Design &

Applications of Polymer-

Clay nanocomposites

NAME - Abhishek Kumar Singh CLASS – EEE (P) ROLL NO -- 63 RV COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

• Polymers are substances whose molecules have high molar masses and are composed of a large number of repeating units.

• There are both naturally occurring and synthetic polymers.

• Among naturally occurring polymers are proteins, starches, cellulose, and latex .

WHAT ARE POLYMERS?

❑ A nanocomposite is defined as a composite material in which at least one dimensions of at least one Component is in the nanometer size scale (< 100 nm).

❑ ❑ OR

❑ A Nanocomposite is a multiphase solid material where❑ one of the phases has one, two or three dimensions of less ❑ than 100nm, or structure having nano-scale repeat distance ❑ between the different phases that make up the material.

NANOCOMPOSITES?

➢ Ceramic-matrix nanocomposites: In this group of composites the main part of the volume is occupied by a ceramic, i.e. a chemical compound from the group of oxides, nitrides, borides, silicides etc.. In most cases, ceramic-matrix nanocomposites encompass a metal as the second component. Ideally both components, the metallic one and the ceramic one, are finely dispersed in each other in order to elicit the particular nanoscopic properties. Nanocomposite from these combinations were demonstrated in improving their optical, electrical and magnetic properties as well as tribological, corrosion-resistance and other protective properties. ➢ Metal-matrix nanocomposites: Metal matrix nanocomposites can also be defined as reinforced metal matrix composites. This type of composites can be classified as continuous and non-continuous reinforced materials. One of the more important nanocomposites is Carbon nanotube metal matrix composites, which is an emerging new material that is being developed to take advantage of the high tensile strength and electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube materials. In addition to carbon nanotube metal matrix composites, boron nitride reinforced metal matrix composites and carbon nitride metal matrix composites are the new research areas on metal matrix nanocomposites

➢ Polymer-matrix nanocomposites: In the simplest case, appropriately adding nanoparticulates to a polymer matrix can enhance its performance, often dramatically, by simply capitalizing on the nature and properties of the nanoscale filler  (these materials are better described by the term nanofilled polymer composites) . This strategy is particularly effective in yielding high performance composites, when good dispersion of the filler is achieved and the properties of the nanoscale filler are substantially different or better than those of the matrix.

TYPES OF NANOCOMPOSITES:-

• Polymer-clay nanocomposites are formed through the union of two very different materials with organic and mineral pedigrees. The hybrid compositions, however, exhibit large increases in tensile strength, modulus, and heat distortion temperature as compared with the pristine polymer. The composites also have lower water sensitivity, reduced permeability to gases, and a similar thermal coefficient of expansion. All of these property improvements can be realized without a loss of clarity in the polymer. Further, it has been found that nanocomposites impart a level of flame retardance and UV resistance not present in the pure polymer. These improvements in performance properties at relatively low clay loading (typically 2 -10wt %) have stimulated intensive research in both industry and academia over the past decade.Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites presents the first comprehensive overview of the state of the art of these materials since they were first reported a decade ago. Covering both the theory and practical applications, this volume in the 'Wiley Series in Polymer Science' covers the key aspects of these important materials including:* Polymer-clay intercalates* The preparation and general properties of special practical and commercial significance (including strength, stiffness, toughness, permeability, fire retardation and chemical stability)* The elucidation of the structural and rheological factors influencing performance and processing propertiesPolymer-Clay Nanocomposites is an indispensable text for polymer scientists, composites formulators, materials engineers, resin producers, filters and additive producers as well as university lecturers, and organic and inorganic chemists working in this important and fascinating area.

WHAT ARE POLYMERS-CLAY NANO COMPOSITES??

➢ Polymer/clay nanocomposites (PCNs) -new class of materials

➢ attracted much attention from both scientists and engineers in recent years

➢ WHY????

➢ excellent properties ➢ high dimensional stability ➢ heat deflection temperature, ➢ gas barrier performance, ➢ reduced gas permeability, ➢ optical clarity,➢ flame retardancy,

➢ enhanced mechanical properties when compared with the pure polymer or conventional composites .

POLYMERS CLAY-NANO COMPOSITES???

DESIGN OF PCNs

➢ Electro catalyst in batteries for energy saving➢ Light weight materials for less fuel consumption.➢ In artificial joints, economically beneficial carbon

nanotubes most widely speaking nanomaterial which can be made as nanocomposite fibers.

➢ Marine Application ➢ Food Packaging ➢ Fuel tanks ➢ Environmental protection➢ Flame ability reaction ➢ Erosion and corrosion

APPLICATIONS :

▪ PCNs can be prepared using three methods which includes ARC DISCHARGE, laser ablation and

chemical vapor deposition (CVD). 1) The carbon arc discharge method, initially used for producing C60 fullerenes, is the most common and perhaps easiest way to produce PNC(CNTs). 2) In this method an inert gas atmosphere is created in the reaction vessel by passing an inert gas at controlled pressure.

3) Two graphitic rods constitute the electrodes, between which a potential difference is applied. 

3.1) The deposit, which contains CNTs, forms on the large negative electrode (Cathode) while the smaller positive

electrode (anode) is consumed.

ELECTRONICAL ASPECT

❖Polymer-clay Nanocomposites invented by TOYOTA (1985)

❖ Great enhanced strength, elastic modulus

❖Large Interaction between NPs and filler material due to high interfacial area

❖CNT-polymer nanocomposites❖ increased hardness, elastic modulus

MECHANICAL ASPECT:

MATHEMATICAL ASPECT:

▪

COMPUTER ASPECT :

❑ Polymers Nanocomposites are upcoming materials which shows the great changes in all the industrial fields and it is also going to be a economical barrier for developing countries as a tool of nanotechnology.

❑ Polymer clay nanocomposites are already used in many applications to enhance existing properties of a particular material, and further R&D efforts should focus on development of true multi-functional materials. Certainly, clay nanocomposites will continue to be used for enhanced mechanical, flammability, and gas barrier properties, but fundamental limits in clay chemistry prevent them from being used easily in applications requiring electrical/thermal conductivity or optical applications.

CONCLUSIONS :

➢  P.M. Ajayan, L.S. Schadler, P.V. Braun (2003). Nanocomposite science and technology. 

➢  M. Birkholz, U. Albers, and T. Jung (2004). "Nanocomposite layers of ceramic oxides and metals prepared by reactive gas-flow sputtering“

➢  "Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites" A. B. Morgan, C. A. Wilkie (eds.), Wiley, 2007;

REFERENCES