Bio medical equipment maintenance & management

Ghulam M Kanhar 099041830

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BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE & MANAGEMENT

(A case study of SMBBMU)

GHULAM MUHAMMAD KANHAR

A Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the regulations governing the award of the degree of

M.Sc. in Engineering Management, University of Sunderland 2011.

Project Supervisor: Mr AHMED ELMARAKBI


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Abstract

Global healthcare pressure is triggering many hospitals to manage and keep eye on the available

competitive advantages of maintenance strategies. Planned preventive Maintenance is one of

them considered as most competitive strategy for maintenance in the hospitals. This paper is a

contribution to the review of the maintenance strategies and planned preventive maintenance’s

Tools and Techniques available to test, inspect, analyse the condition of equipments. The

Literature review is based on the latest academically peer-reviewed journals and conference

papers that summarise various aspects related to the maintenance strategies planned preventive

maintenance and tools and techniques available for analyzing the condition of medical

equipments in planned preventive maintenance strategy. The basic element of this project is to

suggest the best maintenance strategy and its utilization of tools and techniques for inspecting

the medical equipment condition, working behaviour and many other factors of equipment.

Moreover, the utilization of these tools can be more efficient accurate and cost effective for the

maintenance and their results are also impact on the operation and quality of equipment. The

success of this dissertation is due to the validation after evaluation of the overall objectives and

the client’s requirements which were fulfilled satisfactorily.


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Table of Contents Tital ................................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 2

Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 7

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1.Overview / Background ........................................................................................................................... 7

1.2. Research Area......................................................................................................................................... 7

1.3. Purpose and objectives of the project ..................................................................................................... 8

1.4. Research Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 8

1.5. Dissertation outline................................................................................................................................. 8

Chapter 2 Literature review ......................................................................................................................... 10

Literature Review ........................................................................................................................................ 10

2.1. Maintenance Management Concept ..................................................................................................... 10

2.2. Background .......................................................................................................................................... 10

2.3.Maintenance Strategies .......................................................................................................................... 11

2.3.1.The Reactive strategy or (Corrective Maintenance (CM)) ............................................................ 12

2.3.2. Proactive Strategy (PM and CBM)................................................................................................ 13

2.3.2.1. Preventive Maintenance ............................................................................................................. 13

2.3.2.2.Conditioned-Based maintenance ................................................................................................. 14

2.3.3Aggressive Strategy (TPM) ................................................................................................................. 16

2.3.3.1.Total productive maintenance ..................................................................................................... 16

2.4.3.2.Reliability-Centred Maintenance................................................................................................. 17

2.5.Tools and Techniques that are Used in CBM ....................................................................................... 18

2.5.1. The Ultrasonic Analysis ................................................................................................................ 19

2.5.2.The Motor Current Signature Analysis ......................................................................................... 20

2.5.3.Vibration Monitoring Analysis ...................................................................................................... 20

2.5.4.Oil Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 21

2.5.5.Thermography ................................................................................................................................ 22

2.5.5.1.Contact Temperature Measurement ............................................................................................ 22

2.5.5.2.The Non-Contact Thermal Measurement ................................................................................... 22

2.5.5.2.1. Electromagnetic Spectrum....................................................................................................... 23

2.5.5.2.2.Infrared Energy......................................................................................................................... 23

2.5.5.2.3.Infrared Thermography (IRT) .................................................................................................. 23

2.5.5.2.4.Infrared Image .......................................................................................................................... 23


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2.6.Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 23

Chapter 3: Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 25

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 25

3.1.1:Focus groups .................................................................................................................................. 25

3.1.2: Direct observation ......................................................................................................................... 26

3.1.3: In-depth interviews ........................................................................................................................ 26

3.2: Research Approach ............................................................................................................................. 26

3.3: Description of Methodology ................................................................................................................ 27

3.4: Data collection of maintenance practices used within SMBBMU ....................................................... 28

3.4.1: Data collection............................................................................................................................... 28

3.4.2: Interview with SMBBMU personnel: ........................................................................................... 29

3.4.3: Data collected from SMBBMU ..................................................................................................... 30

3.4.4: Available Maintenance Tools: ...................................................................................................... 30

3.5: Discussion: ........................................................................................................................................... 30

Chapter 4: Proposed Maintenance Solution ................................................................................................ 32

4.1:Analysis of approach to maintenance equipment. ................................................................................. 32

4.1.1:Maintenance history of equipment ................................................................................................. 33

4.2: PLANNED PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ................................................................................... 33

4.2.1 Scope .............................................................................................................................................. 33

4.2.2 Setting up a planned preventive maintenance system .................................................................... 34

4.2.2.1 Equipment inventory ................................................................................................................... 34

4.2.2.2 Definition of maintenance task .................................................................................................... 34

4.2.2.3 Establishing intervals of maintenance ......................................................................................... 35

4.2.2.4 Personnel ..................................................................................................................................... 35

4.2.2.5 Reminder system ......................................................................................................................... 35

4.2.2.6 Special test equipment ................................................................................................................. 35

4.2.2.7 Technical library.......................................................................................................................... 36

4.2.2.8 Surveillance ................................................................................................................................. 37

4.2.2.9 Patient and worker safety ............................................................................................................ 37

4.3: Proposal for Training of Technicians for Medical ............................................................................... 38

4.3.1Equipment Maintenance .................................................................................................................. 38

4.4: Analysis of overall condition of machine............................................................................................. 39

4.5. Prediction of Fault ................................................................................................................................ 41

4.6. Discussion and Decision Making ......................................................................................................... 41


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Chapter 5: Project Evaluation and Conclusion ............................................................................................ 43

5.1. Project Results evaluation according to Client Need. .......................................................................... 43

5.2. Project Results evaluation V/s TOR objectives. ................................................................................. 44

5.3. Project Results evaluation V/s Customer’s Feedback and approval. ................................................... 45

5.4. Project Evaluation ............................................................................................................................... 46

5.5. Complications Encountered/Limitations. ............................................................................................. 46

5.6. Lessons Learnt ...................................................................................................................................... 47

5.7. Data analysis and Maintenance recommendations ............................................................................... 47

5.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 47

5.9 Further Research Recommendation. ..................................................................................................... 48

References ................................................................................................................................................... 49

Appendix A: TOR ....................................................................................................................................... 54

Appendix B:Gantt Chart .............................................................................................................................. 60

Appendix C: Schedule Chart ..................................................................................................................... 610

Appendix D: Risk Specification ................................................................................................................ 621

Appendix E: Client Approval letter .......................................................................................................... 636

Appendix F:Sponsor Evaluation ............................................................................................................... 647

Appendix G: Student evaluation.................................................................................................................69

Appendix H: Meeting record with supervisor.............................................................................................71

Appendix

Appendix A: TOR

Appendix B: Gantt Chart

Appendix C: Schedule Chart

Appendix D: Risk specification

Appendix E: Client approval

Appendix F: Sponsor evaluation

Appendix G: Student evaluation

Appendix H: Meeting record with Supervisor


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List of Acronyms;

SMBBMU Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University

TPM Total preventive maintenance

TQM Total quality management

CM Corrective Maintenance

PM Preventive Maintenance

CBM conditioned based maintenance

TPM Total Productive Maintenance (TPM)

RCM Reliability Cantered Maintenance

IRT Infrared thermography


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Chapter 1 Introduction

Introduction

In this first chapter of introduction major tasks are discussed and an overall overview of the all

elements components that will used in project from start till end. The focus of the research and

task will be according to clients requirement, the projects main objectives are explained in TOR .

1.1.Overview / Background

It is a fact that biomedical equipments are one of the fundamental source elements for the

deliverance of health services in recent day. In addition, the major contribution in healthcare

service in recent time is of equipments beside with drugs or other services, in last 100 years

health care system has seen rapid progress. Being basic need of healthcare in recent time

biomedical equipments are repeatedly being installed to increase the treatment capacities for the

primary healthcare. The huge deployment of equipments like x-ray ultrasound and laboratory

units is over exceeding , due to this increase in deployment equipments are not receiving proper

attention in terms of planning, maintenance and management. The developing countries are badly

facing this situation.

In recent time there are a lot of techniques which are practicing these techniques to improve their

management the techniques which are used widely are (TPM), (TQM) and (OEE). The (TPM) is

total preventive maintenance , (TQM) is total quality management and (OEE) is Overall

Equipment Effectiveness.

SMBBMU (Shaheed Muhtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University) is a hospital and dealing

thousands of patients every day . It is lacking behind in this maintenance of biomedical

equipment as per schedule issues. Due to maintenance problem hospital is unable to deliver

proper health care and facilities attention to the patients.

1.2. Research Area.

Preventive and scheduled based maintenance is implemented widely in recent time; most of the

developed countries hospitals are using these strategies and are captivating advantages of these

maintenance based strategies. But in developing countries these strategies and their effective tool

and techniques are far to be used in proper manner , means these techniques of preventive based

maintenance are not used efficiently and effectively in the hospitals, engineers are not seeking


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any benifit of them, yet a few numbers of techniques are being exercised and practiced for

precise maintenance of performances like we can say power check of equipment, proper

programming and heat and light system of the equipment, the calibration of equipment is done

after a week time but not in proper way without using proper procedure of calibration.

The aims are listed by the sponsor for the project:

1. The Literature review in detail on preventive based maintenance and on existing tools ,

techniques and maintenance strategies that are performed in maintenance.

2. improvement of anticipated for using techniques professionally, provided by SMBBMU

3. To confirm the possibility of the techniques using them in SMBBMU departments.

1.3. Purpose and objectives of the project

The objectives were set in TOR to measure the project achievements. The objectives are given

as below :

Evaluate overall project. By comparing different approaches that are used by the hospital

for maintenance.

Recommendation for feasible change in current maintenance approaches.

Focused study on equipment maintenance requirement.

Collect data from concern officials of the client.

Evaluation of collected data for the sake of improvement in maintenance schedule

Put together the recommendations on maintenance

To identification of future research areas.

Evaluate overall project

1.4. Research Methodology

The research data will be gathered from useful journals, conferences on condition-based

maintenance and their Tools and techniques to produce recommendation and the useful

conclusion.

1.5. Dissertation outline

The project comprises of five chapters which are as follows;

Chapter one it is a brief introduction of the research work methodologies and objectives of the

project.


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Chapter two describes the brief literature review of area of research regarding the tools and

techniques that are used in maintenance, their use of concepts and professional way of

application in industry. The data is collected from different journals, articles, conferences and

through websites.

