India – 2010-2022

As of May 2014, India has an installed PV capacity

of 2.5GW. India's power sector has a total installed

capacity of approximately 146.753 Gigawatt (GW).

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU

NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION

India has been ranked 7th worldwide for

solar photovoltaic (PV) cell production.

• The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

is an initiative of the Government to promote

ecologically sustainable growth while addressing

India’s energy security challenge.

• It will constitute a contribution by India to the effort

to meet the challenges of climate change.

• This is one part of National Action Plan on

Climate Change that was officially inaugurated in

2010.

In India, in certain applications such as urban rooftop PV,

especially at the higher end of the consumption spectrum,

solar PV is already very close to parity.

Power from diesel generation costs the consumer Rs. 12 to

Rs. 15 per kWh, and contains a built-in subsidy component.

In India, the energy price of gas and imported-coal based

thermal power are also on a rapidly rising curve, without

factoring in environmental costs.

So the case for solar PV is very compelling in a host of

applications ranging from urban situations to telecom and

captive generation

INDIA TO INSTALL 20GW OF SOLAR POWER

GENERATION CAPACITY BY 2022.

National Solar Mission (NSM) has laid down a road

map (dream) for achieving a target for

off grid solar energy applications, reaching 2GW by

2022;

20 million square meters solar thermal collector

area; and

deploying 20 million solar lighting systems for rural

areas by 2022. Implementation of the NSM can

vastly benefit module suppliers, solar PV/ solar

thermal-based independent power producers (IPPs),

and system integrators.

SOLAR ENERGY CORPORATION OF INDIA

Company incorporated in 2011 for implementing National

Solar Mission objectives.

To plan and execute an integrated programme on solar

energy technologies to achieve commercially.

Implementation of Grid Connected Solar Roof-Top

scheme

Development and dissemination of solar home

lighting systems / solar lanterns

Solar Thermal installations for water/air heating

Solar Mini/Micro Grids/street lights etc.

R&D Projects

• Off grid PV installations are suitable for Indian conditions.

• Presently, capacity is limited to 100 kW under MNRE

program.

• 250 MWp sanctioned by the Ministry under NSM and nearly

60 MW commissioned

• Mini and micro grid systems for rural areas are under initial

stages of development.

• Roof top installations are picking up.

• Off grid PV system costs have become attractive in India

(Rs.100-150/ Wp)

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ELECTRICITY

Indian Perspective-2010

ADVANTAGES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC

ELECTRICITY Decentralized Generation

Environmental benefit

What is / was the disadvantage of solar P V

System?

The cost of production of electricity, range was

Rs 15 to Rs 20 per unit for the solar energy till

recently, which is very high when compared to,

Rs 2 to Rs 5 per unit for other conventional

sources in India.

PV systems

• are easily transportable and Installable.

• can be used to generate electricity where it will

be used,

• even at locations the electric grid doesn’t

reach.

• PV is also modular, so installations can be

scaled to the appropriate size for a given use

SMALL AS WELL AS MEDIUM SCALE

PV’s scalability allows it to be used for both large-

scale power plants and to

power handheld calculators, and it distinguishes PV

from fossil fuel based power.

PV can be installed on buildings, parking lots and

other developed areas without interfering

with human activities.

Solar energy be integrated into every part of

Indian life—

• the homes we live in,

• the offices where we work,

• the farms and factories that produce the

products we buy, and

• the schools where our children learn.

• With creativity and sound public policy, solar

energy contributes to India’s energy future.

SOLAR RADIATION An intermittent perennial diffuse source of

energy

The Thar

Desert in

India is also

a promising

location for

a solar

energy.

INDIA: Insolation: kWh per Sq-mt per day & Salinity>

1500 mg/l

An example of a complete set of beam normal

insolation data for a given location is shown in

Figure

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF SOLAR

CELLS & MODULES

Types of silicon solar cells

(Mono- crystalline, multi- crystalline, and Amorphous, Thin

film)

Energy efficiency

IN SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS, SUNLIGHT IS CONVERTED INTO

ELECTRICITY USING A DEVICE CALLED SOLAR CELL

A solar cell is a

semiconducting device

made up of silicon or

other materials, which

when exposed to sunlight,

generates electricity.

MAGNITUDE OF THE CURRENT

GENERATED DEPENDS ON

CAPACITIES OF SPV

MODULES

SPV modules of various capacities are available, and

are being used for a variety of applications. Theoretically,

a PV module of any capacity (voltage and current) rating

can be fabricated.

However, the standard capacities available in the

country range from 5 Wp to 120 Wp.

The voltage output of a PV module depends on the

number of solar cells connected in series inside the

module.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

A solar cell's energy conversion efficiency (η, "eta"),

is the percentage of power converted

(from absorbed light to electrical energy) and

collected, when a solar cell is connected to an

electrical circuit.

o This term is calculated using

the ratio of Pm, divided by the input light

irradiance under "standard" test conditions (E,

in W/m2) and the surface area of the solar

cell (Ac in m²).

