YRE

National Association for Year-Round EducationNational Association for Year-Round Education

NAYRENAYRESam PepperSam Pepper

Executive Director

PO Box 711386San Diego CA 92171-1386

Phone: (619) 276-5296Fax: (858) 571-5754Email: [email protected]

Web: www.nayre.org



Balanced calendar Modified school calendar Alternative school calendar Continuous education schedule Four-vacation plan Custom calendar Community school schedule Year-Round Calendar

Calendar Reform TermsCalendar Reform Terms


Single-track Multiple-track (multi-track) Extended year

Three strands of YR Calendars:Three strands of YR Calendars:


Continuous Instruction and LearningContinuous Instruction and Learning Less Learning LossLess Learning Loss Quicker InterventionQuicker Intervention Higher Attendance Rates for StudentsHigher Attendance Rates for Students Fewer Teacher Substitute DaysFewer Teacher Substitute Days Lower Drop-Out RatesLower Drop-Out Rates Reduced VandalismReduced Vandalism

Educational Values Educational Values Of Balancing the CalendarOf Balancing the Calendar


The Effects of Summer Vacation on The Effects of Summer Vacation on Achievement Test Scores: A Narrative Achievement Test Scores: A Narrative

and Meta-Analytic Reviewand Meta-Analytic Review

Harris Cooper, Barbara Nye, Kelly Charlton, James Lindsay, Scott Greathouse

Fall 1996Fall 1996

Harris Cooper et alReview of Educational ResearchFall, 1996

Study FindingsStudy Findings At Best: Students show little or no academic growth over summer. At worst: Students lose one to three months of learning

Summer Loss: Greater in Math than Reading

Summer Loss: Greatest in Math computation and spelling

Summer vacation increases disparities between advantaged and disadvantaged students reading scores

The detrimental effect of summer vacation increases as grade level increases

No particular differences because of gender or race

Harris Cooper et alReview of Educational ResearchFall, 1996

Study ConclusionsStudy Conclusions

We can accept the detrimental effects of summer vacation

We can increase the summer school opportunities and direct these efforts in the most beneficial manner

We can examine alternative school We can examine alternative school calendarscalendars

Options for policymakers:Options for policymakers:


The Effects of Modified School Calendars The Effects of Modified School Calendars on Student Achievement and on School on Student Achievement and on School

and Community Attitudesand Community Attitudes

Harris Cooper, Jeffrey Valentine, Kelly Charlton and April Melson

Spring 2003Spring 2003

““On average, children’s On average, children’s achievement test scores were at achievement test scores were at least one-month lower when they least one-month lower when they

returned to school in fall than they returned to school in fall than they had been when the children left had been when the children left

school in spring.”school in spring.”

Harris Cooper et alReview of Educational ResearchSpring, 2003

““Modified calendars were Modified calendars were associated with higher associated with higher

achievement for economically achievement for economically disadvantaged students”disadvantaged students”



““Students, parents and staff Students, parents and staff who participated in modified who participated in modified

calendar programs were calendar programs were positive about their positive about their

experiences.”experiences.”



““The convention of requiring The convention of requiring students to attend (school) for students to attend (school) for 9 or 10 months and then take a 9 or 10 months and then take a

long vacation is long vacation is counterproductive to long-term counterproductive to long-term

learning.”learning.”


““The summer learning loss is The summer learning loss is greatest among low-income greatest among low-income children, who often lack the children, who often lack the

enriching out-of-school enriching out-of-school opportunities available to their opportunities available to their

more affluent peers.”more affluent peers.”


““If students in continually low-If students in continually low-performing school districts are performing school districts are

to have a chance at catching to have a chance at catching up and meeting standards, up and meeting standards,

they will need much more time they will need much more time engaged in learning activities.”engaged in learning activities.”


““Today’s publicly Today’s publicly supported learning time supported learning time

was designed to respond to was designed to respond to the needs of students and the needs of students and

their families – the students their families – the students and families of the 19and families of the 19thth

century.”century.”