Chapter three centre of attention in this chapter is the methods, techniques and how enquiries

are done and extra need of the enquires and investigations.

Chapter four analysis of the collected data from the client, then discussion on collected data

suggestion of maintenance with respect to equipment condition.

Chapter five The project evaluation’s summary, recommendations, suggestion and limitations.

Evaluation of project in comparison with the aimed objectives.


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Chapter 2 Literature review

Introduction

It is a known fact that equipment is an essential element for the delivery of health services. On

the other hand, in the past hundred years equipment has been a major contributor to the rapid

growth in healthcare sector. Despite its immense importance, it has not received proper attention

by the management and planners. This situation is found most commonly in developing

countries. A research conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other health

organizations have highlighted the fact that 25% to 50% of all health equipment that exists in

developing countries cannot be used due to various reasons, seriously impeding efforts to

improve the delivery of health services to their people. While some of the idle equipment has

been donated, a significant amount of equipment is purchased with loans provided by agencies

and will have to be paid back with great amount of interest. While one of the major causes of the

equipment idleness is the lack of funds, expert analyses has shoen that the main reason behind all

this is improper management. More specifically, the lack of established policies, planning, and

maintenance of health equipment is the main challenge. Wang, B., (1989).

Literature Review

2.1. Maintenance Management Concept

The meaning of maintenance is defined as to maintain or to sustain, maintenance can be taken in

different ways or it is used in different ways and contexts as we can say thattaking care of any

thing comes in maintenance either we take care of our helth our relation or take this in technical

way that we take care of our gadget products cars etc. Updating of the machine or keep them in

running condition by simply checking their basic requirements. It is the combination of different

skill like technical and administrative actions. Thes action are taken to fulfil the equipments

requirement. (Telang, A.D and Telang, A, 2010)

2.2. Background

Maintenance has same history and age as humans got. Maintenance is adopted by tradition from

the moment when men initiated to make efforts for making life easier to live. These initial efforts

were like making hunt weapons, cutting trees and making clay pots. Maintenance is always been

prior requirement for any professional work. It is maintenance that compels all field professional

to keep their tools ready and keep them in proper order, such activities of professionals grew


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swiftly after the demand of the industry. Primarily, hospital administration does not consider

maintenance as a required department; it was just considered as irrelevant task and overload

work. In 1930 Chicago gave first official recognition to maintenance. But due to industrial

recession it was neglected. (Fernandez, O and Labib, A.W, 2003)

After First World War hospital systems bit improved to give proper medical aid to wounded

soldiers and it improved with respect to technology but the system of maintenance remains the

same it became back on emphasis. After the second world war equipment maintenance was

recognized as essential efficient maintenance management system, during war time healthcare

system was not in good condition so due to war a lot casualties were brought to hospitals due to

this the demand of equips increased while simple equipment efficiency decreased. These sort of

problems has supported mechanization. Keeping these past misshapes the maintenance and care

of equipment. To prevent the breakdown of any equipment these preventive maintenance (PM)

concepts were given..it was era of 1960, when maintenance underway to grow which was the

sign for maintenance management growth like; department of planning and control, this sort of

management has improved maintenance in keeping control on practice and exploration of

different strategies and techniques. ( Moubray, J, 1992)

2.3.Maintenance Strategies

In recent years attention towards patient safety has increased. Hospitals are using different

techniques and strategies to meet the standard of health care system and give satisfied care to

patients. This only can happen with help of medical equipments. To get appropriate results from

the equipments, they require proper maintenance. To maintain the equipment there is variety of

techniques are used.

In the present day, a range of management techniques are in practice in hospitals these

techniques are known as (TPM) is Total quality management , (TQM) is Total preventive

maintenance , (ERP) is Enterprise resource planning , (MRP) is Material requirement planning,

(BPR) is Business process reengineering , (JIT) is Just in time , etc. (Sharma, R.K, Roorkee,

et.al., 2005 ).

There are few maintenance techniques that are used use in common to prevent any misshape are

total productive maintenance (TPM). Like (CM) is corrective maintenance, (CBM) is

conditioned based maintenance we also call it predictive maintenance, (PM) is preventive

maintenance and the (RCM) is reliability-cantered maintenance. These techniques are


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categorized in manner like one is reactive strategy and the second is proactive strategy and the

third is aggressive strategy in which TPM and RCM are utilised. (Horner, R.M.W, et al., 1997),

(Pintelon, P, et al., 2006)

2.3.1.The Reactive strategy or (Corrective Maintenance (CM))

The basis of Reactive maintenance is breakdown of the equipment; to restore a failure of

equipment repairing is done to make equipment in function condition. This technique is

akwonldged as maintenance of failure or frequency based maintenance. Due to the breakdown

the equipment output becomes unstable and it increases the work load. Due to this maintenance

cost increases and proper health care is not delivered which exceeds the demand of patients. To

prevent this situation a maximum number of equipment should be in running condition. The

implementation of this strategy is an approach of action oriented. However, it is due to global

competition hospital officials that are required to think of efficient cost and regular maintenance

strategies. (Sharma, R.K, Roorkee, et.al., 2005 ).

The Reactive maintenance is appropriate to be used dispensary type hospitals where basic

equipments are used, the cost of maintenance is bit much expensive than the original price of the

equipment. After breakdown repairing may cause your equipment habitual of repairing. So, in

that situation it would be smartest decision to buy new equipment instead of repairing. (I.B, Utne,

2010).

Here are the advantages and disadvantages of Reactive Strategy.

Advantages

Only breakdown incident would covered in reactive strategy. There is no need of

permanent staff for maintenance. This reduces the cost and other expenses.

There are less chances of breakdown during installation of new equipment. So the cost of

maintenance and repair examined and other unwanted expenses are evaded.

In this reactive case the objects are straight away replaced in particular cases, due to this

cost of labour and objects, items or the total cost for maintenance crosses the item cost.

So replacement would be better idea rather than investing money. (Slack, N, 2004),

Disadvantages

Accidental breakdown of the equipment may cause high cost of equipment

Break down of equipment require urgent repair or replacement so the Urgent

implantation, installation may cause more labour expenses.


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Wastage of money and time could be occurred during replacement or repairing of

equipment after breakdown.

Attachment of the failure equipment may cause other equipment harm and resist them to

perform so this may increase the expenses and immediate repair and replacement of the

equipment.

Maintenance means the time to time monitoring of equipment to prevent any misshape

but in this reactive maintenance action take place when they are required. This shows a

sign of conflict in maintenance. (Cooke, R, Paulsen, J, 1997)

2.3.2. Proactive Strategy (PM and CBM)

This Proactive strategy is well thought-out as preventive maintenance (PM) and Predictive or

condition-based maintenance. Such maintenance techniques and strategies are given in featured

as follows.

2.3.2.1. Preventive Maintenance

The Preventive maintenance is defined as regular and repetitive work done to retain equipment in

it good functioning condition in comparison to the corrective maintenance. This practice

improves the life and efficiency and accuracy of the equipment. This preventive maintenance

involves everyday routine cleaning testing lubricating, adjusting and calibrating, checking for

wear and tear and replacing of the equipment components to avoid the misshape or equipment

breakdown. The ratio of errors reduced with help of preventive maintenance. Due to this less the

number of errors takes place in the equipment. PM is effective, when the cost of maintenance is

less than the actual cost repair or replacement of the equipment. (Cooke, R, Paulsen, J, 1997)

The recommendation for the planned and the time based maintenance is referred by the PM. The

tasks for the Preventive maintenance takes place in accordance to programmed plane in regular

basis. Everything has advantages and disadvantages so few are given as under for the PM

preventive maintenance. (Horner, R.M.W, et al., 1997),


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Advantages

The planning and performance of Preventive maintenance can be altered with its ease.

Due Preventive maintenance cost of repairing and maintenance reduces by decreasing

significant damages to the equipment.

Preventive maintenance reduces the breakdown of the equipment.

As one thing has advantages so it has disadvantage also so preventive maintenance has some

disadvantages

Disadvantages

A much number of unwanted tasks are performed to maintain the condition of equipment

which is much time consuming.

Human error could cause unwanted situation during preventive maintenance.

The extra labour and a number of spare parts are required in planned preventive

maintenance.

2.3.2.2.Conditioned-Based maintenance

The Condition based maintenance (CBM) is defined as manual or work based

maintenance. This type of maintenance is suppose to repair or replace the equipment in present

condition of equipment or in future, some modification are done regarding performance of the

equipment which is essential cause of maintenance. In situation like condition-based

maintenance the equipment differs from simple checks and inspections assess the condition of

equipment the multiplicity of monitoring tolls to be used. The main intention of CBM is to

lessen the expenses used for the inspections and repairing work by gathering data continually

concerning to the functioning condition of the equipment. (Bengtsson, M, et al., 2007),

(Baek,J.G, 2007)


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In present time hospitals , the status and preference to employing maintenance strategies

as CBM in charge to propose a choice regarding maintenance the decision will evaluated

through the collected data through condition observation. The fundamental condition of CBM is

to reduce the cost of maintenance and to progress efficiency and performance of equipment by

minimizing the failures and the impact of failures. At present, a range of different sensors and

monitors are use to monitor and documentation data like; vibration, temperature, sound, pressure

and lubrication etc, to find out the current physical performance of equipment. A number of

techniques are introduced like; dignosing of evaluation of health and signal processing, research

is in progress to accomplish the desires of CBM. (Bengtsson, M, 2004)

The are few advantages and disadvantages are described as under

Advantages

For the practical maintenance cost the most suitable strategy is of condition based

maintenance.

Main focus of CBM activities is to evade equipment failure.

Spare parts inventory is always ready in CBM so there is no need to make list of parts

availability when any incident occurs.

Breakdown of equipment is limited in CBM strategy.

Expenses decreases due to proper monitoring of equipment in CBM

On time and Proper maintenance increase the life of equipment.

efficiency and quality of equipment increases.

: <http:// www.vibrosystm.com/pdf/OLM_JUST.PDF/> [Accessed 23 Feb 2011].

Subsequent are the few disadvantages of condition-based maintenance.

Disadvantages

By buying equipments for diagnosing the cost is increased.

Staff trainer and staff trainings are required to be aware of the tools and techniques.

There could be serious breakdown of equipment because there isn’t any warning of

breakdown.

http://www.vibrosystm.com/pdf/OLM_JUST.PDF/


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A number of standby maintenance team will be required and will cause cost losses if any

unwanted misshape or breakdown happens again and again.

A jam of funds by keeping a huge stock of spares part when breakdown of equipment

undecided.

