Advanced Networking on GloMoSim

Dr.A.Kathirvel Professor

Kalasalingam University

Krishnankoil

FDP on Advanced Networking and Cloud

Computing

Simulation of Advanced Networking using

GloMoSim Simulator

Dr.A.Kathirvel

Professor & HOD Department of Information Technology

09.12.2014 and 10.12.2014

Ad Hoc Networks (Session – I)

4

Outline

Introduction Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Research Issues in MANET Ad Hoc Wireless Internet

Conclusion

Advent of Ad hoc Wireless Networks

The principle behind ad hoc networking is multi-hop relaying in which messages are sent from the source to the destination by relaying through the intermediate hops (nodes).

In multi-hop wireless networks, communication between two end nodes is carried out through a number of intermediate nodes whose function is to relay information from one point to another. A static string topology is an example of such network:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

In the last few years, efforts have been focused on multi-hop "ad hoc" networks, in which relaying nodes are in general mobile, and communication needs are primarily between nodes within the same network.

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Ad hoc Wireless Networks

An examples of such developments is the Bluetooth standard that

is one of the first commercial realizations of ad hoc wireless networking developed by Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG):

A piconet formed by a group of nodes establishes a single-hop (master node) point-to-point wireless link.

A scatternet formed by multiple piconets (master nodes) can establish a multi-hop wireless network.

Though the IEEE 802.11 protocols have developed for the wireless networks, they don’t function well in multi-hop networks.

Realizing the necessity of open standards in this emerging area of computer communication, the mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) standards are being developed by the Internet Working Tasking Force (IETF) MANET working group.

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Ad hoc Wireless Networks

Even though ad hoc wireless networks are expected to work in the absence of any fixed infrastructure, recent advances in wireless network architectures enable the mobile ad hoc nodes to function in the presence of infrastructure

Multi-hop cellular networks (MCNs), self-organizing packet radio ad hoc networks with overlay (SOPRANO), and mesh networks are examples of such types of networks.

Mesh networks serve as access networks that employ multi-hop wireless forwarding by non-mobile nodes to relay traffic to and from the wired Internet. In such an environment, hybrid technologies and/or hierarchical network organization can be used for ad hoc and infrastructure wireless links.

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Cellular and Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

The following figure represents different wireless networks.

Infrastructure: cellular wireless networks

Ad hoc: wireless sensor networks

Hybrid: mesh networks

Cellular Wireless Networks

Hybrid Wireless Networks

Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks

Cellular Vs Ad Hoc Networks

Cellular Networks Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Fixed infrastructure-based Infrastructureless

Guaranteed bandwidth (designed for

voice traffic)

Shared radio channel (more suitable for

best-effort data traffic)

Centralized routing Distributed routing

Circuit-switched (evolving toward

packet switching)

Packet-switched (evolving toward

emulation of circuit switching)

Seamless connectivity (low call drops

during handoffs)

Frequent path breaks due to mobility

High cost and time of deployment Quick and cost-effective deployment

Reuse of frequency spectrum through

geographical channel reuse

Dynamic frequency reuse based on

carrier sense mechanism

Easier to employ bandwidth reservation Bandwidth reservation requires complex

medium access control protocols

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Cellular Vs Ad Hoc Networks

Cellular Networks Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Application domains include mainly

civilian and commercial sectors

Application domains include battlefields,

emergency search and rescue operations,

and collaborative computing

High cost of network maintenance

(backup power source, staffing, etc.)

Self-organization and maintenance

properties are built into the network

Mobile hosts are of relatively low

complexity

Mobile hosts require more intelligence

(should have a transceiver as well as

routing/switching capability)

Major goals of routing and call

admission are to maximize the call

acceptance ratio and minimize the

call drop ratio

Main aim of routing is to find paths with

minimum overhead and also quick

reconfiguration of broken paths

Widely deployed and currently in the

third generation of evolution

Several issues are to be addressed for

successful commercial deployment even

though widespread use exists in defense

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Applications of Ad hoc Wireless Networks

Military applications

Ad hoc wireless networks is useful in establishing communication in a battle field.

Collaborative and Distributed Computing

A group of people in a conference can share data in ad hoc networks.

Streaming of multimedia objects among the participating nodes.