STANDARD CURRENT-VOLTAGE (I-V) CURVE

The I-V Curve is an important technical aspect of a solar

module, the basis for understanding all PV array design.

It represents the possible values of output current (I) and

voltage (V) that a solar module can deliver under specific

environmental conditions.

STANDARD CURRENT-VOLTAGE (I-V) CURVE

READING THE I-V CURVE

If the module is outputting to a 12-volt battery, you can

determine the watts output to the battery from the graph.

Read up from 12 volts to the IV curve and then over to

the

Amperes scale to find that the current output

would be about 5.9 amps. Since power (in

watts) equals voltage times current, this

means that the module would be outputting

into the battery at a rate of about 71 watts.

INVERTER FUNDAMENTALS The inverters transform the DC power from solar modules

into AC power to match the grid and be useful for most

house loads.

The inverter is a power conditioner that creates pure sine

wave power (AC.) This power is cleaner than the grid

because it is conditioned right on site.

MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT).

Inverters also maximize the power output of the

solar array in a function known as Maximum Power

Point Tracking (MPPT). Solar modules produce the

power at the voltage they are connected to.

The maximum power point voltage changes as the

sun moves throughout the day and the current

(amps) gets higher and lower.

This allows the inverter to produce the most amount

of power at any given time without frying its

circuitry.

INVERTER FAILURE Inverters need to be replaced periodically. Most systems

use a single inverter for the entire system, so when it fails,

the whole system stops providing electricity to the home.

An inverter for each panel or small group of panels may

be a solution. This has several advantages:

• If an inverter fails, only one panel of the system will be

affected, which will be reported in our daily monitoring.

• This allows for better scalability, in that we do not need

to have different inverter capacities for different

system sizes.

• The efficiency of the system is improved, since DC loses

more energy than AC going through a wire.

AVAILABLE SPACE

A crucial factor is having enough space in the sun with

the proper orientation.

The average home needs about a 5 kW system to offset

their annual usage.

To calculate the physical size of this system, you can

use this simple rule of thumb:

10 W / ft2 of space

A 5 kW system covers about 500 ft2 of roof or ground

area.

5000 W / 10 W/ft2 = 500 ft2

CHARGE CONTROLLERS / REGULATORS -1

Why do you need a controller?

Main function is to fully charge a battery without

permitting overcharge. If a solar array is connected to

lead acid batteries with no overcharge protection, battery

life will be compromised. Simple controllers contain a

relay that opens a charging circuit terminating the charge

at a pre-set high voltage and once a pre-set low voltage

is reached, closes the circuit, allowing charging to

continue.

CHARGE CONTROLLERS/REGULATORS - 2

More sophisticated controllers have several stages

and charging sequences to assure the battery is

being fully charged.

The first 70% to 80% of battery capacity is easily

replaced.

It is the last 20% to 30% that requires more attention

and therefore more capacity.

CHARGE CONTROLLERS/REGULATORS -3

The circuitry in a controller reads the voltage of the

battery to determine the state of charge.

Designs and circuits vary, but most controllers read

voltage to reduce the amount of power flowing into the

battery as the battery nears full charge.

STANDARDS FOR BALANCE OF SYSTEM

COMPONENTS

Solar cell testing

Photovoltaic module testing

Testing of lighting systems

SPV pump testing

Battery testing for PV applications

Long-term performance evaluation of PV modules

Resource assessment

Technology demonstration & assessment

SPV power plant

Research and Development

SPV POWER PLANT

SOLAR ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANT

The largest solar

electric generating

plant in the world

produces a maximum

of 354 megawatts

(MW) of electricity

and is located at

Kramer Junction,

California. It produces

electricity for the grid

supplying the greater

Los Angeles area.

INDIA’S SOLAR PV POWER PLANT INSTALLED BY KPCL JUN 26 2010

Eco Factor: Solar photovoltaic power plant to generate

up to 3MW of renewable electrical power.

The Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL) has

installed India’s largest solar photovoltaic power plant.

Built at the cost of about $13 million, the plant makes use

of modular crystalline technology to generate solar

energy.

Inaugurating the plant, India’s Union Minister for New

and Renewable Energy, Farooq Abhullah said that the

government was planning to add 1000MW of solar energy

to the national grid in the next three years. The power

plant will provide energy to 500 pump sets of 10hp each

and benefit about 1000 farmers. The KPCL will set up

100MW of solar energy plants as joint ventures with the

private sector.

The implementation of the

three-phase plan for solar PV

capacity expansion began in

the year 2010, with the Indian

Government spending

approximately US$20 billion

over a 30 year period.