A stand by plant for this required required.

Available at: <http://preventive-predictive-maintenance.blogspot.com/2010/01/predictive-

maintenance-implementation.html> [Accessed 23 Feb. 2011]

2.3.3Aggressive Strategy (TPM)

2.3.3.1.Total productive maintenance

Japanese scholars have worked a lot on Total Productive Maintenance. TPM is explained is

entire useful maintenance retaining of any equipment, machine or product. It is been used in

every part of life. TPM concept is basically encouraged by the Japanese institutions the vice

chairman of one of the Japanese institute knwn by maintenance by Nakajhima, he has done a

lot of work on the maintenance he is known as the father of maintenance strategies like TPM.

TPM. Nakajhima has defined maintenance in following points. (McKone, K.E, 1999)

It stresses the most efficient use of equipments

It sets ups a structure where preventive maintenance, and related maintenance is

enhanced.

TPM is the collection of the whole management of technical side of the company like ;

designers and operators of the equipment and maintenance department labour.

(Blanchard, B.S, 1997)

Furthermore Edward Willmott from UK explained TPM. Study of maintenance practise is in UK

because of Edwards willmootts efforts. He has great contribution in promoting the TPM through

his literature. His literature was in support of all above discussed point but he himself has give

few more points to improve manufacturing quality in west.

To acquire the standards of performance TPM search for efficiency of equipment and

process.

http://preventive-predictive-maintenance.blogspot.com/2010/01/predictive-maintenance-implementation.html



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The dynamic participation of the equipment operator improves the TPM.

TPM is used to improve product quality, to avoid waste in between maintenance and

production, manufacturing cost reduced, increase equipment accessibility, maintenance

improves by decrease in breakdown or failure of equipment.(Bamber, C.J, et al.,1998)

2.4.3.2.Reliability-Centred Maintenance

RCM is the methodology that is exercised to improve the production and the utmost utiliation of

techniques like preventive maintenance and predictive maintenance. These programs are used to

improve the efficiency and helps equipment to work long lasting means increase the life time

like; (uptime, reliability, performance and quality) whilst spotibg on cost reduction of the

maintenance. The approach of RCM, is to maintain the objective of the system function as a

substitute of repairing finding the defects when problems occurs in equipment and then RCM

takes measure to bring back the equipment to its ultimate functioning condition. In recent days

great changes and prospect regarding maintenance has occurred due to RCM in operational

industries. The proper precedence to safeguard system function is given by the RCM. To bring

back that precedence a number of failure sources that compose purposes letdown. In accordance

to show importance of operations to notify the action causes. So, different tools like (FMEA)

Failure mode effect analysis (FTA) fault tree analysis are used in RCM to make maintenance

system more capable. (Tsang, H.C.A, 1995), (Sharma, R.K, Roorkee, et.al., 2005 ) in other word

RCM is explained

To find out the risk and risk of equipment system failure RCM technique is used. By this RCM

technique we can spot the unseen failures of equipment and we can asses and identify the faults

so to minimize the failure impact on the equipment. (Narayan, V, 1998)

Here are few RCM’s basic principles;

Function oriented. It defines as the involvement in assembly system in functioning

condition or in practical condition.

Device group persistent. generally functions of the system are spotted focused in its place

of repairing particular device.

Reliability centred. By using failure statics Comparison between operating age and failure

period is done in a actual way. RCM search for the odds of breakdown at precise periods

and even not exceptionally alarmed with effortless breakdown rate.


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recognizing design restrictions. A level given by design is attain and maintained by the

RCM. The main objective of RCM is to maintain the natural uniformity of designed

equipment; instead of the maintenance known for that modification in consistency is the

area of design.

Safety and economics. Cost effectiveness will be significant factor but Safety must be

certain at any cost.

unacceptable condition for failure. as a result, failure could be any a breakdown of proper

function or may be a failure of supplying satisfactory quality.

Usage of logic tree for monitoring the tasks of maintenance. For maintenance of all

kinds of the equipment, it is a reliable approach.

Valid tasks . all the tasks should dealt with the breakdown mode and look upon as the

breakdown mode features.

Efficient tasks. Chances of failures must decreased and the system should be cost

effective.

Types of maintenance regarding maintenance failure. The cycle of the task should be in

condition based. The meaning full decision in the proper and appropriate equipment in

the RCM.

A alive system. Data is collected to give proper result to improve the maintenance. This

reaction is a important part of the Proactive Maintenance constituent of the RCM

program.

Available at: <http://www.ebme.co.uk/arts/rcm/index.htm> [Accessed 23 Feb 2011]

2.5.Tools and Techniques that are Used in CBM

Tools and techniques plays important part in CBM, discussion of several tools and techniques

will be carried out in this part and these tools and techniques are discussed and observed. The

tools and techniques are measured as the most helpful for getting the desired objectives and

goals. Each one of technique is particular for definite type of equipment, so it is easy to classify

the core problem in appropriate manner. Problems like this can be classified as;

Improper alignment, distort or unbalance , damaged gears, shortage of lubrications, contaminated

oil , loose fitting of electrical connections, power shorting. (IAEA, 2007)

Every machine, equipment has its own practical boundaries to get monitored so it is significant to

be conscious of these Condition monitoring techniques. The most effective and reliable condition

http://www.ebme.co.uk/arts/rcm/index.htm


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based techniques of human observations are used manufacturing industries. These human

observations are visual observation, listening and touching. There is a number of technologies

that could be adopted as element of a whole CBM programme. It is since when manufacturing

industries are dealing with mechanical systems or machines then theses condition based

maintenance based techniques are required for a successful programme. following techniques are

the main techniques:

The Ultrasonic Analysis

Motor Current Signature Analysis

Vibration monitoring analysis.

Oil Analysis

Thermography.

Other non-destructive testing techniques.

2.5.1. The Ultrasonic Analysis

Ultrasonic or ultrasound waves are sound waves that has frequency of >20 KHz. These are also

known as ultrasound waves and are used in most efficient electrical and mechanical equips to

sense pressure in fluid state. This is used for sensing high pitched vibrant noise, with the help of

this in which most efficient mechanical devices points out the defects in contact plane and the

biased obstruction could be detected if the device produces most efficient ultrasonic sound in

most efficient pressure fluids. The level of frequency level could be identified with use of a

scanning device that interpret the ultrasound, in that way identifying any corrosion in given

mechanical equipments. (IAEA, 2007)

This sort of techniques could be positive with these sort of systems, hydraulic, steam, vacuum

and bearings systems, but there is a bit problem that it usually fails in identifying weakly seated

valves, leakage of air and steam. This Ultrasonic analysis technique is useful and easy to use and

much cost efficient but sensitive scanners are the for most requirement so that can detect least

frequency of noise, for this trained staff is required for the monitoring and analysis. This

technique has few restriction regarding usage. This can be usable with equip that construct ultra

sonic sounds and those should be measurable sounds. (IAEA, 2007)


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2.5.2.The Motor Current Signature Analysis

This technique converts one form of the energy in to the other form of the energy that is why it is

slightly complicated in nature. This conversion of energies from one form to another is done with

the help of the transducer. In these techniques the conversion of vibrations into electrical current

is done. So the use of this technique is to identifying the major defects like electrical defects and

mechanical defects from rotating equipments which are forced by motor.

To sense the current a current sensing devices is required like ammeter to record variations. To

use this and to record the vibrations well trained staff will be required. This current sensing

device will be used in internal parts of the equipment winding of equipment, any damage like

misalignme. (IAEA, 2007)

2.5.3.Vibration Monitoring Analysis

The analysis of vibration mode is exercised for the modal analysis. The vibration testing is done

to gather collect the instrument data to analyse the results. Force and resonat are the two different

types of the vibration analysis. Forced vibrations are described as the a handsome amount of

force applied to the mechanical system like external loads on the system, machine misbalances’,

excitation due to internal forces are executed. The resonant vibrations is explained and defined as

first input energises the system and then it allow system to vibrate. (Tsang, A.H.C, 1995)

All through vibration analysis the output is like a aspect of high signal frequency in which there

are different single frequencies. To find out the vibration range of the used equipment in

compatibility to prevent and maintain a new equipment for long time period. The assessment of

the vibration range from new equipment besides the one which is used equipment which was

used and this assessment will give necessary basics to know how to improve the maintenance

skills and to improve continuation as it is essential. The vibration analysis is dependent of the

consistent recordings, the constancy of amplitude and measured frequencies. With the help of

this we can identify the shocking alignment, misbalancing, poor maintenance and severe

functioning condition. The use of this analysis is carried out in many application of maintenance.

(Jardine, A.K.S, 1993)

Cost reduction can be considered in this practice. With help of this technique functioning time of

instrument could be delayed by few months which is a lot percentage like 50 to 100 of per annum

cost. The use of apparatus would be taken at required and comprehensive period and this act will

increase the equipments accessibility.


21

Vibration analysis has certain limitations like it requires an supplementary manpower and the

method of this is fairly complexes. It also has certain limitations to certain functions and

apparatus is costly, but it is reasonable to utilize with introduction of PDA but most of the

companies are yet not ready to function this technique.

The Equipments which are required to analysis and to perform are signal raise up devices and

signal recording devices, signal analyzer, computer and its software can record the data. (Tsang,

A.H.C, 1995)

2.5.4.Oil Analysis

In the condition based maintenance oil analysis classified the rate of contamination or constituent

part in oil. Contamination can be caused by the different minerals water particals and other

vegitable substances. To find out the results analysis of oil sample taken from the machine

equipment to indicate the appropriateness for supplementary use and it gives information

regarding the condition of constituent parts of the equipment. Viscosity of oil could be done in

manner like low or high. The Low viscosity shows that oil has lost its ability of sealing and

contamination control and the high viscosity point out a high level of contaminants are in the oil.

(Macián, V, et al., 2003)

This process of identifying the problem in machine is very much similar to human body blood

circulating system which helps in diagnosing the disease. Transformers and oil lubricating

circuit breakers are the example of oil analysis in these carbon sets down which are formed

underswiting after oil analysis.

Inspection of collected oil from machinery goes through chemical and physical inspection. This

inspection of oil detects upcoming possible mechanical issues, by which we can produce plan for

preventative measures to prevent misshape and machine failure. The equipments which are

under major consideration are engines, gearboxes etc. With effective and appropriate

inspectionsa equipment availability would be improved and will be able to reduce the

unscheduled repairs costs and equipment failure. Oil analysis classifies the imperfections in oil

choice, unsuitable managing techniques, the filtering system and inappropriate maintenance.