““Our usage of time Our usage of time virtually assures the virtually assures the

failure of many failure of many students.”students.”


““Unyielding and relentless, Unyielding and relentless, the time available in a the time available in a

uniform six-hour day and a uniform six-hour day and a 180-day year is the 180-day year is the

unacknowledged design flaw unacknowledged design flaw in American Education.”in American Education.”


““(There) is the pretense that (There) is the pretense that because yesterday’s calendar because yesterday’s calendar

was good enough for us, it was good enough for us, it should be good enough for our should be good enough for our

children – despite major changes children – despite major changes in the larger society.”in the larger society.”


““The idea, still having two The idea, still having two months off, is ridiculous in this months off, is ridiculous in this

country. If you’re going to country. If you’re going to compete with India and China, compete with India and China,

they’re going to school six they’re going to school six days a week and they don’t days a week and they don’t

take the summer off.”take the summer off.”



US National TotalsUS National Totals

Total Number of States (Including DC) 4646

Total Number of Public School Districts 387387

Total Number of Public Schools 27642764

Total Number of Charter Schools 172172

Total Number of Private Schools 6464

Total Number of Schools (Public/Charter/Private) 30003000

Total Enrollment (Public/Charter/Private) 2,099,6332,099,633

2006-2007 School Year


Five Largest States by SchoolsFive Largest States by SchoolsFive Largest States by SchoolsFive Largest States by Schools

1. California1. California 2. Hawaii2. Hawaii

3. Arizona3. Arizona 5. Georgia5. Georgia4. Nevada4. Nevada

1,322 296

175 99107



Five Largest States by EnrollmentFive Largest States by EnrollmentFive Largest States by EnrollmentFive Largest States by Enrollment

1. California1. California 2. Hawaii2. Hawaii

3. Arizona3. Arizona 5. Georgia5. Georgia4. Nevada4. Nevada

1,127,792 190,074

119,396 62,90690,511



15 Year Growth15 Year Growth15 Year Growth15 Year Growth% Grown% Grown

States 69%

Districts 28%

Schools 37%

Charter Schools 149%

Enrollment 33%



TRADITIONAL 9-MONTHTRADITIONAL 9-MONTH


45-15 Balanced Calendar45-15 Balanced Calendar


45-15 Balanced Calendar45-15 Balanced CalendarTraditional 9-Month CalendarTraditional 9-Month Calendar





Costs of Calendar ReformCosts of Calendar Reform

Single TrackSingle Track Comparable to traditional calendar

Multi-TrackMulti-Track Operational and capital savings

Extended YearExtended Year More expensive


Options for OvercrowdingOptions for Overcrowding Bond Issues Double Sessions Extended Day Redrawing boundaries Portables Multi-Track YRE


Multi-Track AdvantagesMulti-Track Advantages

Increases capacity 33% immediately (4-Tracks) Provides both capital and operating savings Allows day-time instructional hours to be maintained High attendance rates for students Does not strain school’s core facilities Fewer teacher substitute days Maximum use of facility for 12 months


Capital outlay Operating costs for administrative and support staff (full-year contract

vs. hiring additional staff)Utility Costs – adding two months vs. nine months year at a new school.Economies of scaleReduced absenteeism -- staff and studentsSalaried administrators in charge of summer schoolReductions in numbers of textbooks and desksReduced lease costs -- portables

SavingsSavings



Promote the concept of year-round education by providing leadership and services

Serve as a clearing house for information on year-round education

Encourage research on year-round schools

Recognize and promote excellence in year-round schools

Provide on-site specialists to school and districts – All specialists have practical experience in planning, implementing and sustaining modified calendars

Conduct conferences nationally and regionally to provide the most up-to-date information available to educators and community members

What We DoWhat We DoWhat We DoWhat We Do


NAYRENAYREPO Box 711386San Diego CA 92171-1386

Phone: (619) 276 - 5296Fax: (858) 571 - 5754

Email: [email protected]: www.nayre.org