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Douglas A. DavisDirector Marketing / Account ManagerBroad U.S.A. Inc. (201) 951 [email protected]
FREE COOLING SOLUTIONS FOR SOCALCALIFORNIA CCHP RECENT CASE
STUDIES
CAPTURING FREE ENERGYFROM CO-GENERATION “CCHP”
Wide variety of Prime MoversReciprocating EnginesTurbines large 5mw & small 65kwFuel Cells1) Low temperature 200 F ( single stage
absorption )2) High temperature above 350 F (two stage
absorption )3) Modern Multi Energy (up to 3 heat inputs)
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NORTHAMERICAN ABSORPTION CHILLERMARKETPLACE
1960’s the advent of single stage absorbers 1970’s the advent of two stage absorbers 1980’s direct fired chillers ( Japan ) 2000 exhaust driven absorbers ( Asia ) 2010 resurgence in Marketplace due to Natural Gas and
CCHP.
Big improvements in efficiency total coat of ownership - life cycle costs
3
ABSORPTION VS. COMPRESSION
Different processes with emphasis on preventing leakage Air leakage will affect operation
Vacuum management to ensure: Efficient and affordable operation Long Unit life for 25 plus years Trouble free operation Little operator involvement
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VAPOR‐COMPRESSION CYCLE
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
ABSO
RBHEAT
REJECT
HEAT
ELECTR
ICEN
ERGY
EXPANSION DEVICE COMPRESSOR
HIGH SIDE
LOW SIDE
35 psig1,800 mm
135 psig7,000 mm
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ABSORPTION CYCLE
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
GENERATOR
ABSORBER
HEAT
ENER
GY
REJECT
HEAT
ABSO
RBHEAT
REJECT
HEAT
EXPANSION DEVICE PUMP
HIGH SIDE
LOW SIDE
‐14.6 psig6 mm
‐13.6 psig57 mm
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ABSORPTION COOLING THEORY
Evaporator with water as a refrigerantRefrigerant water sprays on copper tubes of chilled water system
Changes state (boils) and absorbs large amountsof energy
Water evaporates at 212°F at 14.7 psiaWater evaporates at 40°F at 0.118 psia
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
GENERATOR
ABSORBER
HEA
TEN
ERG
Y
REJ
ECT
HEA
TAB
SOR
BH
EAT
REJ
ECT
HEA
T
EXPANSION DEVICE PUMPCFC refrigerant changes state and absorbs large amounts of energy for ex. R134 evaporates at 40º at 35 psig
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REFRIGERANT H2ODistilled water
Stable Nontoxic Low cost Readily available Environmentally friendly High latent heat of
vaporization
ABSORBENTLithium Bromide (LiBr)
High affinity for water (refrigerant)
In solution, higher boiling point than water
“Like a sponge”
Non-toxic, white crystal particles. Stable, odorless with salty taste at room
temperature. Its chemical characteristics are same as table
salt (NaCI). Degradable, non-volatile and decomposable in
the atmosphere but soluble in water.
LIBR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
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SOLUTION CONCENTRATION 55% TO 60%
dilutesolution
concentratedsolution
intermediatesolution
Concentrated LiBr solution absorbs water vapor continuously Keeps Evaporator & Absorber sections at a low pressure (about 600 microns)
Heat of vaporization is removed by cooling water
LiBr solution becomes less concentrated as it absorbs water
ABSORBER
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
GENERATOR
ABSORBER
HE
AT
EN
ER
GY
RE
JEC
TH
EA
T
AB
SOR
BH
EA
T
RE
JEC
TH
EA
T
EXPANSION DEVICE PUMP
12
Solution is heated (boiled) by heat source andwater vapor is driven off “generated” Solution is concentrated to ~60% Water vapor is induced by pressure difference to flow to the condenser where cold water is condensing the refrigerant
Generator aka “Concentrator”
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
GENERATOR
ABSORBER
HE
AT
EN
ER
GY
RE
JEC
TH
EA
TA
BSO
RB
HE
AT
RE
JEC
TH
EA
T
EXPANSION DEVICE PUMP
Solution becomes dilute and
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WHAT IS COP?The coefficient of performance (COP)
is a dimensionless ratio used to express the efficiency of a refrigeration machine. For an absorption water chiller, COP is defined as the ratio of evaporator cooling capacity divided by the heat energy required by the generator. A higher COP designates a higher efficiency.
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SINGLE EFFECT (0.7‐0.8 COP)
TO T
OW
ER
TO T
OW
ER
CONDENSER
ABSORBEREVAPORATOR
TO L
OA
D
STRONGSOLUTION
WEAKSOLUTION
WATERVAPOR
WATERVAPOR
GENERATOR
FRO
M B
OIL
ER
EXPANSION DEVICE
PUMP
HEATEXCHANGER
WATER
100°40°
200°
PUMP
15
DOUBLE EFFECT (1.3‐1.4 COP)
TO T
OW
ER
EVAPORATOR
TO L
OAD
WATERVAPOR
WATERVAPOR
EXPANSION DEVICE
PUMP
WATER
40°
CONDENSER
TO T
OW
ERABSORBER
STRONGSOLUTION
WEAKSOLUTION
LOW TEMP HEATEXCHANGER100°
200°PUMP
LOW TEMPGENERATOR
STRONGSOLUTION
WEAKSOLUTION
FRO
M B
OIL
ER
HIGH TEMP HEATEXCHANGER
310°PUMP
HIGH TEMPGENERATOR
WATER
110°
100°
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CHP REDUCES ENERGY CONSUMPTION
HOW TO SIZE CCHP? New Construction: “easy” just like designing the
HVAC system ( Load / Space / Integration to Boiler Chiller Plant )
Retrofit: can be more challenging due to space Identify acceptable footprint and location for
system Identify how thermal loads of building for sizing
Power Generation KW CH HW & DHW Pick a system that serves the goals of the project.