With the help of this technique we can cut down unnecessary load and can increase the operating

procedures on equipment. (Sharma, B, 2008)

Exact analysis is the main advantage of this technique, significance and location of equipment

problem. It predicts the failure of machine and informs us about the rectification of the particular


22

breakdown component. This technique is only can performed on circulating oil system

equipment it takes various tests of oil samples and is expensive too it need reliable and suitable

sample. (IAEA, 2007)

2.5.5.Thermography

Different technologies are used for measurement but the thermal measurement technology

classifies the entire or comparative temperatures of the basic parts of the equipment in other

words the simple and important parts of equipment are monitored. With use of an odd

temperature of the equipment points out initial problems. In thermography the maintenance of

equipment is dependent to the thermal behaviour and to the temperature. Due to these basic

reasons the temperature is suppose to be the key to the success in maintenance for any plant and

that is considered as complete measured quantity. Two types of equipments are used in this

technology; one is contact and second is non-contact. In contact measurement we measure

temperature by using thermometers and thermocouples; these thermometer and thermocouples

are normally used in so many applications. Though, infrared sensors are used in non-contact

measurement with more attractive and alternative usual methods. (Lo, T.Y, 2004)

The few methods are illustrated as follows ;

2.5.5.1.Contact Temperature Measurement

Measurement of inner temperature or surface temperature is concerned with contact temperature

measurement by sensing conducted heat energy. To measure temperature in earlier days, two

different types of thermometers were used one was mercury and other was alcohol thermometer.

Both thermometers of bimetallic are utilized for the temperature measurement. The expansion of

two different metals is taking place in bimetallic thermometer. This would be observed when a

bimetallic thermometer is connected with metal having different temperature. And

thermocouples functions on electrical principles. In thermocouple two welded different metals at

the same side same end voltage outcomes are comparative for complete temperature. In certain

range thermocouples gives extremely perfect temperature measurement. (IAEA, 2007)

2.5.5.2.The Non-Contact Thermal Measurement

To explain it there are few fundamental perceptions are given as under:

Electromagnetic spectrum.

Infrared energy.

Infrared thermography.

Infrared image.


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2.5.5.2.1. Electromagnetic Spectrum

The term radiation of electromagnetic or electromagnetic radiation is described that it has lengthy

wavelength in comparison observable light. Electromagnetic radiation has so many types like

frequency based rays and waves like radio waves, ultraviolet rays, x-rays etc. These spectrums

are categorized by their respective wavelengths or occurrence. So, with the help of frequencies

or with different wavelengths these electromagnetic radiation temperatures are calculated.(IAEA,

2007)

2.5.5.2.2.Infrared Energy

As it is well known that, the discharge of infrared emission from all objects as element of their

comparative temperature. With the motion of atoms molecules Infrared energy is produced.

Release of radiation is directly proportional to temperature. Infrared cameras are used to detect

the radiation energy . These cameras only detects thermal radiation, they are not able to detect

temperatures. (Tsang, A.H.C, 1995)

2.5.5.2.3.Infrared Thermography (IRT)

The measurement of radiant thermal energy release from the object and it is defined as infrared

thermography. Different heat variations are required to sense the thermographer.

The execution of invisible infrared light image is done in infrared thermography

This is happening because of free shell or surface which is appropriate to the thermal state

(Tsang, A.H.C, 1995)

2.5.5.2.4.Infrared Image

Radiosity is characterized as the approach of infrared energy as of position adjusted by the

dominant atmosphere. It is stands of free reproduce and occasionally transmitted IR energy. IR

takes screening images of the radiosity. It has an electrical tape is placed on the bus bar by the

thermographer to examine the temperature exactly for solid substance. (Tsang, A.H.C, 1995)

2.6.Conclusion

Maintenance is the basic requirement of any organization to survive in market with quality of

standards. Every organization need a maintenance technique which is in its favour. For my client

the planned preventive maintenance would be the reliable and will be better than other


24

techniques in comparison. It very much cost effective. The planned maintenance is better for

hospitals because its maintenance strategy is for most need of equipments. This maintenance is

preventive maintenance if this maintenance is practiced regularly there would be less chance of

any misshape. This strategy enhanced the efficiency of the equipment and increase accuracy in

output.

Furthermore, there is variety of option is present regarding planned preventive

maintenance tools and techniques. This technique helps technician to recognise and predict the

fault in equipment. This technique compels to equipment operator to learn basic regular

equipment maintenance. This planned preventive maintenance is source for equipment longer

life. This maintenance technique reduces the chances of equipment breakdown or any other loss

or other incident.

This research project is highlighting the planned preventive maintenance to be the proposed

maintenance strategy. The research has briefly described the tools and techniques of the

maintenance and has give all supportive date regarding their advantages and disadvantages. The

recommendation of this maintenance technique and its implementation will be beneficial for the

client.


25

Chapter 3: Methodology

In this chapter the related issues will be discussed regarding project’s methodology.

3.1 Introduction

The word methodology is defined as the tactic or a proper set of practices. This is to realize the

proper use of theoretical and practical aspects in the project. To execute any project a proper

methodology is essential part of it. There are two essential types of research one is quantitative

and other is qualitative. There is bit of difference in between them.

Quantitative research: this type of research deals with the number of things like counting things

and measuring thing by estimating their differences and averages in between the groups. (Like

maintenance of the equipment with two different techniques)

Qualitative research: this type research deals with deep interest in the understanding of any

problem and its impact on the beliefs and knowledge and behaviour. (Like why people get

involved in decision making for their aims and goals.).

The research that will be carried out in this project is qualitative. In this research methodology

the new concepts will be produced to improve the maintenance of equipment by applying new

planned maintenance tools. The reason of selecting qualitative research is that this research tends

to subject to deeply involved in study to produce accurate view point in response to any query or

question. This provides a very informative and valuable ideas and answer to few research

queries.

The three main methods that helps in collecting data for qualitative research are as under

Focus group

Direct observation

In depth interviews

3.1.1:Focus groups

A number of concern topics and subject is collected to analyse the interest of the selected topic.


26

In this method discussion is carried out to explore the proper range and impact of the data that

was collected for the topic. This method helps a lot in finding out the main point for the selected

topic.

3.1.2: Direct observation

In this method we collect data from other researcher or observer too to get in the depth of the

topic for delivering it in much clear detailed understood data, so that most of the readers can

understand the theme of the topic. In this method researcher physical practices the things to clear

his concepts and finds out the difficulties and queries. Like to observe the job of a male nurse in

the hospitals researcher do the job of male nurse to observe the difficulties that they faces during

duty.

3.1.3: In-depth interviews

This method is same like focus group but the pattern of this method is bit different from the focus

group. In this method the concern personnel are individually interviewed. In this method no

formal questions are asked. In this interview the concern person is asked to mention real even

instead of giving generalizations. This is how researcher come to conclusive point after

interviewing all of the concern personnel individually.

There more few methods that are used in qualitative research like diary method, case study

method, problems and check list. These methods helps the researcher to find out the solution to

the problem.

Research approach

Description of methodology

The gathering of information from SMBBMU staff about current maintenance strategy.

The gathering of information about the tools and techniques that are used for planned -based

maintenance.

In this chapter different techniques will be discussed to get the best solution by analysing the

different researches and practices regarding maintenance.

3.2: Research Approach

The first approach to any research is an idea about research. This approach of producing any

research model in mind is like first step accomplish of research questioner. As any research starts


27

it has to go through a lot different questions. By studying most of research of papers they got this

sort of questioner. So few questions came up regarding research that are

What is the basis, need for the research?

What sort of data I should gather to produce a proper and right solution? type of information

shall I gather to come up with a design solution? The collection of data regarding current

situation of the hospital and the tools and techniques that are used for planned preventive

maintenance.

What will be the positive and negative facts of this research?

What sources will be used for gathering all information?

After completion of the research model, analysis of the planned preventive maintenance

management method will be the next phase of this project. The research approach will be

qualitative and all concepts terminologies will be taken from different source like journals

publication of different authors from different sites like emerald, science direct IEEE journals

and webs that can help in extracting data regarding maintenance. By getting all this material n

data will search for current maintenance practices that are going on in different leading hospitals

in the developed countries and then will look for current maintenance strategy that is being used

in SMBBMU for maintenance of their equipments. The collection of the possible given

information and data will be the main goal to achieve. The whole research material patterns,

practices, investigation are described in detailed below. This diagram will clarify the project

main aspect like research and practical.

3.3: Description of Methodology

Research section 1: Maintenance strategy and Tools

and Techniques of Planned preventive Maintenance

Literature review

R

e

s

e

a

r

c

h


28

------ ----- -------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------

Figure 3.1. Description of Methodology

3.4: Data collection of maintenance practices used within SMBBMU

3.4.1: Data collection:

1. Data was collected through telephonic interviews to be aware of the current maintenance

performance.

Research section 2: Study of Planned preventive maintenance and its

Tool and techniques

Data collection method, Interviews and Observation

Face-to-face interviews

Observation

Face-to-face interviews

Observation

After observation to provide current condition of

machine and to provide suggestions and

recommendations for effective maintenance P

r

a

c

t

i

c

a

l

Deliverables to client

A brief report on the planned preventive maintenance for equipments

which are available within SMBBMU, after collected data analysis.


29

2. All data was gathered via telephonic interviews regarding current maintenance practices in the

hospitals.

3. Lack of proper maintenance was observed after analysis of collected data.

4. No proper documentation was not in use for scheduling of maintenance.

5. No previous maintenance record was present.

3.4.2: Interview with SMBBMU personnel:

All the interviews were conducted via telephonic source from all the maintenance engineers who

were the head of the maintenance department. The interview was not that much formal so there

was no such questioner was produced. The reason of interviews was to collect data regarding

equipment and their maintenance procedures. To analyse the current methods and techniques

which are used for maintenance procedure for all medical equipment, to point out the problems

that are being faced in maintenance practices and their proper resource utilization which are

available? The interviews were conducted from all responsible who were performing their duties

in their respective maintenance section.

Due to time difference in between Pakistan and UK it was hard to talk to all official personnel.

