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A
MINOR PROJECT
REPORT
ON
“AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH BIDIRECTIONAL VISITING COUNTER”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
2014-15
SUBMITTED TO:-
Mr.Vishnu Kr. Sharma
Asst. Prof. (ECE)
JIT,Jaipur
SUBMITTED BY:-
Neeraj Kumar,Kanhaiya Jha
JitendraAgrawal,Avkesh Joshi
Branch-ECE,(4th Year)
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
JAIPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Group of Institution, Jaipur
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA
JAIPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR
(GROUP OF INSTITUTION)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project Report entitled “Automatic Room Light
Controller With Bidirectional Visiting Counter” that is submitted by
“Neeraj Kumar, Kanhaiya Jha, Jitendra Agrawal, Avkesh Joshi”in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree B.Tech in
Department of “Electronics & Communication Engneering” of
Rajsthan Technical University, is a record of the candidate own work
carried out by him under my own supervision.The matter embodies in
thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other
degree.
Mr. Vishnu Kr. Sharma (PTS Coordinator) Assistant Professor Dept. of ECE JIT, Jaipur
Ms. Priyanka Agarwal (PTS Guide) HOD,ECE Dept. of ECE JIT, Jaipur
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
JIT, Jaipur
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and
belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material
which to a substantial extend has been accepted for the award of the award of any other
degree or diploma of the university or other institute of the higher leaning except where due
acknowledgement has been made in the text.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I am deeply indebted to my mentor Ast. Prof. Vishnu Sharma who
inspiration has been unfailingly available to me at all stages of my training.This has fueled
my enthusiasm even further and encouraged me to boldly step into what was a totally dark
and unexplored expanse before me.I would like to thank Ms. Priyanka Agarwal H.O.D
Jit,Jaipur for his efforts, who was always ready with a positive comment, whether it was an
off-hand comment to encourage me or constructive piece of criticism.In course of present
work it has been my privilege to receive help and assistance of my friends. I take great
pleasure in acknowledge my debt to them.I wish to thank my parents for their undivided
support and interest who inspired me and encouraged me to go my own way, without whom I
would be unable to complete my project. At last but not the least I want to thank my friends
who appreciated me for my work and motivated me and finally to God who made all the
things possible.
1. Introduction:-
The objective of this project is to make a controller based model to count number of persons
visiting particular room and accordingly light up the room. Here we can use sensor and can
know present number of persons. In today’s world, there is a continuous need for
automatic appliances with the increase in standard of living, there is a sense of urgency for
developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life.Also if at all one wants to know the
number of people present in room so as not to have congestion. This circuit proves to be helpful.
This Project Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using
Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights
as well us counting number of persons/ visitors in the room very accurately. When
somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the room
will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by
one. The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total
number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment displays. The
microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this
signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM.
Microcontroller AT89S52 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object
pass through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver are obstructed , this
obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller.
2. Circuit Diagram & Its Descriptions:-
2.1 Transmitter Circuit:-
This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is configured to function as a basic
monostable multivibrator. A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes state
once triggered, but returns to its original state after a mcertain time delay. It got its name from
the fact that only one of its output states is stable. It is also known as a 'one-shot'. In this circuit, a
negative pulse applied at pin 2 triggers an internal flip-flop that turns off pin 7's discharge
transistor, allowing C1 to charge up through R1. At the same time, the flip-flop brings the
output (pin 3) level to 'high'. When capacitor C1 as charged up to about 2/3 Vcc, the flip-flop
is triggered once again, this time making the pin 3 output 'low' and turning on pin 7's discharge
transistor, which discharges C1 to ground. This circuit, in effect, produces a pulse at pin 3
whose width t is just the product of R1 and C1, i.e., t=R1C1. IR Transmission circuit is
used to generate the modulated 36 kHz IR signal. The IC555 in the transmitter side is to
generate 36 kHz square wave. Adjust the preset in the transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the
o/p. around 1.4K we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point it over the sensor and its o/p will go low
when it senses the IR signal of 38 kHz.
2.2 Receiver Circuit:-
The IR transmitter will emit modulated 38 kHz IR signal and at the receiver we use
TSOP1738 (Infrared Sensor). The output goes high when the there is an
interruption and it return back to low after the time period determined by the capacitor and
resistor in the circuit. I.e. around 1 second. CL100 is to trigger the IC555 which is
configured as monostable multivibrator. Input is given to the Port 1 of the microcontroller.
Port 0 is used for the 7-Segment display purpose. Port 2 is used for the Relay Turn On
and Turn off Purpose.LTS 542 (Common Anode) is used for 7-Segment display. And that time
Relay will get Voltage and triggered so light will get voltage and it will turn on. And when
counter will be 00 that time Relay will be turned off. Reset button will reset the microcontroller.
3. Block Diagram & Its description:-
The basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor counter with automatic light
controller is shown in the above figure. Mainly this block diagram consist of the following
essential blocks-
(i) Power Supply:-
Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The main function of this block is to provide
the required amount of voltage to essential circuits. +12 voltage is given. +12V is given to relay
driver. To get the +5V dc power supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides
the +5V dc regulated power supply.
(ii) Enter and Exit Circuits:-
This is one of the main part of our project. The main intention of this block is to sense the
person. For sensing the person and light we are using the light dependent register (LDR).
By using this sensor and its related circuit diagram we can count the persons.
(iii)89S52 Microcontroller:-
It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8KB of
Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible
with the MCS-51TM
instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer.By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic hip, the Atmel
AT89S52 is a powerful Microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and cost effective
solution so many embedded control applications.