Emergency Operations

Ad hoc wireless networks are useful in emergency operations such as search and rescue, and crowd control.

A Wireless Mesh Network is a mesh network that is built upon wireless communications and allows for continuous connections and reconfiguration around blocked paths by "hopping" from node to node until a connection can be established.

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In a wireless mesh network, multiple nodes cooperate to relay a message to its destination. The mesh topology enhances the overall reliability of the network, which is particularly important when operating in harsh industrial environments.

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The investment required in wireless mesh networks is much less

than in the cellular network counterparts.

Such networks are formed by placing wireless replaying equipment spread across the area to be covered by the network.

The possible deployment scenarios include:

Residential zones (where broadband Internet

connectivity is required)

Highways (where a communication facility for

moving automobiles is required)

Business zones (where an alternate communication system to cellular networks is required)

Important civilian regions (where a high degree of service availability is required)

University campuses (where inexpensive campus-wide network coverage can be provided)

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Wireless mesh networks should be capable of self-organization

and maintenance.

Advantages

High data rate

Quick and low cost of deployment

Enhanced services

High scalability

Easy extendability

High availability

Low cost per bit

High availability

Low cost per bit

It operates at 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz

Data rates of 2 Mbps to 60 Mbps can be supported.

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Wireless Sensor Networks are a special category of ad hoc networks that are used to provide a wireless communication infrastructure among the sensors deployed in a specific application domain.

A sensor network is a collection of a large number of sensor nodes that are deployed in a particular region.

Distinct properties of wireless sensor networks:

Mobility of nodes are not needed in all cases in wireless sensor networks.

The size of the network is much larger than that in a typical ad hoc wireless network.

The density of nodes in a sensor network varies with the domain of application.

The power constraints in sensor networks are much more stringent than those in ad hoc wireless networks.


Distinct properties of wireless sensor networks:

The power source can be classified into three categories:

Replenishable power resource

Non- Replenishable power source

Regenerative power source

Data/information fusion aims at processing the sensed data at the intermediate nodes and relaying the outcome to the monitor node.

The communication traffic pattern varies with the domain of applications.

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Multi-hop cellular networks (MCNs) allows the transmission through the base stations or multi-hop of mobile nodes.

Integrated cellular ad hoc relay (iCAR) is a system that combines conventional cellular technology with Ad hoc Relay Station (ARS) technology. In this system cellular stations will relay or reroute calls from the congested cell to an adjacent one that is not congested.

Advantages

Higher capacity than cellular networks

Increased flexibility and reliability in routing

Better coverage and connectivity

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Issues in Ad hoc Wireless Networks

Medium access scheme

Distributed operation is required.

Throughput needs to be maximized.

Access delay should be minimized.

Synchronization is required in TDMA-based systems.

Hidden terminals are nodes hidden from a sender.

Exposed terminals are exposed nodes preventing a sender from sending.

Fairness refers to provide an equal share to all competing nodes.

Real-time traffic support is required for voice, video, and real-time data.

Resource reservation is required for QoS.

Ability to measure resource availability handles the resources.

Capability for power control reduces the energy consumption.

Adaptive rate control refers to the variation in the data bit rate.

Use of directional antennas has advantages including increased spectrum reuse, reduced interference, and reduced power consumption.


Routing

Mobility

Bandwidth constraint

Minimum route acquisition delay

Quick route reconfiguration

Loop-free routing

Error-prone and shared channel: wireless channel (10-5 to 10-3), wired channel (10-12 to 10-9)

Location-dependent contention depends on the number of nodes.

Other resource constraints such as computing power, battery power

Distributed routing approach

Minimum control overhead

Scalability

Provisioning of QoS

Support for time-sensitive traffic: hard real-time and soft real-time traffic

Security and privacy

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Provisioning of multiple links among the nodes in an ad hoc network results in a mesh-shaped structure. The mesh-shaped multicast routing structure work well in a high-mobility environment.

The issues in multicast routing protocols are:

Robustness: It must be able to recover and reconfigure quickly.

Efficiency: It should make a minimum number of transmissions to deliver a packet.

Control overhead: It demands minimal control overhead.

Quality of service: QoS support is essential.

Efficient group management needs to be performed with minimal exchange of control messages.