There was no proper timing to get in touch with them but with lots efforts this problem has been

solved. There are six different laboratories and several operation theatres available in SMBBMU

and all six departments and operation theatres has almost different equipment to get on work but

with the help of Head of the maintenance department all issues were solved. Head of

maintenance department has arranged timing with each of the concern maintenance personnel to

help me out in getting the proper data regarding their maintenance procedures. During interview I

asked them about their current maintenance techniques and their practices. The SMBBMU is

using much more advanced medical equipment. They have different laboratories in every

department. Every personnel to whom I interviewed told me that they are practicing condition

and planned maintenance to keep their equipments updated. They do have plans for the

maintenance of equipments. By interviewing all of them the conclusion came to this point that

there was no proper procedure that they were carrying for maintenance which was in practice.

Due to huge number of patients they were not able to follow the maintenance procedure for the

equipment. The hospital is dealing more than huge number of patients every day. Head of

department informed during the interview that they follow some of the techniques of

maintenance like they do calibration of their equips every weekend. Equipment like CT scan

MRI are calibrated with due time and other radiology equips like x-ray ultrasound are kept up to


30

date before use. They just require their power plug inn set or they are meant to check before use.

The laboratory of each department is well equipped. I asked them about their current

maintenance strategy in SMBBMU. Head of department told me that we follow condition based

maintenance. I asked from radiology department head of department about their current

maintenance strategy then he replied that this lab is new so we have all equipment under

warranty if there any problem or uncertainty occurs we will contact to the company and they will

repair the equip or they will replace the equip but for normal routine we follow preventive

maintenance to keep our equipment updated for the normal use. There is wide range of medical

equipment is used to facilitate the patients but the strategies for the maintenance are not that

much effective. There are different section and different laboratories in SMBBMU and

interviews are done with most of their officials heads and maintenance officials.

3.4.3: Data collected from SMBBMU

In all laboratories of SMBBMU and operation theatres condition based maintenance and

preventive maintenance strategies were common, in few laboratories reactive maintenance was

carried out. During interviews I asked each official from each department regarding their

maintenance tools and techniques. The maintenance kit that they are using in laboratory to update

the equipment for better output. They were using basic maintenance tools like Ammeter volt

meter oscilloscopes and some screw drivers kit. They were using pressure meter, flow meter as a

calibration kit in the radiology department.

3.4.4: Available Maintenance Tools:

The SMBBMU is using collective maintenance tools regarding their demand of equipment

maintenance. The tools they use for their common maintenance are like screw drives ammeters

voltmeters to just check their equipment condition either it is in condition of working or not. For

laboratories like radiology and operation theatres they use pressure and flow meters. In operation

theatres they use preventive maintenance kit. They do weekly and monthly maintenance of all

useful equipments. All equipment are in much more in use so each and every equipment require

proper maintenance to be operated which is lacking in SMBBMU.

3.5: Discussion:

As the SMBBMU is semi government hospitals so it is suppose to fulfil the paitient demand but

the sum of my interviews is that due to lack of proper maintenance strategy equipments are not

being used as they needed to be used. A lot of equipment are not in working condition at the

moment in the hospitals so hospital buy new equips to reach the demand of the public patients. A


31

proper maintenance plan and strategy is needed to reduce these expenses and to make most out of

these unused equipments. By comparing all laboratories and operation theatres has some critical

equipments which require proper and regular maintenance strategy. SMBBMU need to improve

their maintenance practices to meet the demand and to provide a better health cure to needy

patients. This is possible for SMBBMU to improve their current policies for maintenance by

providing proper training and education to their technicians and operators to stand by shoulder to

shoulder with leading hospitals of the developed countries. This can be only possible with whole

hearted efforts of governing management of the SMBBMU to overcome on these week laps of

maintenance by implementing a proper maintenance strategy.


32

Chapter 4: Proposed Maintenance Solution

In this chapter a brief discussion of maintenance will be carried out by giving all possible

solutions utilizing planned preventive maintenance and all of its tools strategies and techniques.

Maintenance is like life source to every equipment and all tools and techniques of maintenance

are greater sources for the equipment health, with this equipment efficiency improves and all

unwanted costs like repairing and all misshapes would be prevented. Maintenance makes perfect

and it increase the life of the equipment. The life of equipment is totally dependent of the proper

and regular maintenance. To precede proposed solution of maintenance few useful outlines will

be analysed which are detailed below:

Analysis of approach to maintenance equipment.

Analysis of planned preventive maintenance

Proposal for Training Of Technicians For Medical Equipment Maintenance

analysis of overall condition of machine

Prediction of fault

Discussion and decision making

The proper facts of maintenance strategies will be explained further and all flaws will be

discussed to produce an effective solution for better maintenance plan.

4.1:Analysis of approach to maintenance equipment.

A proper maintenance strategy is very much essential for any kind of equipment. Maintenance is

used to keep equipment in sustaining and working condition and it keep quite good impact on

equipment quality of output. There are so many obstacles that compels for the proper

maintenance of equipment. These maintenance problems gets complicated if they are kept

ignored so proper and regular maintenance is must for medical equipments. As day by day new

inventions and creation are taking place in the field of health care but situation of maintenance is

getting worst in the developing countries in the field of health care. In these developing countries

they have two mainly sources for maintenance one source is the company from they buy

equipment and they totally rely on that company for maintenance of equipment and this varies

their expenses. Second approach is the common technician who do not have any knowledge

regarding the equipment and the customer demands technicians to repair the equipment. This is

only because of lack of knowledge in their technical staff. A proper training is must before hiring

any technical staff for maintenance of the equipment. A busy hospital need their equipment in

working condition so they need someone who can take care of their equipment and keep


33

equipment in working condition by providing a proper maintenance that a equipment requires

before use or after use. Maintenance of equipment is very much essential to take most out of it. If

suppose any minor problem occurs in the equipment and hospital is facing huge number patients

so they need a proper technician who knows how to repair the equipment will save your time and

reputation and will benefit you. If your technician does not know anything about equipment it

will be costly for you to hire another technician or to concern to company for repair and company

will take time to repair it and this will cost you reputation loss and will increase your expenses

too. It is necessary to have trained technician for the maintenance of the equipment. It is because

of less number of proper technical staff the maintenance standards of hospital has fallen down.

So the proper training of maintenance of equipment should be given to all who operates the

equipment and as well as to technicians too.

4.1.1:Maintenance history of equipment

Maintenance is very much essential for equipment to fulfil the patients and doctor’s demand.

Regular maintenance of equipment keeps you aware of the history of the equipment and you can

predict the fault and errors in the equipment. The service record of equipment is quite helpful in

terms of diagnosing fault and errors in the equipment. Maintenance history of equipment helps

you in setting standard and consideration about equipment history tells you about the life and

efficiency of equipment that how capable and long lasting this equipment is. As today’s time

almost all health care equipment are computerised and they a memory chip inside them in which

they keep their work history and their repairing data. Today’s equipments are compact and bit

easy to use but bit difficult to diagnose the fault. It is difficult to repair or operate except the

trained technician or the trained operator. The operator of equipment must be trained to perform

the simple regular routine maintenance of equipment. This practice of regular maintenance will

reduce the number of faults and will prevent equipment from breakdown. This is what happening

in developed countries and need to promote this in developing countries to develop this

maintenance pattern in the equipment operators to improve the standards of health care.

4.2: PLANNED PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

4.2.1 Scope

A regular and repetitive maintenance of any equipment is carried out to sustain and stabilise the

good working condition and to improve the efficiency, accuracy of equipment to give proper

output is known as planned preventive maintenance. This planned preventive maintenance is

combination of small regular activities like adjustment, calibration, tests lubrication check,


34

routine cleaning, checking of power plug and wear tears and the replacement of part sans

components to evade the chances of equipment breakdown. In planned preventive maintenance

including of the proper choice for selection of equipment is referred by the productive preventive

maintenance. What choices should be made to find out to lessen the cost and those economical

units which are not part of planned preventive maintenance can easily be repaired or easily

replaced in case they break down. Cost effectiveness is the prime consideration. Full involvement

and dedication of the operator towards the equipment is the prime aspect regarding planned

preventive maintenance. The preventive maintenance is totally dependent of the operator and this

is all operators’ responsibility to take care of the equipment by keeping preventive maintenance

strategy in mind. Regular use of preventive maintenance by both operator and technical

personnel. This preventive maintenance should be regularly weekly monthly performed by the

technical staff to avoid any mishap. Operator technician and engineers are suppose to follow the

preventive maintenance strategy for the life of equipment. Operator must perform it regularly,

technician must perform it weekly and monthly and engineer must perform thi after every six

months or before six months if needed.

4.2.2 Setting up a planned preventive maintenance system

To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of planned preventive maintenance computerised

filing system is required. The manual system of record may not keep the proper data of

equipment so the system should be computerised to keep the history and record. This system of

planned preventive maintenance necessitate the few point which are discussed as under:

4.2.2.1 Equipment inventory

A system should be produced to keep all record of hospital regarding equipment. A pass or a

card system should be introduced on which all equipment numbers must be entitled which are in

working condition or in spare at workshops. The card system will help the staff in checking the

repair and maintenance history of equipment. The card must keep equipment number and all data

regarding equipment to minimise the work load.

4.2.2.2 Definition of maintenance task

The maintenance task is defined in simple word as; all the task that are carried out in the terms of

maintenance and the repairing of equipment must be kept as a record to find out the condition of

the equipment that either this equipment is in order to use or out of order. This all can be done by

seeking knowledge from literature guide and through product information.


35

4.2.2.3 Establishing intervals of maintenance

A proper procedure must be produced for maintenance scheduling. After getting know how about

all equipment available at hospital a systematic task must be produced that what to do first what

to do after. All heavily used equipment must be checked and cleaned as a first priority rather than

cleaning those equipment which are less in use. The system must suggest the referral of

manufacturer literature guide for use, but operator of an equipment must perform maintenance

procedure which is required. Operator can use Planned preventive maintenance as user guide.

4.2.2.4 Personnel

A list of qualified staff who knows how to do preventive maintenance must be available. This list

must be scheduled according to shifts and presence of the technical staff. According to assigned

duty list of staff, the staff who is on duty must know what to do and what not to. All tasks should

be placed on notice board for the duty staff as daily order of the assigned tasks. All staff should

be trained and must know their duty. Duty staff must be experienced and must be familiar with

all equipment that is in his duty premises. Duty staff can easily give training to new comers who

are on internships.

4.2.2.5 Reminder system

The maintenance of medical equipment or any other instrument is mean to be a continuous

process. When any equipment is invented any and brought in to the market to use right from that

time the program of that equipment must continue. This might be needed to build up reminder

system in equipment. This reminder system then will help the operator to inform about those who

has been performed earlier. To build up reminder system we can use card index system or any

software program through computer to record the data for preventive maintenance of

equipment’s each item. This reminder system helps the operator in identifying the error in

equipment. This reminder system needs to be scheduled for weeksly and monthly basis.

