Geogenic water pollution control

by Kailash Patel (16WM60R07)

School of Water Resources Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Citation

Odukoya A.M. (2015). Geochemical and quality assessment of groundwater in some Nigerian basement complex. 12:3643 - 3656

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Introduction What is Geogenic Water Pollution : Naturally occurring elevated concentration of certain

elements in water. What are the Responsible Factors : Geochemical characteristics of the aquifer material. High concentration of contaminant in rock matrix

dissolved during rock‐water interaction. Occur due to environmental conditions

Array of climatic conditions Redox condition in aquifer Ground water flow congestion

Due to the anthropogenic activities.

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Common Geogenic Pollutants :

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Quality Characteristics of Groundwater

Factors influencing ground water quality includes: Natural factors:

Local geology

Land use

Climatic conditions Anthropogenic activities such as

Use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture,

Disposal of domestic sewage

Discharge of industrial effluents

Extent of exploitation of ground water resources.

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Need for the study

Now a days water scarcity increases rapidly due to

decrease of ground water.

The ground water is also polluted due to various

artificial man-made activities.

Due to this, quality of the water is reduced.

This will produce various adverse impacts on human

beings, animals and plants.

Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the water quality.

Review of literature

Citation with year Work done Critical comment

Das et al., 2006 Groundwater contamination due to intense agricultural activities

Increase salinity and increase nutrient concentration

Bala J. et al., 2013 Groundwater contamination due to lack of proper sewage treatment and indiscriminate dumping of animal waste

contributed to the nitrate ion contamination in the ground water

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Review of literature

Citation with year

Work done Critical comment

Joshi et al., 2009

Mg considered as one of the most important qualitative criteria in determining the quality of water for irrigation.

More magnesium in water will adversely affect crop yields as the soils become more saline .

Patil et al., 2014 Ground water contains dissolved as well as suspended substances of organic, inorganic and mineral origin

Higher concentration lead to water pollution

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Objectives

To assess groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking water and irrigation purposes based upon different parameters viz. ( pH , TDS, Fe, Mg, F, Ca, Na, Al etc )

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Materials and methods

Materials Weighing balance

1-L high density cleaned polythene container

WTW-conductivity meter model L/92

WTW- pH meter model ph/91

Nitric acid

ICP-OES

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METHODSWTW-conductivity meter

model L/92WTW- pH meter model

ph/91

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Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) : It is a measure of the suitability of water for use

inirrigation, as determined by the concentrations of solids dissolved in the water.

Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) :

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Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) :

It was calculated by the equation (Raghunath, 1987) as:

Kelly's Ratio :

It was calculated using the equation (Kelly's 1963 as:

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Pollution index ( PI ) :

It was used in this study to evaluate the degree of trace

metal contamination in water samples

PI = (C / Cp ) / N

Where ,

C = Heavy metal concentration in water

Cp = Tolerable level

N = Number of heavy metals:

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Study area and data availability

The samples were collected in 1-L high-density

cleaned polythene containers.

Collected samples were stored at 4 ͦ C before

transported to the laboratory.

Avg. rainfall during study was 700 – 1000 mm.

Drainage pattern dendritic.

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Study area and data availability

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Resut and discussion Fifty samples from dug wells and bore-holes were

collected for establish preliminary baseline for

constituents in the groundwater and also to determine the

quality for both drinking and irrigation purposes.

Analytical results for significant elements were compared

with United State Environmental Protection standards and

World Health Organization standards.

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Summary of some parameters in groundwaterMajor

elementmin max mean S.D. median Recomm.

stand.% above recomm.

stand.

pH 6.6 8.3 7.3 24.52 7.2 6.5-8.5

TDS (ppm) 67 450 245 1432 387 500

Fe 0 22450 428 2159 58 300 23

K 81 561600 19165 55599 5286 12000 8

Mg 196 71049 8649 12824 3465 150000

Na 1147 646396 40485 73665 20,949 200000 3

P 0 15841 513 2134 89 25 8

S 0 97 6.22 12.97 6

Ca 511 100420 25096 23964 15,894 200000

Al 0 2686 98.47 294 16 200 5

Si 3282 41968 11192 8094 8037

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Summary of water irrigation criteria

Water irrigation parameter

Min Max Mean

Na ( % ) 21.68 44.18 38.23Na / Ca 2.24 6.44 1.61Ca / Mg 1.41 2.61 2.9

SAR 0.12 10.43 1.54KR (meq/L) 0.00057 0.0047 0.001SSP ( % ) 62.79 90.32 62.79MAR ( % ) 0.89 87.94 31.58

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Some parameter indices for rating the sustainability of groundwater quality for irrigation

Class TDS (mg/L)

SAR SSP ( % )

Sustainability for irrigation

I < 117.51 < 10 < 20 Excellent

II 117–508 10-18 20-40 Good

III > 503.61 18-26 40-80 Fair

IV - > 26 > 80 Poor

Percentage of contaminated trace elements

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Conclusions :

pH varied within slightly acidic to basic.

TDS of all the groundwater samples belong to freshwater category.

Ca, Mg, Si and S were all within recommended standard for both

drinking and irrigation purposes.

Al, Fe, Na, K and P were above the EPA 2012 recommended standard

for drinking water in 79, 23, 3, 37 and 6 % of the water samples,

respectively.

SAR in water samples ranged from 0.12 to 10.43 and can be classified

as excellent and good for irrigation.

Cont.

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MAR varied between 0.89 and 87.94 %.

SSP parameter ranged between 62.79 and 90.32 %.

Kellys ratio (KR) obtained for the water samples was 0.008–

0.08 meq/L .

Trace element Te and Ti was below detection limit for all the

samples.

As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, U and Zn though present in water

were below recommended standards for all the samples.

Cont.

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Mn and Pb were higher than recommended standard

in 12 % of the samples

The pollution index varied from 0.09 to 1.66 with 8 %

of the water samples.

Groundwater in the study area is suitable for both

domestic and irrigation uses except samples W4,

W24, W47 and W49.

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Scope of future study

This groundwater quality analysis can be extended

to ground water modeling.

Present study can be kept as basic data for future

investigation for analyzing various parameters of

Ground water studies.

It is also helpful for designing water treatment plant .

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Thank you