Scalability: It should be able to scale for a large network.

Security is important.

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The objectives of the transport layer protocols include:

Setting up and maintaining end-to-end connections

Reliable end-to-end delivery of data packets

Flow control

Congestion control

Connectionless transport layer protocol (UDP), unaware of high contention, increases the load in the network.

Pricing Schemes need to incorporate service compensation.

Quality of Service Provisioning

QoS parameters based on different applications

QoS-aware routing uses QoS parameters to find a path.

QoS framework is a complete system that aims at providing the promised services to each users.

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Self-Organization is required in ad hoc wireless networks:

Neighbor discovery

Topology organization

Topology reorganization

Security

Denial of service

Resource consumption

Energy depletion: deplete the battery power of critical nodes

Buffer overflow: flooding the routing table or consuming the data packet buffer space

Host impersonation: A compromised node can act as another node.

Information disclosure: a compromised node can act as an informer.

Interference: jam wireless communication by creating a wide-spectrum noise.

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Addressing and Service Discovery is essential because of absence of a centralized coordinator.

Energy Management

Transmission power management: The radio frequency (RF) hardware design should ensure minimum power consumption.

Battery energy management is aimed at extending the battery life.

Processor power management: The CPU can be put into different power saving modes.

Devices power management: Intelligent device management can reduce power consumption of a mobile node.

Scalability is expected in ad hoc wireless networks.

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Deployment considerations

Low cost of deployment

Incremental deployment

Short deployment time

Reconfigurability

Scenario of deployment

Military deployment

Emergency operations deployment

Commercial wide-area deployment

Home network deployment

Required longevity of network

Area of coverage

Service availability

Operational integration with other infrastructure

Choice of protocols at different layers should be taken into consideration.

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Issues of Ad hoc Wireless Internet

Gateways

Gateway nodes are the entry points to the wired Internet and generally owned and operated by a service provider.

Perform the following tasks: keeping track of the end users, band-width fairness, address, and location discovery.

Address mobility

Solutions such as Mobile IP can be used.

Routing

Specific routing protocols for ad hoc networks are required.

Transport layer protocol

Split approaches that use traditional wired TCP for the wired part and a specialized transport layer protocol for the ad hoc wireless network part.

Load balancing

Load balancing techniques are essential to distribute the load so as to avoid the situation where the gateway nodes become bottleneck nodes.

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Issues of Ad hoc Wireless Internet

Pricing/billing

It is important to introduce pricing/billing strategies for the ad hoc wireless internet.

Provisioning of security

It is essential to include security mechanisms

QoS support

Voice over IP (VoIP) and multimedia applications require the QoS support.

Service, address, and location discovery

Service discovery refers to the activity of discovering or identifying the party which provides a particular service or resource.

Address discovery refers to the services such as address resolution protocol (ARP) or domain name service (DNS).

Location discovery refers to different activities such as detecting the location of a particular mobile node.

Simulator (Session – II)

Outline

Introduction to Simulation

Discrete Event Simulation

Simulator

NS - 2

GloMoSim

QualNet 5.0

Conclusion


What is simulation?

A simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time.


System and System Environment

To model a system, it is necessary to understand the concept of a system and the system boundary.

A system is defined as a group of objects that are joined together in some regular interaction or interdependence toward the accomplishment of some purpose.

A system is often affected by changes occurring outside the system. Such changes are said to occur in the system environment.

In modeling a system, it is necessary to decide on the boundary between the system and its environment.


Components of a System

An entity is an object of interest in the system.

An attribute is a property of an entity.

An activity represents a time period of specified length.

The state of a system is defined to be that collection of variables necessary to describe the system at any time.

An event is defined as an instantaneous occurrence that may change the state of the system.

Discrete System

A discrete system is one in which the state variables change only at a discrete set of points in time.


Model of a System

A model is a representation of a system for the purpose of studying the system.

For most studies, it is enough to consider only those aspects of the system that affects the problem under investigation.

Therefore, in most cases, a model is a simplification of the system.

On the other hand, the model should be sufficiently detailed to permit valid conclusions to be drawn about the real system.


Types of Models

Static/Dynamic

A static simulation model, sometimes called a Monte Carlo simulation, represent a system at a particular point in time.

