland for the Homeland for the Jewish peopleJewish people. ““in principle” in principle”

Weimar Republic Weakness, CAPITULATION,Weakness, CAPITULATION,

poverty, injustice for German poverty, injustice for German peoplepeople

Veterans = jobless, un-Veterans = jobless, un-thanked, shell-shocked, thanked, shell-shocked, wounded…blamed?!wounded…blamed?!

Leaders Leaders NOT Traditional elitesNOT Traditional elites – – military, clergy, nobilitymilitary, clergy, nobility BankersBankers, some industrialists , some industrialists Perception: Jewish leaders Perception: Jewish leaders

“sold out” the Germans: “sold out” the Germans: “Stab-in-the-back Myth”“Stab-in-the-back Myth”

The War to End All Wars was over… but it was just the beginning of “Total War.”

20th Century Conflict:““World War” / “Total War”World War” / “Total War”

History teaches that war begins History teaches that war begins when governments believe when governments believe

the price of aggression is cheap.the price of aggression is cheap.

- - Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan

Doctrine of Total WarTOTAL TOTAL MOBILIZATION!MOBILIZATION!TOTAL PARTICIPATIONTOTAL PARTICIPATION

Industry & personnel Industry & personnel conversionsconversions

Economy convertedEconomy converted Home Front SacrificesHome Front Sacrifices 24/7 24/7 WAR OF ATTRITION WAR OF ATTRITION

TOTAL BELIEFTOTAL BELIEF Information managementInformation management Hatred / Inhumanity / FEARHatred / Inhumanity / FEAR Extreme Patriotism=Extreme Patriotism=

NO DISSENT!NO DISSENT!

ALL RESOURCESALL RESOURCESCOUNTER COUNTER FORCE/COUNTER FORCE/COUNTER VALUEVALUE

Maximize effectsMaximize effectsCasualties, Speed, Casualties, Speed,

MASSESMASSES

Minimize EffortMinimize EffortImpersonal Impersonal NO moral dilemmaNO moral dilemmaEffort, PersonnelEffort, PersonnelExpense, TimeExpense, Time

What is “World War?”All continents (except Antarctica)All continents (except Antarctica)Land, sea, air Land, sea, air

Total Mobilization Total Mobilization industry, industry, science, science, All of society…All of society…

““Doctrine of Total War”Doctrine of Total War”

Doctrine of Total War 2020thth-21-21stst centuries centuries Nations Nations use all of

their resources to destroy another nation's ability to engage in war: NO WEAPON IS OFF THE TABLE!!

Counter force / Counter value strategy

http://science.howstuffworks.com/war-tech.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/war-tech.htm

Attributes of Total War1. Complete mobilization of all resources:

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Make armaments & Make armaments & BECOME TARGETSBECOME TARGETS

Factory & workforce Factory & workforce conversions- WWIIconversions- WWII

MechanizationMechanization to to maximize effects maximize effects many more casualties, many more casualties, easier, impersonaleasier, impersonal

Better Weapons, Communication & Transportation Technology

Chemical Weapons – Poison gas Machine guns Tanks Anti-Tank weaponry Barbed wire Telegraph Motorized vehicles Bombs BazookasBazookas Atomic BombsAtomic Bombs Land & Sea MinesLand & Sea Mines Biological WeaponsBiological Weapons

Gas masks Submarines Airplanes Zeppelins Radios Amphibious vehiclesAmphibious vehicles Huge, fast battleshipsHuge, fast battleships Aircraft carriersAircraft carriers ICBM’s, ABM’s, SLBM’s…ICBM’s, ABM’s, SLBM’s… DDT & other anti biologicalsDDT & other anti biologicals GPSGPS Night gogglesNight goggles Robot DronesRobot Drones

Yellow = technology available in WW I

TRADE FINANCIALMEDECINEFOODWATER

Attributes of Total War

2. TOTAL PARTICIPATION Professional RecruitmentProfessional Recruitment Nationals, Colonials, Immigrants.Nationals, Colonials, Immigrants.