4.2.2.6 Special test equipment

The technical staff and the operator of the equipment must be equipped with full maintenance kit

to check electric safety standards, the condition of equipment and to make sure that equipment is

in condition of use or not. There is different frequency level of each continent and they different

brand specifications. The equipment with different specification have a certain electrical

standards to be tested. These basic electrical test defines the compatibility of equipment

according to international electro technical commission. All handling of equipment is done by a

fully trained technician to do different test and to measure the all values to find out the fault

conditions. Different types of equipments are used to assess whether, like analyser simulators and


36

calibrators. In both developed countries like UK and USA they have two different equipment for

calibration in USA they used Bio-Tek and in UK they use Ultra medic. With help this can check

the functioning of ventilators and the calibration is done of all intensive care units equipment that

are used for monitoring purpose. A different range of analysers is used to find out the efficiency

of the equipment like defibrillator, Ultrasonic phototherapy and al instrument that are used in

electro surgery. For the assessment of the infusion device a special kind of analyser is developed

and due to low flow rate this analyser is been difficult till now. Due to this it is not suitable to be

used in maintenance department at lower level this can be used in those departs which are fully

equipped and these maintenance departs must of provincial level or national level. The items that

are used for testing of equipment are as under:

Multimeters: this is used to measure the current of equipment. It has digital display and

clamps with wich one can measure the current.

Milliampere meter: this used to measure the milliamperes

Line resistance meter: this is used for low value to measure the requirements of

equipments.

Electro cardiograph simulator: this is used to check electrocardiograph performance it is a

lead II simulator.

Spectrophotometer standards : with this wavelength calibration is checked. it is used to

filter the standards rather than solutions and effortless use and shifting.

pH meter standards: to find out accurate readings a buffer solution is used.

Oscilloscope: its frequency is 50-Mhz, it has dual trace and used for testing, fault findings

and mainly used for calibrations.

Dc power supply; this supply of direct current dependent of each equipments own

requirements.

Signal generator: the frequency range is from 0-10MHz this used for calibration with help

of saw tooth waveform generator.

X-ray phantoms: these are used for the picture quality.

Defibrillator tester: this used for measurement of output in joules.

4.2.2.7 Technical library

Full collection all repairing, manual and installation guides must be kept at one place in form of a

library in with a given specific portion for different equipments to assist the technicians when

they needed it. All technical guide lined books must be kept in this library.


37

4.2.2.8 Surveillance

To ensure the proper working periodic surveillance is must. After the implementation of the

program a timely surveillance of the set is must to check the proceeding and all data record of

entries that is being carried out.

4.2.2.9 Patient and worker safety

In health care institutes safety is their first priority. In hospitals a lot of efforts has been taken

with respect to potential hazards from administration and hospital management for the safety of

patient and other workers . The potential hazards are the part of the hospitals some areas. These

potential hazards occurs when utilization of

Radiation,

Electricity

Biological materials.

All hazards have very much enclosed premises. There is law for all hospitals to provide full

safety to everyone who is present in hospital. All of these are sheltered from national standards.

In accordance to standards the use of all electrical equipment that can cause any uncertainty so to

avoid all these mishaps a clear policy is made for the safety of both patient and technician. In this

advanced era it is very much impossible at some extent to that this sort of mishap occurs. This

mishap only can occur when a technician can touch the naked electric wires otherwise medical

equipment highly safe in term of these mishaps. A low level current could much more hazardous

so a proper care is need while using the maintenance kits or operating any equipment. It is duty

of the electrical engineer to properly grounded the all electric connection to avoid any mishap.

Leakage of any electric can cause a loss. Whole medical staff must aware of all these thing and

must be trained enough to face any mishap. At the start of equipment operator must check each n

every plug and pin of the equipment to minimise the mishap occurrence. These standards for

hazards are not constant they are being changed time by time to meet the current issues. So it is

the duty of the hospital administration to get in touch with the responsible officials to improve

their hazardous potential. Planned preventive maintenance is key to avoid these mishaps while at

the of installation of any big medical equipment the installer must keep one thing in mind that

proper allocation current and earth must take place. It is must to use three plug in lead. All

external stuff like adopters and extension least must not brought in to use because with use of

these there is probability of any mishap. This electrical safety is must to carried out in every

department of the maintenance.


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4.3: Proposal for Training of Technicians for Medical

4.3.1Equipment Maintenance

Maintenance of medical equipment is very much essential so for maintenance fully trained with

all of technical abilities a technician is required. It is very much important to hire fully trained

technician who can maintain the equipment and make equipment for ready to use. It is very much

expensive to hospital to train a technician and it is been experienced in so many fields that when

u train a technician on your own then they switch to other companies for the sake of higher

salaries. So hire those technicians who always have much knowledge about equipment and its

maintenance. When you hire lower staff so give then a front line training about maintenance to

overcome on regular basis maintenance. This type of policies is less costly and less time

consuming. The training must of current equipments which are available in the hospital and for

those which are currently in use. Design the training in a manner that they cover each and every

equipment and all of its working and it maintenance skills. The hospital management can make

most of the trainees by giving them chance to work with fully skilled technicians this can help

technicians in repairing too. Technician training must comprise of following main points:

Medical equipment management

English

Mathematics

Technical drawings

Workshops

Electronics and electrotechnician

Mechanical services

Medical equipment

Hospital field work

English in this training includes knowledge about grammar, reading, writing and speaking to

understand the user guide.

Mathematics : mathematics is important to understand the graphical representation.

Technical drawings: it is important to understand visualization.

Workshops: in this all sort of training must be give to regarding internal wiring, installations and

includes all workshop maintenances.

Electronics and electrotechnicians: in this whole knowledge about AC current and DC current

all conductors and semi conductors, amplifiers optocuplors to understand the basic circuitry of

the equipment.


39

Mechanical services: in this knowledge will be given about servicing of lubricants and changing

of hot and cold water standby generators and other repairing services in hospital plant.

Medical equipment: a brief knowledge about all medical equipment which are currently in use

in hospital about their operating system and their repairing and the all maintenance techniques.

Hospital field work: a brief knowledge about the hospitals all departments and all equipment

which are under supervision and their simple repairing and maintenance.

The operators of the equipments must be trained with the trainee technicians to overcome on

daily basis maintenance that a equipment requires before use. By training operators this will be

much more helpful in means of maintenance and will increase the ratio of medical equipment

care. The life and output efficiency equipment can be improved with these collective efforts of

the trained operators and trained technicians.

4.4: Analysis of overall condition of machine

There are certain conditions to observe the condition of equipment one condition is to observe

equipment personally and other condition is to ask the person who is currently operating the

equipment or the equipment is under his observation. The all data that we observe or collect from

observer must be very informative to understand the condition of equipment.

In my analysis I have interviewed the observers and the operators of the equipments which being

used in SMBBMU. After analyzing the collected data from SMBBMU the condition of

equipment is not satisfying. Because of the tough scheduling of equipment use and their working

environment was at lower maintenance standard. There is a wide range of equipment available

from basic equipments to highly sophisticated equipments in SMBBMU. The basic diagnostic

equipments are thermometers, blood pressure apparatus and the stethoscope. These diagnosing

equipments are in every time need to hospital. These equipments are use to diagnose the causes

of illness and other physical change problem. But the maintenance for these simple and basic

equipment was not that much effective. The other equipment which are used for scanning

diagnosis are x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed axial tomography (CAT

scanner). While these equipment are very much demanding in means maintenance and they are

very much expensive too so there maintenance strategy was not also that much impressive. To

improve the maintenance of these basic and sophisticated equipment proper strategy should have

these points which are described as under:

A brief report must be made about equipment parts, components and its current working

condition.


40

A list should be made which categories the priority of work according to situation of the

equipment either in use or out of use.

A note should be shown when maintenance is in progress like maintenance in progress or

ready to use.

For better maintenance strategies maintenance team must have effective impact on the

hospital management for full support.

The point which are discussed below will explain the maintenance report.

Management summary:

Management must keep an eye on working condition and proper review of reports. Those have

been produced by maintenance department, to achieve the desired goal and to improve the

maintenance strategy with their full response.

Equipment performance:

A register must be maintained to update the condition of equipment whether equipment is in use

or out of use. There must be notice board place at the reception of maintenance department to

inform the daily routine of maintenance. A brief list must be placed to inform location of

discarded components and about the parts and components which are available to use.

Information distribution:

A detailed list of instruction regarding planned preventive maintenance must be programmed to

give an idea to support the operators and learners in maintenance department. This list must be

distributed to every department and laboratory to avoid the misshape.

Cost-Benefit:

Proper distribution of money in maintenance strategy will profit you a lot the money that you

were spending on substitute equipment and hiring of external technician from companies will be

saved by investing on planned preventive maintenance in your own hospital.

Operating Experience and Continuous Improvement:

Design awareness modules and database for training about the implementation of planned

preventive maintenance tools and techniques to the technicians and operators. In this training

compare your current techniques with other developed hospitals maintenance techniques to


41

create interest in maintenance. By giving examples and other experience improvements can be

made easily by implementing planned preventive maintenance.

4.5. Prediction of Fault

The condition of equipment can only be identified by self observation or by asking from concern

equipment observer and operator. By interviewing all maintenance officials from SMBBMU

conclusion came to this point that the condition of equipment available are not appreciable. Most

of the equipment are out of use due to lack of maintenance awareness. The equipment which are

in working condition are going through a immense load and the maintenance that is being carried

out is not of good level.

It is possible to predict the fault of equipment when technician has full record of equipment

maintenance and the regular maintenance record by the operator. Only by regular maintenance

and weekly technician maintenance can increase the life of equipment and can predict the

upcoming fault. Maintenance record helps a lot in finding the fault and prediciting the fault.

SMBBMU has all kind of equipment easy to use and complex to use but the current maintenance

policy is not that much attractive to take care of all the equipment. But as I analyzed the

interviews the prediction of fault is The prediction of fault can be considered in not attractive.

4.6. Discussion and Decision Making

There should be a point to discuss and to take decision. To make a point maintenance official are

suppose to implement a rule record keeping. For equipment maintenance a conditional report

must be produced and must investigated to understand the issues of equipment. These sort of

activities must be carried out to understand the importance of record keeping. These sort of

awareness regarding record keeping will encourage the technicians and operator to maintain the

record regularly. By saving all data of maintenance will help technician and operator to solve the

unwanted problems of the equipment will give them confidence to take decision regarding

maintenance of the equipment. This will be clear in the maintenance report that this equipment

need to be updated and requires these components to make it in running condition. All planned

preventive maintenance techniques are possible with proper implementation of user guide of the

equipment.