A dynamic simulation model represents a system as it changes over time.

Deterministic/Stochastic

Simulation models that contain no random variables are classified as deterministic

Deterministic models have a known set of inputs that will result in a unique set of outputs.

On the other hand, a stochastic simulation model has one or more random variables as inputs. (e.g., random backoff timers)


Discrete/Continuous

Like the definitions for discrete and continuous systems, discrete and continuous models are defined similarly.

However, a discrete simulation model is not always used to model a discrete system, nor is a continuous model always used to model a continuous system.

Discrete-Event System Simulation

Discrete-event system simulation is widely used and is the focus of this course.

Discrete-event system simulation is the modeling of the systems in which the state variables change only at a discrete set of points in time.


Strategies of discrete event simulation

Activity-oriented simulation

Event-oriented simulation

Process-oriented simulation


Activity-oriented simulation

The programmer defines activities which are started when certain conditions are satisfied.

In many cases, this type of simulation uses a simulated clock which advance in constant increments of time.

With each advance, a list of activities is scanned, and those which have become eligible are started.

This type of model is used more often with simulating physical devices.

Simulate Network System

Going to be very slow to execute

Most time increments will produce no change to the system at all



Event-oriented simulation

The simulation programmer defines events and then writes routines which are invoked as each kind of event occurs

Simulated time may pass between the events

Usually, a priority queue will be used



Process-oriented simulation

The programmer defines the processes (entities, transactions, etc.) and the model in terms of interacting processes.

A process is an independent program or procedure which can execute in parallel with other processes.

The notion of in parallel is used with some liberty

The processes will use the resources of the system.

Resource-oriented

Transaction-oriented

Time Advance

Hold

Send a message to itself in the future


Simulator

UCLA Parallel Computing Laboratory http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/

GloMoSim (Global Mobile system Simulator) is a library-based simulator for wireless networks.

It is designed as a set of library modules, each of which simulates a specific wireless communication protocol in the protocol stack.

The communication protocol stack for wireless networks is divided into a set of layers, each with its own API.

The library has been developed using PARSEC, a C-based parallel simulation language

New protocols and modules can be programmed and added to the library using PARSEC.

Simulators

An object-oriented, discrete event network simulator developed at UC Berkely ( NS-2)

Mainly used for simulating local and wide area networks

It is written in C++ and OTcl (Object-oriented Tcl) and primarily uses OTcl as command and configuration language.

OTcl: Network Topology

C++: Network Component

Simulators

Rapid prototyping of protocols

Comparative performance evaluation of alternative protocols at each layer

Built-in measurements on each layer

Modular, layered stack design

Standard API for composition of protocols across

different layers

Scalability via support for parallel execution

GUI Tools for system/protocol modeling

GloMoSim – 2.03 (Session – III)

Outline

Introduction to GloMoSim

Layers in GloMoSim

GloMoSim Library

Installation

Creating Scenario in GloMoSim-2.03


Global Mobile Information System Simulator (GloMoSim)

Scalable simulation environment for large wireless and

wired communication networks

Parallel discrete-event simulation capability provided by

Parsec

Design and development of GloMoSim framework with

rich protocol stack

Demonstrated scalability of GloMoSim using very high

fidelity models


Demonstated feasibility of real-time simulation of networks

Direct comparison of alternative unicast and multicast

wireless protocols for GloMosim scenarios

GloMoSim simulates networks with up to thousand nodes

linked by a heterogeneous communications capability that

includes multicast, asymmetric communications using

direct satellite broadcasts, multi-hop wireless

communications using ad-hoc networking, and traditional

Internet protocols.

Layers in GloMoSim

The layers in GloMoSim are

Radio (Physical)

MAC (Data Link Layer)

Network

Transport

Application

GloMoSim Library

Modular, extensible library for network models

Model each layer using abstract or detailed model

Built-in statistics collection at each layer

Large and growing model library

Customizable GUI

Open source

GloMoSim Library

GloMoSim Library

Layers Protocols

Mobility Random waypoint, Random drunken, Trace

based

Radio Propagation

(Physical)‏ Two ray and Free space

Radio Model Noise Accumulating

Packet Reception

Models

SNR bounded, BER based with

BPSK/QPSK modulation

Data Link (MAC)‏ CSMA, IEEE 802.11, TSMA and MACA

Network (Routing)‏ IP with AODV, Bellman-Ford, DSR,

Fisheye, LAR scheme 1, ODMRP

Transport TCP and UDP

Application CBR, FTP, HTTP and Telnet

Installations

It support heterogeneous environment

Software works on different OS such as AIX, FreeBSD, IRIS, Redhat, Federo Linux, Sun Solaris, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 95, latest version ..