NEVER OVERSIZE ‐ RIGHT SIZE!
That’s were the good looking IRR are!Happy Customers!Trouble free operation.
Decouple CHP design with HVAC with multi energy Absorbers….. Use NG as a back up.
UCSD 5MW EXISTING FUEL CELL500 TONS (PARTIAL) HEAT CAPTURE 2014 STARTED UP CCHP PORTION
UCSD 5mw existing Fuel Cell 500 tons (partial) heat capture2014 started up CCHP portion
Power generator produces electricity and supplies tobuildings or Power Grid, BROAD chiller recycles exhaustfor cooling & heating, no fuel input.Cooling capacity: 1,323 Rt/4,653 kWEnergy input: exhaustPower generator: 4.5 MWEnergy efficiency 113% (electricity +cooling)Yearly energy saving cost: USD 0.78 millionPayback period: 1.7 yearYearly CO2 cutting: 6,992 tonEquivalent of planting 0.38 million trees
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CALIFORNIA CCHP PHASE 1 2008
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CALIFORNIA CCHP PHASE 2 & 3 / 10 MW ADDED 2014
CALIFORNIA CCHP PHASE 2 & 3 / 10 MW ADDED 2014
25
HRL LABS IN MALIBU CA1 MW MICRO TURBINE AND HOT WATERABSORBER 240 TONS ( TWO SYSTEMS TOTAL )
HRL “PRE-PACKAGED CCHP ABSORBER”
SADDLE BACK COLLEGE CA CCHP 2014RECIPROCATING PRIME MOVER
SADDLE BACK “SERIES COUNTER FLOW”
The BDH-200 (585 ton) unit at Saddleback College is run off the hot water created from the exhaust gasses of a couple Waukesha generators they use to create electricity on campus.
There are a couple 1000 ton electric chillers right next to the absorber. They are using the condenser water return (87F) from the centrifugal machines as the cooling water supply for the BDH, and then pump it through cooling towers which are doing a twenty degree delta (97F return to 77F supply). Basically the idea was to have the electrics running at higher efficiency with lower CW temps, and do “free” cooling with the BDH.
Prime Mover Sites Capacity (kW)Total 1272 8,756,771
Boiler/Steam Turbine 42 987,420
Combined Cycle 47 3,328,965
Combustion Turbine 149 3,790,294
Fuel Cell 78 44,255Microturbine 187 34,293Other 8 2,803
Reciprocating Engine 757 550,074
Waste Heat to Power 4 18,667
State Summary for California
What about emissions of a CCHP plant?
Michael LeoneMarket Development Manager
Tel (949) [email protected]
www.ener-core.comWhat about
SOUTH COAST AIR
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
DISTRICT (SCAQMD)
* PER SCAQMD RULE 1110.2 EFFECTIVE JAN. 2017 NOX 11, VOC 30, CO 250 PPMV
Emission Requirements for Power Generation Equipment
NOx (ppmv)
VOC (ppmv)
CO (ppmv)
Reciprocating Engines
Natural Gas (NG) 11 30 250
Biogas* 36/45 40 2000
Gas Turbines
NG fired <3 MWe 9 10
NG Fired ≥3 MWe and <50 MWe 2.5 10
Landfill or Digester Gas 25 130
POWER OXIDATION <1 <1 <1
SCAQMD REGULATES
AIR EMISSIONS FROM
POWER GENERATION
EQUIPMENT IN
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SCR)
• SCR’S ARE THE PRIMARY SOLUTION
FOR REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS (NOX
AND CO) CREATED BY POWER
GENERATION EQUIPMENT
• MOST POWER GENERATION
EQUIPMENT REQUIRES THIS
TECHNOLOGY TO OPERATE IN
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
• THIS TECHNOLOGY REQUIRES A
CATALYST AND EITHER AMMONIA OR
UREA TO OPERATE
THE ADVANTAGE OF USING OXIDATION FOR POWER
GENERATION IS…
• THE POWER OXIDIZER REPLACES THE COMBUSTOR IN A
GAS TURBINE AND ALLOWS FOR POWER GENERATION
WITHOUT THE INSTALLATION OF POST-COMBUSTION
TECHNOLOGY (SCR, ETC.)
• WIDER OPERATING RANGE. TYPICAL POWER
GENERATION EQUIPMENT CANNOT OPERATE ON FUELS
BELOW <300 BTU/SCF HOWEVER THE POWER OXIDIZER
CAN OPERATE ON FUELS ABOVE 15 BTU/SCF (NATURAL
GAS IS ~1000 BTU/SCF)
• HIGHER TOLERANCES TO CONTAMINATED FUELS. FUELS CONTAINING SILOXANES, HYDROGEN, ETC.
PACIFIC ETHANOL STOCKTON PLANT TO INSTALL
INNOVATIVE COGENERATION TECHNOLOGY
"The Stockton cogenerationsystem will replace most ofthe electricity we currentlypurchase from the grid andwill reduce our energy costsby an estimated three to fourmillion dollars per year…Rather than destroying wastegases, we will reuse them as asource of process energy,reducing costs and improvingprofitability.”
Neil Koehler, Pacific Ethanol presidentand CEO
Turbine
INLET AIR
Generator
Natural Gas
Powerto Grid
Power Oxidizer
Compressor Turbine
Exhaust
VOC’s
Power Oxidation Technology Cycle Diagram
THANKYOU!Douglas A. DavisDirector Marketing / Account ManagerBroad U.S.A. Inc. (201) 951 [email protected] Booth #122
