HIMACHAL ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering

(Mechanical Engineering)

Submitted To Submitted By

Mechanical Engineering Department Akshay Kumar

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY 14BME8004

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

NH-95, Vill. Gharuan, Distt. Mohali

Punjab, 140413

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

No Endeavour can be successful without the active cooperation of the people concerned with

it, which was fourth coming in full during this study. It is extremely difficult to find words

which can do justice to this sort of cooperation.

I am deeply indebted to Mr. Baini Parshad Bharmoriya (Regional Manager)H.R.T.C.

WORKSHOP BAIJNATH who allowed me feel lucky to complete my training under the

table and competent guidance of Workshop Manager.

I am extremely grateful faculty members for their whole hearted co-operation.

I extend my deepest gratitude to all those persons who supported me all through my training.

My interaction with all these people has left a long lasting impression in my mind that will

influence my project and my behavior for all times to come.

Akshay

14BME1038

ME (5TH SEM)

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INDEX

S.No. CONTENT PAGE No.

1 Introduction 4

2 Basic information about H.R.T.C. 5

3 About H.R.T.C. workshop Palampur 6

5 Safety guidelines 7

6 Bus type 8

9 Engine 11

10 Main parts of engine 12

11 Gearbox 26

12 Differential 33

13 Braking & steering system 37

14 Conclusion 43

15 Bibliography 44

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INTRODUCTION

This training is done at H.R.T.C. Workshop which comes under BAIJNATH (HP) Division.

This Workshop is undertaking the work of repair of H.R.T.C. Ordinary, Semi Deluxe and

Deluxe buses. These divisional Workshops undertake the major repair work of buses of

Units falling under the respective division.

This industrial training is described under syllabus and required for experience and practical

knowledge. We had studied all kinds of the theoretical things about Clutches, Brakes,

Engine, Gear Box, Fuel Injection Pump and all the things related to our “Mechanical

Branch”.

In this workshop the Fabrication of Buses is done on Chassis which are brought from there

respective Motor Company. Here different departments were also made fort here pair and

maintenance purposes. Here during this training I have seen all things and done practically

which has helped to en rich my knowledge greatly. This project report is all what I have

seen in the H.R.T.C. workshop and done practically with my hands. I am really thankful to

all staff members of the H.R.T.C. and the workers with whose helpful nature and

guidance I completed my Industrial training and Project Report.

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BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT H.R.T.C.

a) ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE

Himachal road Transport Corporation is held by the Board of Directors with Transport

Minister as the Chairman. Managing Director is the Chief Executive of the corporation.

Himachal Road Transport Corporation has three tier structures. The corporate office at

Shimla controls 4 Divisional offices located at Shimla, Mandi, Hamirpur and Dharamshala.

These four divisions control 23 Regional offices under them.

Dharamshala Dharamshala, Pathankot, Chamba, Palampur,

Baijnath, Jassur.

b) STATASTICS OF H.R.T.C.

PARTICULARS STATUS ON 2.10.1974 2016

Number of buses 733 2645

Number of routes 379 22645

Annual coverage 3.03 crore kms 21 crore kms

Number of divisions Nil 4

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ABOUT H.R.T.C. WORKSHOP BAIJNATH

Workshop is a place where repair a change of the parts of the vehicles is done or in other

words it is place where theory or changes practically to the original structure. The corporate

office at Shimla controls 4 divisional offices located at Shimla, Mandi, Hamirpur and

Dharamshala. These 4 divisions control 23 regional offices under them. Dharamshala

division has 5 regions in it. These regions are Pathankot, Chamba, Palampur, Baijnath,

Jassur.

Baijnath consist of 2 workshops, one is divisional workshop and other is regional workshop.

In H.R.T.C. workshop Baijnath there are about 65 staff members. The others are related to

the clerical staff or other officers such as R.M., D.M. and workshop manager. There are about

11o buses run under Baijnath division. Assemblies like engine, gearbox, steering box etc. are

overhauled. There is big store in the workshop in which every part in it place use catalogue to

give a part to the workshop manager and head mechanic check the working of every worker

they told to the worker.