It is the duty of maintenance head to design a program which everyone can easily understand and

follow that rule. A proper utilization of all condition of maintenance data must part of the

properly described. To assess the technology a few points are discussed below:


42

Scheduling of planned preventive maintenance must be is easy and appropriate defined

quality.

For Condition baseline reliable and periodic data collection is sufficient.

The variation in data will help in identifying intolerable misshape.

A proper system for alarm and alerts should be produced.

A sensible appraisal of Data and study.

Integrated data assessment of all technologies.

A proper and confirm deliverance of decision about medical equipment after analysis of

collected data.

Information of equipment must paid full concentration before taking any decision.

The consultation between the operator and technician is must and consultation between

technician and maintenance engineer is must regarding maintenance of equipment.

Conditions of maintenance should be addressed to maintenance service provider.

This must be clear that is Responsible for all equipment maintenance analysis.

The reliable decision takes times to trusted.

Chapter Summery

In this chapter a proposed solution for maintenance are briefly described in light of all tools and

techniques of planned preventive maintenance. Appropriate solutions are given to improve the

maintenance condition of hospital. This chapter briefs the overall efficiency of maintenance tools

and their analysis. The analysis of maintenance strategies and planned preventive maintenance is

done to give an brief idea to understand the maintenance techniques. Training proposal is also

described to understand and analysis of tools and techniques is done to improve the maintenance.

Data analysis, machine analysis, fault prediction and decision making is discussed to fulfil all

maintenance requirement for the equipment and hospital.


43

Chapter 5: Project Evaluation and Conclusion

This chapter is the whole summary of the project. This chapter give a collective viewpoint on the

research objectives with limitations and describes all skills like learning and technical skills. It

covers all sort of collective issues that has been discussed above to give them an appropriate end.

The assessment and evaluation of the project are briefly described as under:

Project Results evaluation according to Client Need

Project Results evaluation V/s TOR objectives

Project Results evaluation V/s Customer’s Feedback and approval.

Project evaluation

Complications Encountered/Limitations.

Lessons Learnt

Data analysis and Maintenance recommendations

Conclusion

Further Research recommendations.

5.1. Project Results evaluation according to Client Need.

This part outlines the results achieved with the demands of the client requirements which are

given as under:

Client requirement 1: A comprehensive ‘Literature review’ on all maintenance strategies,

their all Tools and Techniques and tools and techniques of planned preventive maintenance.

Level of Success: in chapter two the literature review a brief description of all maintenance

strategies and their tools and techniques is briefly described and use of all tools and

techniques in planned preventive maintenance to achieve a desired goal to avoid any


44

breakdown.

Client requirement 2: Identification of current maintenance strategy in SMBBMU.

Level of Success: all data gathered with help of SMBBMU maintenance staff through

telephonic interviews. A brief data about all equipment was provided to understand the

condition of equipments and the maintenance strategy in SMBBMU. Two types of

equipments are used one is basic diagnostic equipment and other are sophisticated

equipments.

Client requirement 3:Preparation of a report which contains suggestions and

recommendations for SMBBMU after gathering of data.

Level of Success: A brief analysis of all suggested maintenance strategies is described to

improve the current maintenance techniques to achieve desired goal.

Table 5.1. Project Results evaluation according to Client Need

5.2. Project Results evaluation V/s TOR objectives.

The objectives success achieved in accordance to discussed objective in TOR.

Objective 1: Comparison of the different maintenance approaches to find appropriate for

hospital

Level of Success: a brief description of maintenance strategies is given in literature review by

sited with references from different maintenance journals, conferences, websites and other

published paper to support the literature. In this literature review an appropriate maintenance

strategy is suggested for hospitals. To encounter their medical equipment problems.


45

Objective 2: Focused study on equipment maintenance requirement.

Level of Success: in literature review a brief description is given in planned preventive based

maintenance.

Objective 3: Recommendation for risk management in hospitals.

Level of Success: to avoid any misshape recommendation are described in maintenance to

avoid any misshape and any horrible situation.

Objective 4: Collect data from concern officials of the client.

Level of Success: this is discussed in chapter three and data was collected from officials in

accordance to need.

Objective 5: assessment of the collected data to propose a maintenance schedule.

Level of Success: The assessment of collected id briefly described in chapter four.

Objective 6: Make recommendations on maintenance.

Level of Success: all recommendations and proposal are presented in chapter four.

Objective 7: project evaluation.

Level of Success: The evaluation of overall project id done chapter four and five.

Table 5.2. Project Results evaluation V/s TOR objectives.

5.3. Project Results evaluation V/s Customer’s Feedback and approval.

This project has two important phases to cover according to client. For most concern of project is

the client demand, proposed solution of maintenance in projects are rated in client response were

+4 on both and this confirms that the proposed solution is slightly lacking to get full response +5.

This could have been achieved if I would not have this limited time and time difference in

between Pakistan and UK. The other reason could be the lack of the understanding to the

proposed solutions of maintenance and techniques. Otherwise the score would have been +5

instead of +4. The delivered product has fully satisfied the sponsor.


46

5.4. Project Evaluation

This project is of limited time and has gone through different phases and activities which are

described as under:

It was hard to select an effective topic for project and to produce a term of reference (TOR) to get

it approved by the client and supervisor. Finally I got TOR approved of from client and

supervisor. A further project plan was prepared to schedule my activities regarding project

proceedings, Gantt chart, risk assessment sheet and discussion of objective. In Gantt chart

milestones were set to accomplish them in time and need to be aware of all unwanted

happenings. To achieve a the desired goal need to turn my planning in real. During all these

planning meetings with supervisor to discuss my progress and issues were on and good

communication relation was established with the client with client. In chapter three and four an

assessment of collected data from client was done with proposed solution for maintenance and it

techniques. In chapter five overall evaluation TOR objectives and client requirement were done

successfully.

The motivation to this project was my study that encouraged me to apply all my educational

experiences to produce a meaning full project with a lot of research work. This project will fulfil

my masters degree requirement. The courses that i have learnt in MSc Engineering Management

were useful in this research project.

This degree enriched with a lot of knowledge and gave me confidence to take initiates or give

suggest the best for the betterment of any organization. This research project is a brilliant

experience of educational experience and gave me confidence to achieve and explore. This

research project will help me in my practical field to analyse the issues. The project is done with

success with help of client and supervisor. The evaluation of project is done in accordance to

client requirement and the in accordance to project need.

5.5. Complications Encountered/Limitations.

The deliverance of the full maintenance information is the prime objective of the project. All

described tools and techniques of planned preventive maintenance in literature review are not

those much sufficient to deliver full techniques of maintenance. This is due to lack of time i

could not paid full efforts to gather data from other limited journals but I did my best to present a

meaningful and useful data to cover all maintenance techniques.


47

The main problem was to gather a proper data regarding equipment from SMBBMU. Due to

difference in time in between Pakistan and UK it was really hard to get in touch with the

officials. But with a lot of efforts I managed to gather information about all equipment which are

in use and which are not in use, To analyse the gather data and to propose the best solution

regarding maintenance.

5.6. Lessons Learnt

This project is became a source of knowledge to me I have learnt a lot by doing this research

subject. The vision of my field is now clear and has encouraged me to carry this system on by

implementing all of my gained academic knowledge in to practical field. This helps me in

understand and solving the issues. This project helped in producing a meaning full conversational

skill while interviewing the technical staff of SMBBMU. This project meant a lot to me and will

help me in practical field too. This research has given reason to explore and gave me confidence

to suggest and implement this in my practical life.

5.7. Data analysis and Maintenance recommendations

It is an important decision for any firm or industry to select their maintenance strategy. This

maintenance has a huge impact on success of any organization. It is even harder to implement the

maintenance rather than taking decision. It is very much important to hire trained technical staff

to implement the maintenance strategy. In planned preventive maintenance fully trained technical

staffs is required because in this type of maintenance there is no space for any mistake. Planned

preventive maintenance requires a trained operator of equipment to carry it on and make

equipment in working condition. After interviewing SMBBMU maintenance staff I come to point

that they must need full training in accordance to planned preventive maintenance. I have

suggested the training session in chapter four to overcome on this maintenance issue. SMBBMU

is leading hospital so it requires a full adoption of planned preventive maintenance to provide

quality treatment to the patients.

5.8 Conclusion

In first phase of the project a brief descriptive literature review on maintenance strategies and all

of its tools and techniques followed by the tools and techniques of planned preventive

maintenance.The research of literature review is based on the latest published paper, conferences,

website updates and the maintenance journals. The journals which are selected for research are

totally maintenance based is very helpful in solving the current maintenance problems. These


48

journals helps in understanding problems, identify the faults and suggesting a accurate and

effective performance. The research helps to judge the difference in practical investigation and

academic investigation.The data which collected through research let know about the client

requirement. The analysis of collected data give the way that how to make full use of tools and

techniques to produce an efficient and accurate result. Collection of data helps us to inspect the

equipment and to identify the actual fault in accordance to planned preventive maintenance

strategy. Collected data from client briefs the condition of their equipment and they need

awareness in field of maintenance to avoid this unwanted situation.This project taught me skills

of maintenance and helps me to utilise my all educational experience in to practical aspect that I

have learnt in my Masters degree and this increased my interest in research to explore more in

my field of engineering study to get know how about the practical side of my engineering field.

5.9 Further Research Recommendation.

The maintenance is a vast field each of its strategy requires a huge research work to make thing

easier and safer to use. So as planned preventive maintenance requires a lot of research work to

explore many maintenance techniques in it in accordance to need. Future of world is totally

dependent of new inventions and all these inventions requires a proper maintenance tools and

techniques to survive and serve. In recent time some of the developed countries are using almost

all tools and techniques but in developing countries these maintenance tools are rarely in use. A

lot of awareness is need to utilise these maintenance tools and techniques. A lot more tools and

techniques of maintenance can be brought in to market make things safer and save the industries

from much investment and unwanted equipment breakdown. A lot of different innovations are

also required in field of maintenance to improve the quality of standards and accuracy and

efficiency in desired industry output.