Installation on Window

Installation in Windows

Step 1 : Pre-requisition for GloMoSim

Java 2 (later version)

Visual C++ ( Visual Studio 6 )

Step 2 : Setting up Environment variables

Step 3 : Extracting GloMoSim software in c directory

Step 4 : Run makent.exe file

Setting Environment Variables

My Computer Properties Advanced

Environment Variables

Environment variables

path , lib , include , PCC_DIRECTORY

Path =C:\glomosim-2.03\parsec\include;

C:\glomosim-2.03\parsec\bin;

C:\glomosim-2.03\glomosim\bin;

Setting Environment Variables

Lib = c:\glomosim-2.03\parsec\lib

INCLUDE = c:\glomosim-2.03\parsec\include

C:\glomosim-2.03\glomosim\include

PCC_DIRECTORY = C:\glomosim-2.03\parsec

Execution

Installation on Unix/Linux

Installation in Unix

Step 1 : Pre-requisition for GloMoSim

Linux version of Java 2 (later version)

GCC version 4.1.2 or later

Step 2 : Customise the Environment variables

Step 3 : Extracting GloMoSim software in root

directory

Step 4 : Run make file

User Specific Environment

SU mode

.bash_profile

path , PCC_DIRECTORY

PATH=PATH:HOME/bin:/glomosim-

2.03/glomosim/main:/glomosim-

2.03/glomosim/include:/glomosim-

2.03/glomosim/bin:/glomosim-

2.03/parsec/bin:/glomosim-2.03/parsec/include

User Specific Environment

PCC_DIRECTORY=/glomosim-2.03/parsec

export PATH PCC_DIRECTORY

Extracting the software

To ucompress the GloMoSim software archive

# tar xvfz glomosim-2.03.tar.gz

Installation

If you are run this tool in fedora Linux, copy all files inside the redhat-7.2 directory, paste it in /parsec directory.

# cd /glomosim-2.03/glomosim/main

Make clean

Make

Creating Scenario in GloMoSim-2.03 (Session – IV)

Outline

Introduction

Input/Output files

Understanding Files/Directories

Design a wired Network

Design a wireless Network

Understanding Transmission range

Discussion

Introduction to scenarios

In GloMoSim, a specific network topology is referred to as a scenario.

scenario allows the user to specify all the network components and conditions under which the network will operate.

Terrain details, channel propagation effects including path loss, wired and wireless subnets, network devices, the entire protocol stack of a variety of standard, and applications running on the network.

Input Files

3 input files

Scenario Configuration file

This is the primary input file for GloMoSim and specifies the network scenario andparameters for the simulation. This file usually the extension “.in”.

Node placement file

This file is referenced by the scenario configuration file and specifies the initial position of nodes in the scenario. This file usually has the extension “.input”.

Application configuration file

This file is referenced by the scenario configuration file and specifies the applications running on the nodes in the scenario. This file usually has the extension “.conf”.

Output File

GloMoSim Statistics file

The primary output file generated by a GloMo simulation run is a statistics file, which has the extension “.stat”. This file contains the statistics collected during the simulation run. Other output files that may be generated by GloMoSim include the trace file (which has the extension “.trace”) which records packet traces.

Configuration files located in bin/ directory :

-IN : app.conf : Application execution options -IN : config.in : Simulation configuration options -OUT : glomo.stat : Simulation results

GloMoSim Sub-Directories

Main, Include, Bin, Doc, TCPLib, Java_gui

Application

Transport

Network

Mac

Radio

Scenarios

GloMoSim Files

File Extensions:

.pc – C source code

.h - C header files

.pi – Message file created and maintained internally by Parsec (don’t edit)

Design a Network using GloMoSim

Wired Networks

Wired Networks In this exercise, you will build and configure a simple

wired network of four nodes connected with point-to-point links shown in the following figure.