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SAFETY GUIDELINES

To avoid accidents & to keep them from happening following safety guidance should be

allowed.

• Provide your attention at most to the job & work quietly.

• Keep the tools with in your convenient reach. Arrange neatly without scattering them

around.

• Always keep jack handles pointing up to avoid tripping up to. When creepers are not

in use stand than against the wall to avoid stumbling over then.

• Be serious about your never including in horseplay or other foolish activities to avoid

injury to other.

• Never put sharp objects like screwdriver in your pocket otherwise you will cut

yourself or get stabled or ruin the up hot slay of a vehicle.

• Always wear suitable clothes for the job serious injuries are liable be caused by

cleaning sleeve or lies getting caught the machining sandals or open to be worn full

leather with non skid rubber heel & shoe or steel to safety shoe should be worn.

• To provide good grip on tool or part always wipe excess oil and grease up fly our

hand tool.

• To avoid one sleeping and falling to the ground due to split of oil grease or any liquid

clean up immediately.

• Compressed air should, never be used to below dust from your clothes. Compressed a

hose should never be pointed to any person because fling particles may harm him.

• Wheel welding and grinding always water out for flying speak which can set your

clothes on fire.

• To hold the bus safety & work under it safety always us bus stand and jack it up

properly.

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BUSTYPES

HRTC is operating four types of buses:-

1. Ultra luxury AC Buses – HIMSUTA

2. Luxury AC Buses - HIMGAURAV

3. Semi Deluxe Buses

4. Ordinary Buses

Ultra Luxury Air Conditioned Buses (HIMSUTA)

HRTC is operating Ultra Luxury AC Buses (Volvo &its equivalent)from

Delhi to Shimla, Manali and Dharamsala vice versa. Theses buses are equipped

with latest and comfortable facilities to the passengers.

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Luxury AC Buses (HIMGAURAV)

HRTC is operating Luxury AC Buses (2X2) to and fro Delhi from Shimla, Manali,

Dharamsala and Palampur. These buses are equipped with Luxury Push Back Seats.

Semi Deluxe Buses

HRTC is operating non AC Deluxe Buses (2X2) to and fro Delhi from Shimla,

Manali, Dharamsala and Palampur. Theses buses are equipped with Luxury Push

Back Seats.

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Ordinary Buses

Ordinary Buses (2X3) are equipped with latest comfortable hi-tech seats. These buses are

pliedon long and intra-state routes on ordinary fare to provide the passengers economic

comfortable journey.

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ENGINE

An engine is mechanical device which converts one form of energy into other or It is a power

producing device or machine which converts chemical energy of fuel into heat energy and then

into mechanical work.

A typical engine of Tata 1510 TC

The power system of an automobile is the engine.it is the heart of the automobile. In the

power system, an assembly of the large number of parts is used to do work and make transfer

of energy. This energy is stored in the flywheel connected to the crankshaft. The flywheel

connected to the crankshaft. The flywheel transmits this energy to wheels through the

transmission system.in this way the power i.e. the engine sets the vehicle in motion.

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Main parts of engine:-

1. Cylinder block

2. Cylinder head

3. Pistons

4. Turbo charger

5. Crankshaft

6. Camshaft

7. Rocker arm

8. Flywheel

9. Fuel injection pump

10. Injector nozzle

11. Thermostat

12. Radiator

13. Oil sump

14. Fuel filter

15. Dampers

16. Manifolds (inlet and outlet)

17. Valves (inlet valve and outlet valve)

18. Connecting rod

19. Timing housing plate

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DETAILS OF PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:-

The function of engine parts are following:-

1. Cylinder block:-

Cylinder block of a diesel engine

The main body of the engine to which the piston cylinders are attached and which contains the

crankshaft and crankshaft bearing is called bearing is called crankcase and cylinder block. This

member also hold other parts in alignment and resist the explosion and inertia force.it also

protect the parts from the dirt etc. and serves as part of lubrication system.