49

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Appendix A: TOR

Overview

My client is one of the leading university hospitals in the sindh Pakistan. It is fully equipped with

biomedical equipments to provide the health care services to the patients. It is the only hospitals

in the rural areas of the sindh Pakistan that covers more than half of sindh province in providing

medical and health facilities. It is medical university also and it produces more than 200 MBBS

and BDS graduates every year. They have high number of patients to take care everyday so the

maintenance of equipment can play an effective role in overall performance of the hospital. With

increasing number of patients the efficiency of the biomedical equipment reduces. Overall

performance of hospital is critically dependent on the performance of the equipment and their

maintenance. That is why I aimed to analysis the biomedical equipment maintenance and

management system of the hospitals in order to suggest possible improvement. Identification of

the hazards related to medical equipment to control and prevent the risk in order to ensure patient

safety. Proper quality management system will be produced to improve safety and performance

of their services to provide competitiveness to the hospitals. The key words of project are

medical equipment maintenance, risk management, usability.

Product to be delivered to client

An individual report of the research work will be provided to the client.

Client requirements

A detailed literature review of the current maintenance strategies which are in use in the

Hospitals.

Identification of weak and strong points of the hospitals management.

Preparation of a report which contains suggestions and recommendations for the hospitals


55

Constraints

Hospital located in Pakistan so time difference matters

Credibility of research is based on interviews and the secondary data analysis.

Resources

Material which will be utilized for research will include books, online journals, research papers

and electronic resources which are available in University library and on internet.

Full equipment usage information will be provided by the client to the student. Relevant

knowledge about specific equipment will be provided by the client.

Reporting to Sponsor

Communication through email and telephone with client will be carried out twice a week.

Sponsor Sign-off

Signature: Qurban Ali Shaikh

Date

05/02/2011

Project Objectives

To Research on the biomedical equipment maintenance and management that relate to development

of better efficiency.

Comparing the different maintenance approaches used by the hospital.

Recommendation for possible change in current approaches.


56

Focused study on equipment maintenance requirement.

Collect data from concern officials of the client.

Evaluate the collected data for improving maintenance schedule

Make recommendations on maintenance

To identify areas of future research.

Evaluate overall project

Statement of Research

Heller, M.,(2002) Life-Cycle Infrastructure Risk Management: R&D Needs. Retrieved, 4(12), 02.

Leticia S. da Rocha, Student Member, IEEE, Elliot B. Sloane, Senior Member, IEEE, and José W.

M. (2005). Optimal Medical Equipment Maintenance Service Proposal Decision Support System

combining Activity Based Costing (ABC) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).

Murff, H.J., Gosbee, J.W. & Bates, D.W.,(2005) . Human Factors and Medical Devices. Making

Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices, 459.

Nikolic, I.A. & Maikisch, H.,(2008) Public-private partnerships and collaboration in the health

sector. An overview with case studies from recent European experience.

Optimal Medical Equipment Maintenance Service Proposal Decision Support System combining

Activity Based Costing (ABC) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Scarf, P.A. & Cavalcante, C.A., (2009) Modelling quality in replacement and inspection

maintenance.

Wang, B., (1989). A framework for health equipment management in developing countries. In

World Health Forum. pp. 25–27

Statement of Level of Challenge

The maintenance of equipment on right time will save time and will ensure Patient safety.


57

Reporting to Supervisor

Supervisor: Mr Ahmed Elmarakbi

Correspondence will be mainly through email on regular basis, otherwise the meetings will be

held after reaching each milestone of the project whilst the updates and progress (interim and

deliverables) of the project will be mailed prior to meeting date.(the date of next meeting will be

set at the end of each meeting held.

Supervisor Sign-off

Signature

Ahmed Elmarakbi

Date

06-02-2011

Advanced Maintenance Tools and Techniques are playing very vital role in improving machine

performance and reducing the sudden breakdowns.

In this project I will use my educational knowledge about Maintenance Engineering and

Management. Importantly theoretical knowledge of modules like Engineering Quality System,

Operations Management, Project Management and Appraisal can also be utilized to achieve the

successful conclusion of the project. Use of different Maintenance approaches and difference

among them can be evaluated in this project.


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Appendix B: Gantt chart


59

Appendix C: Schedule xhart


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Appendix D: Risk Specification

Risk Specification

Risk Item Name: Health Issues of me Risk ID: 1

Risk Statement Condition: If I fall sick or face any health troubles.

Risk Statement Consequence(s): Then there will be delay in the project completion

Probability Low / Medium / High Impact

Low / Medium / High

Earliest the risk could

occur. Low Latest the risk could occur.

Low

Mitigation Plan(s): Taking proper care about the health during my project.

Eat healthy food and take appropriate rest.

Contingency Plan(s): When this situation occurs I will increase the time I allotted to work on the project per day.

Thus will try to match up with the schedule I have planned.

Risk History:

Date:

Comment 11/05/2011 Changes are made i.e. Low probability and Low Impact as my project is finished.

Current Date 11/05/2011


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Risk Specification

Risk Item Name: Incomplete information or delay in information by the sponsor Risk ID: 2

Risk Statement Condition: If the sponsor has not provided complete information or if he

delay in providing the information.

Risk Statement Consequence(s): Then there may be a delay in the implementation of the project


Low / Medium / High



Low

Mitigation Plan(s): I will take all the information required before time and get ready everything with me.

Contingency Plan(s): When this situation occurs I will spare the time for the research of the other parts of the project

or I will do my documentation part.

Risk History:

Date:




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Risk Specification

Risk Item Name: Change in the requirements of the sponsor Risk ID: 3

Risk Statement Condition: If the sponsor changes the requirements of the project.

Risk Statement Consequence(s): Then the project completion will be delayed than the

planned time

Probability Low / Medium / High Impact Low / Medium / High



low

Mitigation Plan(s): I will take all the requirements from the sponsor and make sure that there won’t be any changes

at the later stage.

Contingency Plan(s): When this situation occurs I will work more number of hours than

planned.

Risk History:

Date:




63

Risk Specification

Risk Item Name: System Crash or loss of data Risk ID: 4

Risk Statement Condition: If system crashes or I lose the data I collected

Risk Statement Consequence(s): Then I have to collect all the data again and perform the

completed tasks again


Low / Medium / High


occur. Low Latest the risk could occur. low

Mitigation Plan(s): I will take the back up for all my documents and save them carefully in my memory stick and

in online memory space.

Contingency Plan(s): When this situation occurs I will work more number of hours to

complete all the works again and catch up with my schedule

Risk History:

Date:




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Risk Distribution Matrix

Impact

High Medium Low

Pro

bab

ilit

y

High

Mediu

m

Low R1,R2

R3,R4

Risks Distribution on «11-05-2011»


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Appendix E: Client approval letter

SMBBMU

Larkana

http://www.smbbmu.edu.pk/

(+92)741-442160

EX:442256 - 442298

Date 05/02/2011

TO WHOM IT MY CONCERN

It is my proud privilege to certify that I have known MR. Ghulam Muhammad Kanhar as a

student of the University of Sunderland. He is doing his project on bio-medical equipment

maintenance and management in SMBBMU hospital. I am pleased to be his sponsor on behalf of

SMBBMU Larkana Sindh Pakistan.

All the necessary information will be delivered that helps him in his research work. However I

will not be able to share confidential information with him.

Regards:

Dr Qurban Shaikh

[email protected]

Cell number +92 3332645194

http://www.smbbmu.edu.pk/

mailto:[email protected]


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Appendix F: Sponsor Evaluation form

Name of Sponsoring Organisation/Individual:

Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University

Name of Student :Ghulam Muhammad Kanhar Programme: MSc Engineering

Management.

Please give a score -5 to +5 to the following criteria (-5 = very bad, +5 = very good).

Please follow these up with written comments where you feel it is appropriate.

N.B. All these criteria refer to the practical product and the student undertaking the project.

Criterion Score

Match between your requirements and the Terms of Reference negotiated by the

student. +5

Satisfaction with the product delivered by the student. +5

Satisfaction with the manner in which the project was conducted by the student. +5

Professionalism of the student. +4.5

Preparedness of the student (for meetings, etc). +5

Level of knowledge displayed by the student. +5

Level of enthusiasm (commitment) displayed by the student. +5

Ability of student to work autonomously. +4

Ability of student to take direction (when appropriate). +4.5

Would you be interested in sponsoring MSc projects in the future? Yes/No

If “yes” please briefly identify the areas of interest, and provide contact details for us to

follow up.

Yes , we are growing with time and different innovation are taking place day by day so by


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welcoming MSc projects will be helpful for our organization and our needs and will be

automatically updated with new research work.

Dr Qurban Ali Shaikh


[email protected]

cell number +92 3332645194

If “no” please briefly provide let us know why.

Please add any further comments about your experience below (continue on other sheets if

necessary).

It was really a good experience to interact with such informative project. Due to this project we

come to know about recent researches.

mailto:[email protected]

Ghulam M Knahar 099041830

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Appendix G: Student Evaluation Form

Masters Project: Student Evaluation of Practical Project Elements

Name of Student :Ghulam Muhammad Kanhar Programme: MSc Engineering

management.

Name of Sponsoring Organisation/Individual:


Please give a score -5 to +5 for the following questions (-5 = very bad, +5 = very good).

Follow these up with written comments where you feel it is appropriate.

N.B. All these criteria refer to the practical elements of the project and not the overall MSc

project.

Criterion Score

Accuracy of the initial project description (i.e. as advertised) +5

Satisfaction with scope of finally negotiated practical deliverables. +4.5

Level of challenge in the practical deliverables and their production. +4

Support from the project sponsor +5

Appropriateness of availability of the project sponsor +4

Appropriate level of direction given by the sponsor +4

Appropriateness of any facilities provided by sponsor +4

Opportunity to extend your knowledge and abilities during the work +5

Ease of identifying related research areas for the practical aspects. +4.5

Do you believe there is scope with this sponsor for future MSc projects (not necessarily

your own programme)? Yes/No

If “yes” so please briefly identify the areas of application if you can.

Yes please refer Chapter 5.9 of my dissertation.

Would you recommend a project with this sponsor to other students? Yes/No


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Please add brief comments to substantiate your answer.Yes in my chapter 5.9 i have

mentioned future research which will help in carrying out the implementation of maintenance

strategies to enhance the quality of maintenance work in field of engineering and

management.

Please add any further comments about your experience below (continue on other

sheets if necessary). Writing dissertation is been very knowledgeable experience for me and

will helpful for me in future. This dissertation has enabled me to research and gave me

confidence of suggesting. It taught me management and gave quality skills regarding

maintenance. It taught me tactics of managing projects.

Appendix H:


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71


72


73


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