By reducing the transmission rate of a link to create a "bottleneck", you will find how applications overwhelm the link and cause significant packet loss.

Normal situation ( PDR = 100 % )

Solution

Step 1: Node placement

Step 2: Wired link definition

Step 3: Creation of routing table

Step 4: Application selection

Step 5: Configuration

Step 6: Execution & Analysis the Results

Scenario Topology

The topology of a network is defined by the number and location of network devices and the physical and logical connections between them.

NODE-PLACEMENT-FILE

Format:

nodeAddr 0 (x, y, z)

The second parameter is for the consistency with the mobility trace format.

0 0 (250, 250, 0)

1 0 (500, 250, 0)

2 0 (375, 500, 0)

3 0 (375, 750, 0)

wired link definition

Each link is bidirectional, and the bandwidth is specified in bits per second.

Format:

nodeAddr1 nodeAddr2 bandwidth1 propDelay1

0-----|

|______

|2 3

1-----|

0 2 10000000 1MS

1 2 10000000 1MS

2 3 10000000 1MS

Routing Table (static)

Format: sourceAddr destAddr nextHop

0-----|

|______

|2 3

1-----|

0 1 2 0 2 2 0 3 2

1 0 2 1 2 2 1 3 2

2 0 0 2 1 1 2 2 0

2 3 3 3 0 2 3 1 2

3 2 2

Application Layer

The traffic generators currently available are FTP, FTP/GENERIC, TELNET, CBR, and HTTP.

FTP <src> <dest> <items to send> <start time>

FTP/GENERIC <src> <dest> <items to send> <item size> <start time> <end time>

TELNET <src> dest> <session duration> <start time>

CBR <src> <dest> <items to send> <item size> <interval> <start time> <end time>

Client: HTTP <address> <num_of_server> <server_1> ... <server_n> <start> <thresh>

Server: HTTPD <address>

CBR 0 3 75 512 1MS 0S 30S

CBR 1 3 75 512 1MS 0S 30S

Configure the wired Network

SIMULATION-TIME 100S

SEED 2

TERRAIN-DIMENSIONS (1000, 1000)

NUMBER-OF-NODES 4

NODE-PLACEMENT FILE

NODE-PLACEMENT-FILE ./wired_nodes.input

MOBILITY NONE

PROPAGATION-LIMIT -111.0

PROPAGATION-PATHLOSS FREE-SPACE

RADIO-TYPE RADIO-NONOISE

RADIO-BANDWIDTH 2000000

MAC-PROTOCOL WIRED

WIRED-LINK-FILE wired.conf

Configure the wired Network

NETWORK-PROTOCOL IP

NETWORK-OUTPUT-QUEUE-SIZE-PER-PRIORITY 100

ROUTING-PROTOCOL STATIC

STATIC-ROUTE-FILE wired_route.in

APP-CONFIG-FILE ./wired_app.conf

APPLICATION-STATISTICS YES

TCP-STATISTICS NO

UDP-STATISTICS NO

ROUTING-STATISTICS NO

NETWORK-LAYER-STATISTICS NO

MAC-LAYER-STATISTICS NO

RADIO-LAYER-STATISTICS NO

CHANNEL-LAYER-STATISTICS NO

MOBILITY-STATISTICS NO

Output

Node: 0, Layer: AppCbrClient, (0) Server address: 3

Node: 0, Layer: AppCbrClient, (0) Session status: Closed

Node: 0, Layer: AppCbrClient, (0) Total number of packets sent: 75




Node: 3, Layer: AppCbrServer, (0) Client address: 1

Node: 3, Layer: AppCbrServer, (0) Average end-to-end delay [s]: 0.003365200

Node: 3, Layer: AppCbrServer, (0) Session status: Closed

Node: 3, Layer: AppCbrServer, (0) Total number of packets received: 75



Node: 3, Layer: AppCbrServer, (0) Session status: Closed


Data Packet Dropping Situations

wired link definition

Each link is bidirectional, and the bandwidth is specified in bits per second.