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2. Cylinder head:-

A typical cylinder head of diesel engine

Attached or made integral part of crank case. The cylinder is either integral part or linear inserted

in which the piston reciprocates to develop power.it withstand a very high pressure and

temperature due to direct combustion. For the water cooled engine water jackets i.e. Hollow

spaces are provided for the water circulation .it is made of cast iron.

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3. Pistons:-

Piston and connecting rod assembly

Main functions of pistons are:

• To transmit the force of explosion to the crankshaft.

• To serve as a guide and bearing for the small end of the connecting rod.

• To form a seal so that the high pressure gases in the combustion chamber do not escape

in the crank case.

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4. Turbo charger:-

Basically it is an air compressor which is used to supply air to the inlet manifold at higher

content. By this complete combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber take place.

Turbo charger is now used in vehicle.it is attached to the exhaust gases are carried out by exhaust

manifold. We can use this exhaust gases and also minimize the exhaust gases and used it for

power supply. There are two turbines in turbo charger which are connecting each other with the

shaft. The exhaust gases went into the turbine, rotate it and produced power.

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5. Crankshaft:-

The crank shaft is said to be backbone of the engine.it receives oscillation motion from the

connection rod and gives to the main shaft a rotatory motion. It also drives the camshaft which in

turn operates the values of the engine.it is made up of forged steel.

6. Cam shaft:-

A camshaft is a shaft with the cam for each intake and exhaust valve. Each cam has high spot

called cam bob which control the valve opening. It rotates half of the camshaft.

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One four stroke cycle is complete in two revolution of the crank shaft each cam must

open and close the inlet and exhaust valve once every two revolution of the crankshaft.

7. Flywheel:-

A flywheel is an electromechanical device that couples a motor generator with a rotating mass to

store for short duration.

Fig:-Flywheel

Conventional flywheel are “charged” and “discharged” via an integral motor/generator. The

motor /generator draws provided by the grid to spin the rotor of the flywheel. During the power

outage, voltage sag, or other disturbance t e motor/generator provides power. The kinetic energy

stored is transformed to dc electric energy by generator, and the energy is delivered at constant

frequency and voltage through an inverter and controls system. Traditional flywheel rotors are

usually constructed of steel and are limited to a spin rate of few thousand revolutions per minute.

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8. Connecting rod :-

In a reciprocating piston engine, the connecting rod or con rods connects the piston to the crank

or crankshaft. Together with the crank, they form a simple mechanism that converts linear

motion into rotating motion.

Today the connecting rods are best known through their use in internal combustion piston

engines, such as bus engines. These are of distinctly different design from the earlier form of

connecting rods, used in steam engine and steam locomotives.

9. Fuel injection pump :-

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Fig:- FUEL INJECTION PUMP

F.I. Pump uses solenoid valves called injectors to meter fuel delivery. Most of the vehicles

today use 1 injector per cylinder. When the solenoid is energize, fuel sprays out into the valve

port. Fuel is delivered to injector by the high pressure electric pump at around 40 psi. Fuel

delivery is controlled by the injectors which are cycled by the computers. The computers

produced the signal to open the injectors for the certain length of the time depending on the

engine conditions relayed by the sensors. The longer injector open, the more is fuel is injected.

10. Thermostat :-

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The basic purpose of a thermostat is to trap the coolant & water around the engine block in order

to help the engine reach operating temperature more quickly. As soon as the temperature gets hot

enough, the thermostat must open, allowing the coolant to flow throughout the entire cooling

system (hoses, radiator, etc.). When taking your vehicle to an auto repair shop, beware of any

mechanic who immediately suggests a new radiator; the problem may be as simple as a stuck

thermostat. Automotive engine operating temperature must be reached as quickly as possible and

it must be kept at a specific level. The proper operating temperature of a vehicle affects fuel

economy, performance, emissions, and longevity. If an engines operating temperature is too low,

fuel delivery is affected, carbon builds up in the engine, wear is increased and performance can

suffer. In addition, heater outlet temperatures can be too low. Because of this, a thermostat is

used to maintain the engine at a proper temperature. Thermostats used in most vehicles are of the

pellet type, poppet valve design. A pellet, containing a material that expands with temperature,

moves a rod that opens a poppet valve, to allow coolant flow at a required temperature.

