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DAYLIGHTING APPLICATION AND EFFECTIVENESS IN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES

presented byBrian McCowanENERGY & RESOURCE SOLUTIONS

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Presentation Overview Brief History of Commercial/Industrial Lighting Advantages of Properly Designed Daylighting Designing for Performance Modern Daylighting Techniques and Issues Integrating Daylighting with Electric Lighting The Future of Daylighting Questions and Answers

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Brief History of Early Commercial/Industrial Lighting

Pre-electric: Dominated by daylighting; supplemented with combustion (open fire, oil lamps) sources.

Prior to mercury vapor and fluorescent, incandescent was the only practical artificial light source.

Difficult to illuminate industrial spaces with incandescent, so architectural daylighting remained prominent.

Similar techniques as seen today- window walls, skylights, monitors, clearstories.

Glazing materials were unsophisticated – heat gain/loss and glare were significant problems.

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Daylight as Primary Light Source

Incandescent as Supplemental Source

Machinery Located at Windows

Majority of Work Performed on Day Shift

1940S BOX FACTORY

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1970s Energy Crisis Steep increase in energy costs. Windows, monitors and skylights boarded over and insulated. Many industrial spaces still poorly-lit with incandescent lighting. Natural ventilation through windows is disabled. Fluorescent and HID lighting developed in the 40s and 50s gained widespread usage. Daylighting virtually replaced as a primary lighting source.

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Daylighting Makes a Comeback Ironically, the interest in passive solar energy during the 1980s began the current interest in daylighting. Heat gain and glare were major problems with early direct solar heating systems. Glazing materials have made great advances, reducing glare, solar gain and heat loss. Techniques from the past were updated for use in modern buildings, bringing back monitors, skylights, and clearstories.

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Advantages of DaylightingAdvantages of Properly Designed Daylighting: Human performance is improved under daylighting Delivers abundant, high-quality lighting that many activities require Colors are rendered accurately Natural light improves morale and productivity Lower risks of accidents and errors Natural ventilation is facilitated Reduced operation and maintenance costs Demand savings during daytime peaks

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Industrial Lighting: Where Would You Rather Work?

Natural light and reflective colors brighten the space and improve the environment for workers.

Older non-daylit industrial spaces were dark and hazardous.

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Designing for PerformanceThe Essential Elements of Visual Performance Proper Illumination Levels – the human eye has an amazing ability to adjust, but only so much. Object Contrast – the ability to see and work with shapes relies on contrast in addition to brightness. Accurate Color Rendering – The eye and brain must strain to adjust when colors are rendered poorly. Lighting Uniformity – Large swings in illumination levels within the same space are at a minimum uncomfortable, and can be dangerous. Glare Control – Both direct and indirect glare needs to be controlled. Daylight Integration – When daylight is used, is must be properly integrated with the artificial lighting system.

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Evolution of Commercial/Industrial Buildings

Today’s Facilities: New Industries, New Demands, New Ideas Many high-tech industries such as electronics and pharmaceuticals are very different from traditional industrial spaces. Intricate work demands abundant, high-quality light. Proper lighting contributes to safety and sanitation demanded in today’s industrial facilities. As the economy transitions from heavy industry, lighting needs are changing. Properly designed, daylighting provides the highest-quality lighting. Artificial lighting should strive to match daylighting as closely as possible when used in the same space.

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Consider All Elements of the Lighting System Fixtures Lamps Ballasts Controls Glazings Ceiling Walls Floors Furnishings

DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE

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Designing for Performance: Lighting Design Tools

Software Tools SkycalcTM - software tool designed by the Heschong Mahone Group that assists designers in developing a daylighting strategy using skylights. Radiance - suite of programs useful for the prediction of illumination, visual quality and appearance of spaces, and to evaluate artificial and daylighting designs. Lightscape - useful for the rendering of daylighting designs and offers advanced modeling, rendering, and animation. AGI-32 - a popular lighting designer’s tool published by Lighting Analysts Inc. Version 1.6 was recently announced and includes daylight modeling. LumenMicro – lighting design tool with daylighting capabilities.

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Modeling Light Output with AGI-32

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Designing for Performance: Lighting Design Tools

Non-Computer Based ToolSome architects, rather than relying on software to model daylight performance, prefer to use physical modeling. Bruce Coldham (right), a Massachusetts architect well-known for his daylit designs, has developed a daylight modeling stand that is adjustable to model daylight conditions for any time or day of the year. Light sensors can be inserted into the various spaces to record foot-candles delivered to various spaces.

Courtesy of Bruce Coldham

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Modern Daylighting Techniques & Issues

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Obtainable Goals for Daylighting Create a Pleasant Comfortable Environment Provide Uniform Light Distribution Provide Adequate Illumination During Full-Sun and Overcast Conditions Eliminate Visual Glare Incorporate View Windows to Connect Workers to the Outdoors Avoid Heating and Cooling Penalties Provide Low Maintenance Lighting System Save Energy

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Components of Daylighting Systems Monitors, Window Walls, Clerestories and Skylights Window walls Visual vs. Daylight Glazing Skylights Monitors

Light Shelves, Interior / Exterior – Reduce Heat Gain and Glare Blinds, Shades – Control Glare and Heat Gain Electrical Equipment for Daylight Harvesting

Dimming Ballasts Photo-sensors for both dimming and on/off systems

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Roof Monitor

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Ceiling Plane Skylight

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Skylight with Well

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Toplighting with Interior Skylighting

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Redirected Beam Systems Sunlight is Redirected off Reflective Surfaces or Bent Through Refraction Advantages:

Building/glazing Orientation Less Critical Glare Reduction Heat Gain Reduction Reduced Reliance on Blinds or Other Adjustable Architectural Elements Improved Uniformity of Illumination

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Redirected Beam System Types Architectural Light Shelves Integral Between-pane Light Shelves Laser-cut Refractive Acrylic Glazing Panels Prismatic Panels Similar to Artificial Lighting Lenses Holographic Optical Diffracting Elements (Experimental) Curved Panel Sun-directing Glass Anidolic (non-imaging) Optical Systems With Light Ducts Skylight Reflective Tubes

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Blinds: Controlling Glare and Heat

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Controlling Heat Gain/Loss with Improved Glazing

Multiple layers of glass Low-E coatings and Low-E membranes installed between glass layers Materials with a low “U” value Tinted glass for various degrees of reduced heat gain and glare treated with materials that offer reflectance of UV and IR rays Gazing assemblies that include auto-adjusting shading features Improved gasketing and flashings to reduce or eliminate the leakage problems that previously plagued skylights

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Integrating Daylighting with Electric Lights Daylight Harvesting – On/off

Commissioning is essential to avoid cycling and inconsistent levels Best when daylighting is designed to provide 100% lighting under most weather conditions.

Daylight Harvesting – Continuous or Stepped Dimming Sensor choice, placement, and adjustment is critical. Again commissioning is essential for proper performance. Best where daylighting is designed as supplemental light source.

Lamp Selection Daylight is a “cool” light source; 4100K or 5000K lamps should be selected Use the highest color rendering level (80-90) that still provides good lamp efficacy.

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The Future of Daylighting Improved Glazing Materials

Higher insulating values – replacing solid structures Selective wavelength reflection Light bending glazings

Better Control New pre-engineered, prefabricated light shelves Pre-engineered site-built and prefabricated redirected beam systems. Advanced interior and exterior shades.

New Ideas Daylight collectors with photo-optic delivery to remote spaces (a pipe dream?) Integrated daylight and fluorescent light fixtures that deliver a continuously adjustable mix of light from both sources through the same aperture.