Format:

nodeAddr1 nodeAddr2 bandwidth1 propDelay1

0-----|

|______

|2 3

1-----|

0 2 10000000 1MS

1 2 10000000 1MS

2 3 1000000 1MS

Output









Node: 3, Layer: AppCbrServer, (0) Session status: Not closed



Node: 3, Layer: AppCbrServer, (0) Session status: Not closed


Wireless Networks

Normal situation ( PDR = 100 % )

Solution

Step 1: Node placement

Step 2: Application selection

Step 3: Configuration

Step 4: Execution & Analysis the Results

Scenario Topology

The topology of a network is defined by the number and location of network devices and the physical and logical connections between them.

NODE-PLACEMENT-FILE

Format:

nodeAddr 0 (x, y, z)

The second parameter is for the consistency with the mobility trace format.

0 0 (250, 250, 0)

1 0 (500, 250, 0)

2 0 (375, 500, 0)

3 0 (375, 750, 0)

Application Layer

CBR 0 3 75 512 1NS 10S 30S

CBR 1 3 75 512 1NS 40S 60S

Configure the wireless Network

SIMULATION-TIME 100S

SEED 1

TERRAIN-DIMENSIONS (1000, 1000)

NUMBER-OF-NODES 4

NODE-PLACEMENT FILE

NODE-PLACEMENT-FILE ./wireless_nodes.input

MOBILITY NONE

PROPAGATION-LIMIT -111.0

PROPAGATION-PATHLOSS TWO-RAY

NOISE-FIGURE 10.0

TEMPARATURE 290.0


RADIO-TYPE RADIO-ACCNOISE

RADIO-FREQUENCY 2.4e9

RADIO-BANDWIDTH 2000000

RADIO-TX-POWER 15.0

RADIO-ANTENNA-GAIN 0.0

RADIO-RX-SENSITIVITY -91.0

RADIO-RX-THRESHOLD -81.0

MAC-PROTOCOL 802.11

ROUTING-PROTOCOL BELLMANFORD


NETWORK-PROTOCOL IP

NETWORK-OUTPUT-QUEUE-SIZE-PER-PRIORITY 100

APP-CONFIG-FILE ./wireless_app.conf

APPLICATION-STATISTICS YES

TCP-STATISTICS NO

UDP-STATISTICS NO

ROUTING-STATISTICS NO

NETWORK-LAYER-STATISTICS NO

MAC-LAYER-STATISTICS NO

RADIO-LAYER-STATISTICS NO

CHANNEL-LAYER-STATISTICS NO

MOBILITY-STATISTICS NO

Output











Data Packet Dropping Situations

Application Layer

CBR 0 3 75 512 1MS 0S 0S CBR 1 3 75 512 1MS 0S 0S

Output











Advanced Network Simulation using GloMoSim-2.03 (Session – V)

Outline

Manet routing protocols

Multicast routing protocols

Experimental setup for MANET

Discussion

Dynamic Source Routing

This protocol uses the route cache that stores all possible info. Extracted from source route contained in data packet

if an intermediate node receiving a RREQ has a route to the destination in its route cache it sends RREP with a complete route from S to D

Optimizations:

1. Route Cache

This cache information is used by intermediate nodes to reply to the S node when they receive a RREQ and if they have a route to the corresponding D

2. Promiscuous mode

By operating in this mode, an intermediate node learns abt the path breaks. Info. Gained is used to update the route cache so that the active routes maintained in route cache don’t use such links

3. During networks partition

The affected nodes initiate RREQ packets an exponential backoff algo. Is used to avoid frequent RREQ flooding in the network when the D is in another dispoint set.

DSR Route maintenance

when an intermediate node moves away causing a wireless link to break. For ex. If the link between node 5 & 7 fails, a route error msg is generated by a node adjacent to path break to inform the source node. The source node reinitiates the route establishment procedure. The cached entries at the intermediate node and S node are removed when the route error packet is received.