Recruiters: Learn discipline, skillsRecruiters: Learn discipline, skills GI Bill, VA hospitals, VA mortgagesGI Bill, VA hospitals, VA mortgages

Home-Front Efforts Home-Front Efforts Conserve & Invest!!!Conserve & Invest!!!

WWI, WWII… What about Korea, WWI, WWII… What about Korea, Vietnam, Eastern Europe, Vietnam, Eastern Europe, Iraq & Afghanistan? Iraq & Afghanistan?

Civilians as TARGETS! Civilians as TARGETS! Air raids, naval blockades, bombing of cities… terrorism. Air raids, naval blockades, bombing of cities… terrorism.

Criticism of war = treason!Criticism of war = treason! With us / against us: battling ideologies

Mass Propaganda Mass Propaganda Mass HATRED Mass HATRED & DEHUMANIZATION of enemy& DEHUMANIZATION of enemy

WomenWomen - replacement & additional - replacement & additional

workers in industry workers in industry get vote after WWI get vote after WWI

Preparation of Preparation of NEXT GENERATIONNEXT GENERATION

Huge loss of life Huge loss of life WWI- Verdun: 595,000 dead; Somme- 840,000 dead; WWI- Verdun: 595,000 dead; Somme- 840,000 dead; WWII- D-Day ground: 4,414 allies alone. WWII- D-Day ground: 4,414 allies alone.

Comparing War Deaths - Strayer

WWIWWI1010,ooo,ooo died,ooo,ooo died2020,ooo,ooo wounded,ooo,ooo wounded

WWIIWWII6060,ooo,ooo died,ooo,ooo diedOver 50% civilianOver 50% civilianOver 40% of total deaths were RussianOver 40% of total deaths were Russian

World War II War Deaths WAR US &

GB RUSSIA China German

ItalianJAPAN Total

WWII US418.5 thousand

GB451 thousand

Less Less than 1Mthan 1M

23-24 23-24 MillionMillion

10-20 10-20 MillionMillion

German7-9 7-9 MillionMillion

Italy454,600

2.62 – 2.62 – 3.12 M3.12 M(includes Hiroshima & Nagasaki)

60-80 Million

Vietnam War Vietnam War - - up to 3.8 million total violent war deaths total (varies by source)

Iraq War Iraq War – 1/2004- 12/2009– 1/2004- 12/2009109,032 total deaths including 66,081 civilian

deaths (Wikileaks classified war numbers, per wikipedia)

Afghanistan War - ?

Which nation had the Which nation had the largest number of dead in largest number of dead in

World War II?World War II?

Modern WarfareModern WarfareTotal Deaths US

SoldiersCivilians

VIETNAM(American Phase)

1,700,000 58,220 195,000-430,000 S. Vietnamese

50,000-65,000 N. Vietnamese

Iraq 172,907 4,486 66,081

Afghanistan* **

3,288 Coalition2001-2013

2,2072001-2013

16,1792007-2013

Notes: *Total & US deaths are for 2001-2013; Civilian deaths are from 2007 ** Total Coalition Deaths for Afghanistan replace total.

What generalizations

What generalizations

can you make?

can you make?

3. NO GLORY

ANYMORE!No one is safeNo one is safe: Cities, Farms, : Cities, Farms, homes, mothers, children…homes, mothers, children…No time off No time off - 24/7/30/365 in - 24/7/30/365 in trenchestrenchesDisease, misery, fear… It has Disease, misery, fear… It has become a become a War of AttritionWar of Attrition: who : who will surrender first?will surrender first?

…The ideal of the heroic war is gone…

Iraq War

Vietnam War

Entente (Italy switched to Entente)Entente (Italy switched to Entente)

Allies at some timeAllies at some time

Allies Before the Attack on Pearl HarborAllies Before the Attack on Pearl HarborAllies AFTER Pearl HarborAllies AFTER Pearl HarborAxis PowersAxis PowersNeutral StatesNeutral States

Nagasaki & Hiroshima

Is Total War “Just?” All combatants fight with ALL weapons at All combatants fight with ALL weapons at

their disposal…their disposal…

Total War