Thermostats also contain a small hole that allows air and steam to escape from the engine into

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the radiator when the thermostat is closed. Most cooling system designs provide a means for

coolant to flow to the water pump when the thermostat is closed. This is called bypass flow.

Coolant is circulated by the water pump through the engine until it reaches the closed thermostat.

A small amount of coolant flows back to the water pump via a passage or a hose, to be

recirculate through the engine. This helps to provide faster warm up for the engine and to prevent

water pump damage. Once the thermostat opens, normal coolant flow through the radiator is

resumed.

11. Injector pipe :-

An injector, ejector, steam ejector, steam injector, educator-jet pump or thermo compressor is

a like device that uses the Ventura of a converging-diverging nozzle to convert

the pressure energy of a motive fluid to velocity energy which creates a low pressure zone that

draws in and entrains a suction fluid. After passing through the throat of the injector, the mixed

fluid expands and the velocity is reduced which results in recompressing the mixed fluids by

converting velocity energy back into pressure energy. The motive fluid may be a liquid, steam or

any other gas. The entrained suction fluid may be a gas, a liquid, slurry, or a dust-laden gas

stream. The adjacent diagram depicts a typical modern ejector. It consists of a motive fluid inlet

nozzle and a converging-diverging outlet nozzle. Water, air, steam, or any other fluid at high

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pressure provides the motive force at the inlet. An injector is a more complex device containing

at least three cones. That used for delivering water to a steam locomotive boiler takes advantage

of the release of the energy contained within the latentheat of evaporation to increase the

pressure to above that within the boiler. The Ventura effect, a particular case

of Bernoulli'sprinciple, applies to the operation of this device.

12. Radiator :-

The Cat Cooler™ aluminum radiator is the first and only direct fit, aluminum radiator

specifically designed by Jaguar specialists for Jaguar V12 cars. All fittings (inlets, outlet, and

transmission cooler, mounting pegs) are in the original Jaguar factory locations. Unlike other

aluminum radiators sold for the Jaguar V12 no modifications, expensive adaptors or other work

around are necessary. This is a true drop in replacement for the factory radiator. The difference is

that the Cat Cooler™ radiator, with a 2 1/4 inch thick core and two rows of one inch diameter

tubes with 18 fins per inch, has a cooling capacity approximately 40% greater than the stock

Jaguar radiator. The Cat Cooler™ is made in the USA from quality materials and is 100% tig

welded with absolutely no epoxy used in any way. We've even added a draincock and alternative

water temperature sensor location as improvements to the original Jaguar design. Installation is

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exactly the same as for the OEM radiator and the Cat Cooler™ will fit and work with either the

original cooling fans or the Cat Cooler™ twin electric cooling fan system.

Tools and equipment :-

a) Spanners

b) Ring spanners

c) Hammer

d) Valve spring remover

e) Socket set

f) Pliers

Defects:-

• Breakage of the crankshaft & gear teeth

• Wear out in piston.

• Breakage of the piston rings.

• Corrosion of the cylinders.

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GEARBOX

A gearbox is used to alternate the rotational speed and torque that the engine delivers to the drive wheels of a vehicle. It uses different gear ratios to achieve it. The synchronizer’s job is to bring the next gear ratio (up shift or down shift) up to speed so that out put shaft and the gears are at the same speed to allow for a smooth gear change. Earlier, when "synchronizers" were not used one had to double-clutch for allowing gear shift on the go. At every gear shift one had to press and release the clutch twice, hence the name "double-clutching." It was an art to avoid gear clashing. Modern automobile Blocker Ring Synchronizers in order to avoid the need for double-clutching.

