Ph.D. Dissertation presented by

DCN ChandrasenaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Universiti Teknologi PETRONASOctober 31, 2016

FORMULATION OF A CLOG RESISTANT URBAN DRAINAGE UNIT FOR LOW AND LOWER MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES

Outline Overview

◦ Hypothesis◦ Contributions & Publications

MotivationTheoretical component:

◦ Causes behind the drainage system failures◦ Drainage Engineering – Consideration of litter

effects◦ Mathematical Model of a clogged drain◦ Development of Smart Storm Drainage

Experimental component: ◦ Hydraulic efficiency SSD◦ Practical Applications – Case Study Results◦ Computer Modelling Results

Conclusions & Future work2

Hypothesis Clogged drainage channels cause travel

time delays and increase the rate of stagnation of storm water. This can be corrected through an Engineering design solution that traps waste materials, provides a clear channel for storm water conveyance, and improves the hydraulic characteristics of the drain.

3

Hypothesis

Theoretical component

Research Methodology

Lab experiment Computer simulation

Experimental component

Identify causes numerical analysis design development

Key ContributionsMathematical Model for Litter

Distribution in a Clogged Drainage Formulated new equations to quantify “Litter

Effect” Provided insights on litter handling capacity of

a drain(Concept of “Litter Equilibrium of a Drain”)

Solid Waste Resistant Smart Storm DrainageDesigned prototyped and patentedCharacterized the hydraulic performance

4

Outline Overview

◦ Hypothesis◦ Contributions & Publications

Motivation Theoretical component:

◦ Causes behind the drainage system failures◦ Drainage Engineering – Consideration of litter

effects◦ Mathematical Model of a clogged drain◦ Development of Smart Storm Drainage

Experimental component: ◦ Hydraulic efficiency SSD◦ Practical Applications – Case Study Results◦ Computer Modelling Results

Conclusions & Future work5

Motivation

Why floods are more frequent in Low and Lower-middle-income countries?

◦Inability to handle the effects generated by urbanization and climate change

6

CAUSES BEHIND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FAILURES IN LOW INCOME COLONIZED CITIES

Experimental component:

Design stage:

identify factors caused inefficiency in drainage system

numerical analysis

existing drainage condition Improved drainage condition

tested for hydraulic efficiency

design SSD registration for Intellectual Property

Rights exhibition and competition

Dissertation Organization

Theoretical component:

Simulation model

Mathematical Model of a clogged drain

9

Mathematical Model of a clogged drain

Key ResultsLitter

amount

Rate of stagnation

of water (m3/s)

Time to

overflow (s)

05% -0.187 NO

OVERFLOW10% -0.008

20% -0.006

25% 0.001 1585.00

30% 0.006 148.59

35% 0.062 15.26

40% 0.092 10.33

45% 0.122 7.81

50% 0.151 6.28

55% 0.181 5.25

60% 0.211 4.51

65% 0.241 3.95

70% 0.270 3.52

75% 0.300 3.17

80% 0.330 2.88

85% 0.359 2.65

90% 0.389 2.44

95% 0.419 2.27

Equilibrium break 11

Computation of experimental results in predicting time to overflow for a clogged drainage

Design Development

Analysis of Flow Hydraulics

Velocity changes in Smart Storm Drainage flow for the drainage gradient = 1/150

Design Efficiency

14

Normal drain*Tend to overflow in

minutes even with lower flow rates (0.013 m/s)

Improved drain*Stable condition even

with very high flow rates (0.027 m/s)

Results of simulation study

ConclusionsCauses of drainage system failures in Low and

Lower-Middle income countries◦ Solid waste clogging, Urban form

Numerically computed the clogging effect◦ Developed new equations considering the floating litter

effect◦ Identify Spillover point and litter threshold of the drain

Designed Smart Storm DrainageSWMM simulation model validates the

capability Improved drainage handle storm water volumes in a double efficiency 16

Key accomplishmentsSEDEX 2014

PROJECT DIRECTOR’S CHOICE AWARD

ITEX 2015GOLD MEDAL

SINGULARITY UNIVERSITY- NASA RESAERCH PARK

GLOBAL SOLUTIONS PROGRAM

MIT 35 UNDER 35 IN 2016(FINAL 70- GLOBAL LEVEL)

Future Work

18

Further development of the theoretical relationships to incorporate litter effects into open channel hydraulics

Supplementary ground studies to gather data on behaviour of urban litter in drainage channels. ◦There is a lack of quantitative

evaluations of litter effects other than recognizing the fact that litter should be an important consideration in designing urban drainage systems for many cities.

Future Work (contd..)Product development of novel

drainage◦incorporation of new materials, eg.

permeable concrete, 3D printing and retrofitting

◦incorporation of advances in sensors and electronics to take advantage of ‘internet of things’ eg. solar powered wireless communication to speed up emptying of litter traps

05/01/2023 19

Questions !

Publications Journal Publication:

◦ Chandraseana, D.C.N., Yusof, K.W., Mustafa, M.R.U., Mustaffa, Z. and Umar, S.I., 2016. A THEORETICAL DISCUSSION AND CASE STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMART STORM DRAINAGE UNIT FOR COMPACT CITIES. Jurnal Teknologi, 78(5-3).

◦ Chandraseana, D.C.N., Yusof, K.W., Mustafa, M.R.U., and Mustaffa, Z., BLOCKED DRAINS SYNDROME; PHYSICAL DEGRADATION OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN A COMPACT CITY. Accepted from the journal of Advanced Science Letters, American Scientific Publishers.

◦ Chandraseana, D.C.N., Yusof, K.W., Mustafa, M.R.U.,and Mustaffa, Z., CAUSES BEHIND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FAILURES IN COLONIZED CITIES OF LOW AND LOWER-MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES. submitted to the Journal of Urbanization and Environment.

Conferences:◦ “DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED URBAN DRAINAGE CYCLE

MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR CITY OF COLOMBO”_ presented at the International Research Conference of General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University 22nd August 2014.

◦ “AN INVESTIGATION OF FAILURE MECHANISMS OF URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN COLONIZED ASIAN CITIES”_ presented at International Conference on Urban Drainage, Kuching Sarawak Malaysia 07th September 2014.

05/01/2023 22

New country classifications by income level

LOW <1025 USD

LOWER-MIDDLE 1026-4035 USD

UPPER-MIDDLE 4036-12475 USD

HIGH >12475 USD

05/01/2023 23