PV POWER OUTPUT MANAGEMENT CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH

BATTERY OR OTHER ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE, PUMPED

HYDROELECTRIC STORAGE, OR WITH DIESEL-GENERATOR BACKUP.

The Solar Electric Light Company

(SELCO)

Designs and sells solar systems that produce,

sustainable power to electric lights and small

appliances.

The systems include a small photovoltaic (PV)

panel, a battery and energy efficient lights.

Solar photovoltaic panels work by using cells to

convert solar radiation into electricity.

The PV cell consists of one or two layers of a

semi conducting material, usually silicon.

When light shines on the cell it creates an

electric field across the layers, causing

electricity to flow.

The greater the intensity of the light, the

greater the flow of electricity.

SELCO

SELCO

installs the systems and

provides after-sales servicing to

ensure the systems continue to

deliver benefit.

The solar panels are cheaper to run.

They also eliminate the health

hazards caused by kerosene fumes

Access to light provides increased opportunities for income

generation, for women, through basket making, silk

weaving and tailoring. Since the cost of a single solar

lighting unit is high, rural families often cannot afford the

new systems. SELCO works with micro-finance

organisations, which allows SELCO’s customers to pay for

the systems on terms they can afford. Their savings that

householders make in kerosene contribute to the

repayment of the loan. The sale of carbon credits from the

project helps to subsidise the cost to the customer, by

reducing interest rates on loans and financing down-

payments

ARE THEY SURVIVING UNDER THE INDIAN SUN?

Moser Baer Photovoltaic Limited, Tata BP Solar, Photon Solar

Energy Systems, HHV Solar Technologies Private Limited,

Titan Energy Systems Limited, Sun Energy Systems, Applied

Materials, Signet Solar, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited,

Central Electronics Limited,

Renewable Energy Systems Limited, Waaree Energies

Private Limited, Micro Sun Tech Private Limited, E to E

Energy¸ Punj Lloyd Delta Renewables, TRA International,

Reliance Industries Limited Solar Limited & XL Telecom &

Energy Limited

There has been almost six fold decline in price per peak watt of

PV module from 1980 to year 2000

SOLAR NEWS: JULY 2013

The solar photovoltaic industry passed through a

phase of consolidation. It led to mergers and

acquisitions, drop in demand and fall in prices. This

phase will continue.

The rooftop solar implementation programme has

been slow off the blocks. While some States have got

cracking, others are still in the process of working out

modalities to attract companies to set up solar PV

units.

The price of solar PV installation has come down.

From Rs. 18 per unit, it is now down to about Rs.

6.50-7 per unit.

This reduction has been due to a combination of

factors:

supply-demand dynamics,

fiscal support,

competitive pressure as well as

reductions in the cost of PV power generation

equipment and systems through technological

innovations,

economies of scale and efficiency improvements.

Solar electricity prices are today, around 30 cents/kWh, but still 2-5 times average Residential electricity tariffs

WHEN AND WHERE IS PV POWER OK?

PV : Best suited for remote site applications having

moderate/small power requirements consuming

applications even where the grid is in existence.

Isolated mountaintops and other rural areas are

ideal for stand-alone PV systems where

maintenance and power accessibility makes PV the

ideal technology.

“ By the year 2030, India should achieve

Energy Independence through solar power

and other forms of renewable energy ”

Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

President of India

Independence Day Speech, 2005

TEXTBOOKS FOR SOLAR PV ELECTRICITY

Photovoltaic Systems: Analysis and Design, A.K.

Mukerjee and Nivedita Thakur, PHI Learning private

Ltd., N. Delhi. 2011. EE Edition.

Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies and

Applications, Chetan Singh Solanki, 2nd Edition, PHI

Learning private Ltd., N. Delhi. 2011. EE Edition.

Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, Roger Messenger

and Jerry Ventre, 2nd Ed. 2003, CRC Press, Boca

Raton.

Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering

• Antonio Luque, Steven

Hegedus

John Wiley and Sons, 2003 –

1138 pages

Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering incorporates the most recent technological advances and research developments in Photovoltaics. All topics relating to the photovoltaic (PV) industry are discussed and each chapter has been written by an internationally-known expert in the field.

• Springer, 2005 - Technology & Engineering - 232 pages

• This comprehensive description and

discussion of photovoltaics (PV) is presented

at a level that makes it accessible to the

interested academic. Starting with an historical

overview, the text outlines the relevance of

photovoltaics today and in the future. Then

follows an introduction to the physical

background of solar cells and the most

important materials and technologies, with

particular emphasis …..

Photovoltaic solar energy generation

Adolf Goetzberger, Volker U. Hoffmann

AN IMPORTANT REFERENCE BOOK FOR PV

SYSTEMS

Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics:

Fundamentals and Applications

Edited by: Tom Markvart and Luis Castaner

[2003]