Function of Gear Box:

An automobile is able to provide varying speed and torque through its gear box. Various functions of a gear box are listed below:

(a) To provide high torque at the time of starting, vehicle acceleration, climbing up a hill.

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(b) To provide more than forward speeds by providing more than one gear ratios. In modern cars, five forward gears and reverse gear is provided. For given engine speed, higher speed can be obtained by running in higher (4th and 5th) gears.

(c) Gear box provides a reverse gear for driving the vehicle in reverse direction.

Component of Synchromesh gear box:

1. Gear Box: This is the body in which all the component of gear box are assembled. It consist of two plug, one is for OIL LEVEL PLUG and second is for OIL DRAIN PLUG.

2. Main Shaft: Shaft on which all gear are mounted. Gear shifting sleeve are also mounted on it. Small groove are present on main shaft.

3. Lay Shaft: Lay shaft consist of gear which are always in mesh with the gears which is on main shaft.

4. Gears: Different gear are present on shaft which having different number of teeth. Constant gear take power from clutch and transmit to lay shaft.

5. Gear Shifting sleeve: These are mounted on main shaft. It one for two gears.It has teeth on inner side.

6. Gear Shifting Fork: These are attached on gear box and fork are assemble on sleeve.

7. Covering finger: It is used to change gear.

8. Synchronizer: It has teeth on outer side which come in contact with inner teeth of sleeve. And also it has friction material which initially come in contact with gear so that it can gain speed before assemble with it.It also eliminate the problem of double declutching.

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For dismantling & assembling of gear box tools are used :-

• Hammer

• Chisel

• Tommy bar

• Open end spanner

• Extension rod

• Iron stick

• Socket set

• Ring spanner

• Nose pilers

• Speed handle

No. of gears :-

5 Forward

1Reverse

Gear ratio :-

1st – 7.51

2nd – 3.99

3rd – 2.30

4th -1.39

5th -1.00

Rev.-6.43

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Disassembly of gear box:-

Gear box hosing.

Coupling plunger.

Shifting fork.

Shaft.

Shifting sleeve

Primary shaft

Main shaft

Counter shaft

Idle or rev. shaft

Counter shaft has one fixed gear, if the counter shaft has smaller gear than main shaft in its

opposite meshes its bigger gear.

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Assembly of gear box :-

After dismantling the gear box first the gear box is washed with the help of diesel & other

components are also wash with it. Then with the help of pressured water all the components &

gear box is washed for complete cleaning. Gasket is fixed in the gear box cover & grease is also

used to prevent the leakage of oil.

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Defects:-

• Gear teeth broken.

• Play b/w gear component.

• Bearing is not smooth running.

• The teeth of fork are broken.

• Components of the gear shift mechanism may be worn or damaged.

• Counter shaft gear may be worn out.

• Splines on the shaft may be worn out.

• Miss alignment of countershaft & main shaft gears.

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PROPELLER SHAFT :

Propeller shaft is the combination of three component

1. Shaft2. Universal joint3. Slip joint

A drive shaft and universal joints (U-joints) connect the transmission to therear drive axle on most rear-wheel-drive vehicles. Many four-wheel-drive vehicles also use drive shafts and universal joints, with one drive shaft between the transfer case and rear drive axle and a second drive shaft between the transfer case and the front drive axle. The drive shaft is sometimes called a propeller shaft.

Purpose: The drive shaft and U-joints provide a means of transferring engine torque to drive axles. The universal joints allow the drive shaft to move up and down, to allow for suspension travel.

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Universal Joint: It is the combination of two yoke and one spider. Which provide up and down, and left and right moment of shaft.

DIFFERENTIAL:

Function of differential:

•Transfers power from driveshaft to the wheels.•Provides final gear reduction.•Splits amount of torque going to each wheel.•Allow the wheels to rotate at different speeds in turns

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Parts of Differential:

Pinion Drive Gear: transfers power from the driveshaft to the ring gear.