(iv) Relay Driver Circuit:-
This block has the potential to drive the various controlled devices. In this block
mainly we are using the transistor and the relays. One relay driver circuit we are using to control
the light. Output signal from AT89S52 is given to the base of the transistor, which we are further
energizing the particular relay. Because of this appropriate device is selected and it do its allotted
function
4. Hardware Design & Descriptions:-
4.1 Procedure Followed While Designing:
In the beginning I designed the circuit in DIPTRACE software. Dip trace is a circuit
designing software. After completion of the designing circuit I prepared the layout. Then I
programmed the microcontroller using TOPVIEW SIMULATOR software using hex file.
Then soldering process was done. After completion of the soldering process I tested the
circuit. Still the desired output was not obtained and so troubleshooting was done. In the
process of troubleshooting I found the circuit aptly soldered and connected and hence came to
conclusion that there was error in programming section which was later rectified and the
desired results were obtained.
4.2 List of Components:
Following is the list of components that are necessary to build the assembly of the Digital
Speedometer Cum Odometer:
Microcontroller – AT89S52
IC – 7805
Sensor – TSOP 1738 (Infrared Sensor)
Transformer – 12-0-12, 500 mA
Preset – 4.7K
Disc capacitor – 104,33pF
Reset button switch
Rectifier diode – IN4148
Transistor – BC 547, CL 100
7-Segment Display
4.3. Description of Components:-
4.3.1 Microcontroller AT89S52:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K
bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s
high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the Industry-standard 80C51
instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed
in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro- grammar. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard
features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer,two data
pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full
duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52
is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software
selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.The Power-down
mode saves the RAM con- tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions
until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
FEATURES:-
8 KB Reprogrammable flash.
32 Programmable I/O lines.
16 bit Timer/Counter—3.
8 Interrupt sources.
Power range: 4V – 5.5V
Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles
Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three level program memory lock
Power off flag
Full duplex UART serial channel
Low power idle and power down modes
Interrupt recovery from power down modes
256 KB internal RAM
Dual data pointer
4.3.2 TSOP1738 (INFRARED SENSOR):-
The TSOP17.. – Series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control systems. PIN diode
and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is designed as IR filter.
The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a microprocessor.
TSOP17.. is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting all major
transmission codes.
Features:
Photo detector and preamplifier in one package
Internal filter for PCM frequency
Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance
TTL and CMOS compatibility
Output active low
Low power consumption
High immunity against ambient light
Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps)
Suitable burst length .10 cycles/burst
4.3.3 555 ( TIMER IC):
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation.
Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay
mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor.
For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are
accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be
triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to
200mA or drive TTL circuits.
Features:
Direct replacement for SE555/NE555
Timing from microseconds through hours
Operates in both astable and monostable modes
Adjustable duty cycle
Output can source or sink 200 mA
Output and supply TTL compatible
Temperature stability better than 0.005% per °C
Normally on and normally off output
Available in 8-pin MSOP package
Applications:
Precision timing
Pulse generation
Sequential timing
Time delay generation
Pulse width modulation
Pulse position modulation
Linear ramp generator
4.3.4 LTS 542 (7-Segment Display):-
The LTS 542 is a 0.52 inch digit height single digit seven-segment display. This device
utilizes Hi-eff. Red LED chips, which are made from GaAsP on GaP substrate, and has a red
face and red segment.
Features:
Common Anode
0.52 Inch Digit Height
Continuous Uniform Segments
Low power Requirement
Excellent Characters Appearance
High Brightness & High Contrast
Wide Viewing Angle
4.3.5. LM7805 (Voltage Regulator):-
The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in the
TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide
range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down
and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is
provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable
voltages and currents.
Features:
Output Current up to 1A
Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
Thermal Overload Protection
Short Circuit Protection
Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection
4.3.6 RELAY CIRCUIT:-
A single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relay is connected to port RB1 of the microcontroller
through a driver transistor.The relay requires 12 volts at a current of around 100ma,which
cannot provide by the microcontroller. So the driver transistor is added. The relay is used to
operate the external solenoid forming part of a locking device or for operating any other
electrical devices. Normally the relay remains off. As soon as pin of the microcontroller goes
high, the relay operates. When the relay operates and releases. Diode D2 is the standard diode
on a mechanical relay to prevent back EMF from damaging Q3 when the relay releases.
LED L2 indicates relay on.
5. Testing & Results:-
We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when we turn toward
the main circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which we faced, like component
selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise a We started
our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when I turn toward the main
circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which are I faced, like
component selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise also,
then refer the data books and other materials related to its.I had issues with better or correct result,
which I desired. And also the software problem.I also had some soldering issues which
were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware.We had issues with better or
correct result, which we desired. And also the software problem. We also had some soldering
issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware.We started
testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got over first trouble. After getting 9V
from the transformer it was not converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V.As the solder was
shorted IC 7805 got burnt. So we replaced the IC7805.also the circuit part around the
IC7805 were completely damaged..with the help of the solder we made the necessary paths.
FUTURE EXPANSION:-
By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement various applications Such as
fans, tube lights, etc.
By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a task of opening and closing
the door.
6.APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Application
o For counting purposes
o For automatic room light control
Advantages
o Low cost
o Easy to use
o Implement in single door
Disadvantages
o It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of the sensor hence it cannot be
used when two person cross simultaneously.