Advantages

it eliminates periodical table update msg

intermediate nodes utilize the route cache info efficiently to reduce the ctrl overhead

Disadvantages

route setup delay is more

route maintenance mech doesn’t efficiently repair the path break efficiently

the performance of this protocol degrades rapidly with increasing mobility

Adhoc Ondemand Distance Vector RP

AODV uses ondemand approach, ie a route is established only when it is required by a S node for transmitting data packet

it differs from DSR from the fact that DSR uses source routing in which a data packet carries complete path to the D

in AODV, the S node and intermediate nodes stores the next hop info corresponding to each flow for packet txn

uses dest. Seqno to determine an up-to-date path to the D

a node updates its path info only if the destseqno of the current packet received is greater than the last destseqnum stored at the node

a RREQ carries SID,DID,S-seqno,D-seqno,BcastID and TTL

source 1 initiates the RREQ to be flooded in the nxw for D 15

Assuming that the Dseqno as 3 and Sseqno as 1. When the nodes 2,5 & 6 receive the RREQ, they check their route to the D. In case a route to the D is not avail they fwd it to their neighbors. Here nodes 3, 4 and 10 are neighbors of nodes 2,5 and 6. This is with the assumption that the nodes 3 & 10 have routes to the D node 15 that is thro paths 10-14-15 & 3-7-9-13-15 resp.

AODV

If the Dseqno at node 10 is 4 and is 1 at intermediate node 3 then only node 10 is allowed to reply along the cached route to S. when a path breaks for ex bet nodes 4 and 5, both nodes initiates RERR msg to inform their end nodes abt the link breaks

the end nodes deletes the corresponding entries from their tables. The source node reinitiates the path finding process with the new BcastID and the previous Dseqno

Advantages

routes are estab. On demand and Dseqno are used to identify the latest path

route set up delay is less

disadvantages

Multiple RREP in response to a RREQ packet can lead to a heavy ctrl overhead

periodic beaconing leads to unnecessary BW consumption

Zone Routing Protocol Hybird rp which effectively combines the adv of both proactive and reactive

proactive - Intra zone RP(IARP)- for nodes within a particular zone

Reactive - Inter zone RP(IERP) - for nodes beyond this zone

the routing zone of a given node is a subset of the n/w within which all nodes are reachable within less than or equal to zone radius hops

within routing zone each node maintains the info abt the routes to all nodes by exchanging periodic route update packets

IERP is responsible for finding paths to nodes which are not within the routing zone

when a node S(8) has packet to be sent to node D(16) it checks whether D is within its zone. If the dest. Belongs its own zone then it delivers the pack directly. Otherwise node S bordercast(uses unicast routing to deliver pack directly to the border nodes) the RREQ to its peripheral nodes(2,3,5,19,14,15). If any peripheral finds a path to node D then it sends RREP otherwise it rebordercast the RREQ. This process continues until D is located. Nodes 10 and 14 find the info abt 16 therefore they send RREP pack back to node 8. When an intermediate node in an active path detects a broken link in the path it performs a local path reconfig. In which broken link is bypassed by means of a shorter alternate path

ZRP

Advantages

reduces ctrl overhead compared to the RREQ flooding mechanism employed in on-demand approaches and the periodic flooding of routing info in table driven approaches

disadvantages

the decisions on the zone radius has a significant impact on the performance of the protocol

On-Demand Multicast RP (ODMRP)

In ODMRP a mesh is format by a set of nodes called forwarding nodes which are responsible for forwarding data packets between a some-receiver pair. These forwarding nodes maintain the message cache which is used to detect duplicate data packets and duplicate join Req control packets

Mesh initialization phase

To create a mesh each same in the multicast group floods the joinReq control packets periodically. Upon reception of the joinReq control packet from a source potential receivers can send joinReply through the reverse shortest path. The route between a source and receiver is established after the source receives the joinReply packet. The join Reply packet contains the same ID and the corresponding next node ID.

Mesh maintenance phase

In this phase attempts are made to maintain the multicast mesh topology formed with sources forwarding nodes and receivers. For example due to movement of the receiver R3 (from A to B) when the route S2-I9-I10-R3 breaks R3 can still receive data packets through route S2-I6-I4-I7-I8-R3. When receiver R3 receives new joinReq control packet from node I11, it sends a join Reply on this new shortest path R3-I11-I10-I9-S2 there by maintaining the much structure.

Advantages : Robust

Disadvantages: 1. High control overhead

2. Multicast efficiency is reduced

Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Default Parameter setting

Discussion

Questions ?

Engineering

Advanced Networking on GloMoSim