Ring Gear/ Crown wheel: transfers power to the Differential case assembly.

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Differential case assembly: holds the planet gear and other components that drive the rear axle.

Rear drive axles: steel shafts that transfer torque from the differential assembly to the drive wheels.

Rear axle bearings: Roller bearings that fit between the axles and the inside of the axle housing.

Axle housing: Metal body that encloses and supports parts of the rear axle assembly.

Sun gear: Help both wheels to turn independently when turning.

Planet gear: Transmit power from crown wheel to sun gear.

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Power flow:

•Drive shaft spins the Pinion gear.

•Pinion gear turns the larger ring gear to produce gear reduction.

•Ring gear attached to differential case, hence it rotates with the ring gear.

•Differential case spins the sun gears which are attached to the axles.

•Axles transfer the power to the wheels.

Half Axle:

Half axle transmit power from sun gear of differential to wheel. Name is half axle because it transmit half of power to wheel.

Working of DIFFERENTIAL:-

When the vehicle is travelling in the straight head position, the power flow from the drive

pinion . The drive pinion gives the power to the crown wheel whereas crown wheel, cage the pin

& the planet pinion rotate as one unit. The planet pinion does not revolve on the pin as their axes

but transmit the power to sun gears. The sun gears & the half shaft are splined together and

revolve due to the rotary motion of the planet gears as whole when the vehicle is taking turn; the

planet gear rotates on its shaft to permit the outer rear wheel to turn more quickly than the inner

rear wheel.

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BRAKING & STEERING SYSTEM :-

Automotive braking system has two types of brakes:

• The service brakes, operated by a foot pedal, which slow or stop the vehicle.

• The parking brakes, operated by foot pedal or hand lever, which hold the vehicle

stationary when applied.

Air brake system:-

Compressed air brake systems are typically used on heavy trucks and buses. The system consists

of service brakes, parking brakes, a control pedal, an engine-driven air compressor and a

compressed air storage tank. Compressed air brake system uses both disc and drum brake

arrangement. Most types of truck air brakes are drum units, though there is an increasing trend

towards the use of disc brakes in this application. The air compressor draws filtered air from the

atmosphere and forces it into high-pressure reservoirs at around 120 PSI. Most heavy vehicles

have a gauge within the driver's view, indicating the availability of air pressure for safe vehicle

operation, often including warning tones or lights. Setting of the parking/emergency brake

releases the pressurized air pressure in the lines between the compressed air storage tank and the

brakes, thus actuating the (spring brake) parking braking hardware. An air pressure failure at any

point would apply full spring brake pressure immediately.

Brakes are applied by pushing down the brake pedal. (It is also called the foot valve.) Pushing

the pedal down harder applies more air pressure. Letting up on the brake pedal reduces the air

pressure and releases the brakes. Releasing the brakes lets some compressed air go out of the

system, so the air pressure in the tanks is reduced. It must be made up by the air compressor.

Pressing and releasing the pedal unnecessarily can let air out faster than the compressor can

replace it. If the pressure gets too low, the brakes won't work. These large vehicles also have an

emergency brake system, in which the compressed air holds back a mechanical force (usually a

spring) which will otherwise engage the brakes. Hence, if air pressure is lost for any reason, the

brakes will engage and bring the vehicle to a stop.

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Component of air brake system:-

Air Compressor :-

The air compressor pumps air into the air storage tanks (reservoirs). The air compressor is

connected to the engine through gears or a v-belt. The compressor may be air cooled or may be

cooled by the engine cooling system. It may have its own oil supply or be lubricated by engine

oil. If the compressor has its own oil supply, check the oil level before driving.

1. Air Compressor Governor

The governor controls when the air compressor will pump air into the air storage tanks. When air

tank pressure rises to the "cut-out" level (around 125 pounds per-square-inch or "psi"), the

governor stops the compressor from pumping air. When the tank pressure falls to the "cut-in"

pressure (around 100 psi), the governor allows the compressor to start pumping again.

