Cloud Computing and Data Centers

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Cloud Computing/Data Centers

Bega Karadža

Bega Karadza15.04.2023 2

As an end-consumer, we’ve been using Cloud for long times:


John McCarthy, scientist:

“…Computing may someday be organized as a public utility just as the telephone system is

a public utility...”


What is Cloud Computing?“Cloud computing is a style of computing where massively scalable IT-related capabilities are provided as a service across the Internet to multiple external customers”

“Cloud computing: A pool of abstracted, highly scalable, and managed infrastructure capable of hosting end-customer applications and billed by consumption”

“Cloud Computing is a computing model for enabling convenient and on demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.”


Cloud Comuting

● Cloud Computing is a general term used to describe a new class of computing that takes place over the Internet.

● A collection/group of integrated and networked hardware, software and Internet infrastructure.

● Using the Internet for communication and transport CC provides hardware, software and networking services to clients.

● Complexity and details of the underlying infrastructure are hidden from users.


Cloud Computing covers more than just computing technology (NIST’s model of cloud computing):

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Essential characteristics:

● On-demand self service that enables consumers to unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such network storage and server time as needed, automatically, without requiring human involvement.

● Broad network access which ensures that all Cloud functionalities and the resources are available over the network and can be accessed through standard mechanisms via thick or thin clients (e.g., laptops, desktops, tablets and mobile phones).

● Resource pooling which allows the computing resources provisioned by the provider to be pooled, in order to serve numerous consumers using a multi-tenant model, where different physical and virtual resources are dynamically assigned and reassigned according to the demands of the consumer.

● Rapid elasticity and scaling that not only allows the functionalities and resources to scale rapidly outward and inward in accordance to the demands of the consumer, but also allows those capabilities to be elastically provisioned and released. Pay for use and as needed

● Measured service that facilitates automatic control and optimization of resource allocations in addition to providing the capability to monitor, control and report resource usage, for both the providers as well as the consumers.

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Providers offer their services in three flavors: (Cloud Service Models)

CLOU

D

SERVICES

SaaS

IaaS

PaaS

SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE

PLATEFORM AS A SERVICE

INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE

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Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS)

● Essentially based on the concept of renting application functionality from a service provider rather than buying, installing and running software yourself.

● Consumers typically access these applications from client devices that support thin client interfaces like a web browser or use Application Programming Interfaces (API) defined by the hosted software.

● Consumers do not control or manage the underlying infrastructure or platform

● e.g. Gmail, Google Docs, Salesforce.com and Microsoft Office 365.

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Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS):

● The providers deliver a computing platform using which consumers can build and deploy their own applications on the Cloud.

● The computing platform typically includes operating systems, programming libraries and tools that are supported by the service provider.

● Subscribers do not have access to the underlying Cloud infrastructure, but they are typically able control the deployed applications and configuration settings for the application hosting environment.

● Examples of PaaS include: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure and Amazon Elastic Beanstalk.

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Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):

● Delivers compute services, typically in the form of a set of virtual machines with associated storage, processing capability, and other relevant resources like network connectivity.

● Some examples of IaaS include: Amazon Cloud Formation, Rackspace Cloud and Google Compute Engine.

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Pyramid of service models in Cloud Computing

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Cloud Deployment Models:

● NIST categorizes Clouds deployments as: Public Private Community Hybrid

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Private Cloud:

● The Cloud infrastructure is exclusively used by a single organization.● Companies only want to use hosted services and do not want to share

their infrastructure.

● Under Public deployment model, the Cloud functionalities and resources are made available for open use to the general public.

● Customers access and use hosted Cloud services that are either free or offered on pay-per-use basis. Generally, public Cloud service providers like Microsoft, Amazon and Google own and operate their Cloud infrastructure and offer access to end users via the Internet.

Public Cloud:

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Community Cloud:

● The Cloud infrastructure is shared exclusively between organizations from a specific group or community and have common computing concerns. The Cloud framework may be owned, managed and operated by one or more organizations.

● The Cloud infrastructure consists of two or more distinct Clouds (Public, Private or Community). These composite Clouds remain unique entities, but they are bound together by standardized technologies that enable data and application portability.

Hybrid Cloud:

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Hybrid Cloud

Connectivity(Network Access)

Public Cloud

Private Cloud

Private Cloud

The Cloud Provider

Comunity Cloud

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Benefits of Cloud Computing

● Lower cost (opportunity to many poor nations to catch-up with the IT revolution, reducing the costs of hardware and software)

● Rapid scaling

● Self service ( no interaction with any of the service providers)

● Anywhere, anytime access

● Multi-tenancy (single instances of software applications to serve multiple customers)

● Utility service (pay only for computing resources that are used)

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Content is stored on THIS computer, we cannot access this content from another device or computer

External storage, low capacity

Multiple work stations talk to one unit that stores information and data.


Cloud Computing and Data Centers● Growing adoption of Cloud Computing drives service providers into deploying

new data centers.● Data centers are centers that host hundreds of thousands of servers which

concurrently support many services and applications.● Data centera are factories that transforms and stores bits.● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avP5d16wEp0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avP5d16wEp0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avP5d16wEp0


● Requirements for building data center:

Power supply (high power supply, generator facility to overcome the power failure situation)

Continuous cooling system

Security system ( fire alarms, proper ventilation in order to remove smoke, authorised access, video cameras, security-code access,biometric access,card reader access,locked cabinets…)

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Ethernet

● Ethernet has become the most widely used data transport protocol for networking technology in local area networks (LANs) and data centers around the world. The main reason is that Ethernet provides a very cost effective high bandwidth link between servers and switches.

● Ethernet specifications moved from 100Mbps to 1Gbps in about 4 years and then to 10GbE in about another 4 years.

● It has taken about 10 more years to come up with a 100GbE specification that is useful for data center applications. The reason for this increase in time has a lot to do with semiconductor technology.

Bega Karadza


Cloud Computing and Data Centers

Data center switch network architecture


Cloud Computing and Data Centers● A typical rack may contain on the order of 40 or more servers, so many ToR

switches contain up to 48 10GbE ports and four 40GbE uplink ports which are connected to aggregation switches.

● Cloud data center ToR switches are evolved from LAN workgroup switches.


● In the case of the 10GbE ports, lower cost, direct attach copper cabling can be used for the short distance between the servers and the ToR switches, which is less than a few meters.

● Optic fibers are used for the ToR switch uplink ports, because they need to drive longer distances and higher bandwidth.

● Aggregation switches are typically used to connect a number of ToR switches to a core switch/router.

● The core switch is at the top of the cloud data center network pyramid and may include a wide area network (WAN) connection to the outside carrier network.

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● Data centers are not only serving data, but also pulling information from a variety of servers and running specialized programs based on user input. For example, a Google map request could spawn some of the following transactions:

● Determine the device type the client is using (laptop, handheld, etc.).● Send information to a local search engine to match the map address.● Based on the match, pull up the appropriate map data and send it to

the client based on device type.● Based on the match and the user settings, pull up relative nearby

attractions to display on the map and send it to the client.● Retrieve relative information about the client based on recent web

transaction.● Use this information to identify shopping history and send targeted

advertising to be displayed on the client’s web page.

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● Traditional server shelf components:

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Resources

● S.Kulkarni, P.Agrawal, Analysis of TCP Performance in Data Center Networks, Springer New York

● Gary Lee, Cloud Networking● http://www.slideshare.net/ctrlsweb/the-abc-of-data-center

Bega Karadza

Engineering

Cloud Computing and Data Centers