2. Air Storage Tanks

Air storage tanks are used to hold compressed air. The number and size of air tanks varies among

vehicles. The tanks will hold enough air to allow the brakes to be used several times, even if the

compressor stops working.

Air Tank Drains

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Compressed air usually has some water and some compressor oil in it, which is bad for the air

brake system. For example, the water can freeze in cold weather and cause brake failure. The

water and oil tend to collect in the bottom of the air tank. Be sure that you drain the air tanks

completely. Each air tank is equipped with a drain valve in the bottom.

3. The Brake Pedal

You put on the brakes by pushing down the brake pedal. (It is also called the foot valve or treadle

valve.) Pushing the pedal down harder applies more air pressure. Letting up on the brake pedal

reduces the air pressure and releases the brakes. Releasing the brakes lets some compressed air

go out of the system, so the air pressure in the tanks is reduced. It must be made up by the air

compressor. Pressing and releasing the pedal unnecessarily can let air out faster than the

compressor can replace it. If the pressure gets too low, the brakes won't work.

4. Brake Drums, Shoes, and Linings:

Brake drums are located on each end of the vehicle's axles. The wheels are bolted to the drums.

The braking mechanism is inside the drum. To stop, the brake shoes and linings are pushed

against the inside of the drum. This causes friction, which slows the vehicle (and creates heat).

The heat a drum can take without damage depends on how hard and how long the brakes are

used. Too much heat can make the brakes stop working

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.

SHOE BRAKE LINING

5. S-cam Brake

When you push the brake pedal, air is let into each brake chamber. Air pressure pushes the rod

out, moving the slack adjuster, thus twisting the brake camshaft. This turns the s-cam (so called

because it is shaped like the letter "S"). The s-cam forces the brake shoes away from one another

and presses them against the inside of the brake drum. When you release the brake pedal, the s-

cam rotates back and a spring pulls the brake shoes away from the drum, letting the wheels roll

freely again

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The above shown s-cam brakes are most commonly used in H.R.T.C. buses.

5. Wedge brakes

In this type of brake, the brake chamber push rod pushes a wedge directly between the

ends of two brake shoes. This shoves them apart and against the inside of the brake drum. Wedge

brakes may have a single brake chamber, or two brake chambers, pushing wedges in at both ends

of the brake shoes. Wedge type brakes may be self-adjusting or may require manual adjustment.

6. Supply Pressure Gauges

All vehicles with air brakes have a pressure gauge connected to the air tank. If the vehicle has a

dual air brake system, there will be a gauge for each half of the system. (Or a single gauge with

two needles. These gauges tell you how much pressure is in the air tanks.

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STEERING MECHANISM

The steering mechanism allows the driver to control the direction of vehicle travel. This is made

possible by linkage that connects the steering wheel to the steerable wheels and tires. The

steering system may be either manual or power. The only energy source for the steering system

is the force the driver applies to the steering wheel, the vehicle has manual steering. Power

steering uses a hydraulic pump or electric motor to assist the driver`s effort.

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CONCLUSION

Industrial training is the way for us to get the practical knowledge of the entire theoretical

concept studied in college session. In college workshop we are not able to give proper time for

practical work as in industrial training. So as a Mechanical Engineering student I think this

training is very useful for us and we learn enough things in the training period and our

knowledge level will be increased.

We enjoy the training and maintain discipline in workshop and the entire mechanics are

impressed with our attitude and sense of learning and they give us best wishes for our future and

say that you must be hard work as an engineering student to make your future bright.

So, at last I would like to thanks once again to all workshop members, work manager and HOD

of Mech. Engg..

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Standard publisher’s distributors Dr. Kirpal Singh

• S. Chand publications R .S. Khurmi

• www.google.co.in

• Under the guidance of :

1) Mr. Rajender Singh Guleria (Regional Manager)

2) Workshop Manager

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