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Introduction to Engineering
Human creativity
• The use of technology to make products and
systems for societal benefit.
Engineering as a “Thinking-Making” Activity
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What role of engineers in history?
• Irrigation and farming equipment, dam projects,
water and wind mills building construction,
• the Pyramids, the Great Wall, Leonardo’s
contraptions, the printing press, the Wright
brothers’ aircraft, fermented beverages, nuclear
power, the Space Shuttle, Tacoma Narrows Bridge,
electric appliances, petroleum products,
pharmaceuticals.
Historical Questions
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When did the engineering
disciplines begin?3000 BC Civil
1000 BC Military
AD 1700 Mechanical
AD 1800 Materials
Agricultural
Electrical
AD 1900 Chemical
Aerospace
AD 1950 Computer, Nuclear, Biochemical
Biomedical
Definition of Engineering
According to ABET, Engineering is:
“The profession in which a knowledge of the
mathematical and natural sciences gained by study,
experience, and practice is applied with judgment to
develop ways to utilize, economically, the material
forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.
Engineering is a profession like medicine,
law, etc. that aspires to high standards of
conduct and recognizes its responsibility to
the general public.
Engineering and Science?
List some things you would
expect scientists to do
List some things you would
expect engineers to do
So, what do you
think?
Science
Scientist - Like an engineer, but a primary
goal is the expansion of knowledge and
understanding physical processes.
Engineer - Applies knowledge of math and
the physical sciences to the efficient design
and construction of usable devices,
structures and processes.
Engineering and Science
“Both the engineer and scientist are thoroughly
educated in the mathematical and natural sciences, but
the scientist primarily uses this knowledge to acquire
new knowledge, whereas the engineer applies this
knowledge to design and develop usable devices,
structures and processes. In order words. The scientist
seeks to know, the engineer aims to do”.
-Eddie, Jenison, Mashaw and Northup, Engineering
Fundamentals and Problem Solving.
Engineering and Art
List some similarities between
artists and engineer
• Art and Engineering Drawings!
• Similarities
– Starts with a
blank page
– Visualization
– Ideas transmitted
from mind to
paper
• Differences
– Usually a
solution to a
‘problem’
– More logical
– Design is
actually created
Why Engineering Graphics?
An inevitable aspect of engineering design is
_________________________
To draw is to _____________
Engineering graphics is necessary for
1. Observation and analysis and of a
conceived design
2. Communication between teams
3. Communication with clients
Engineering Design
Identify the problem
Visualize and
document
possible solution
Select the best
design
parameters
Create and
analyze models
of conceived
solution
Implement and
document the
design
Fundamental Tenets of Engineering Design
Predictability:
The extent to which future performances or failures of a design
may be predicted based on knowledge of design parameters and
variables
Controllability:
Variability in achieving cost and performance objectives
Precision and Accuracy
Which of these is important in engineering?
Formulas in Engineering
•Define formulas in your own words
–Expressions that indicate the physical relationship between two variables/constants
•What are some of the functions of formulas
–Provide ideas for designs
–Motivate insightful thinking
–Indicate design limitations
Limitations of Formulas
1. They do not give any exact solutions
2. They do not define a particular “best” way
3. They cannot reflect an actual design
4. The cannot ensure absolute safety
5. They cannot ensure elegance
Engineering Activity
•Think of a problem that needs to be solved
physically
•Visualize design solutions
•Communicate your designs (include sketches)
•Select optimum design
Function of an engineer
Research - explore, discover and
apply new principles
Development - transform ideas or
concepts into production processes
Design - link the generation of ideas
and the production
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Production and testing - manufacture and
assemble components or products
Sales - market engineering products
Operations - maintain equipment and
facilities
Construction - prior to construction
organizes bids, during construction
supervises certain components of process
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Management - optimize the use of resources
(equipment, labor, finances)
Education - teach engineering principles in
university and industrial settings
Consulting - provide specialized engineering
services the clients. May work alone or in
partnership other engineers.
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Career Paths for Engineers
There are at least seven career options for graduating engineering students:
1) Corporate leader
2) Independent entrepreneur
3) Military or government
4) Engineering and social service aboard
5) Professor/engineer
6) Graduate work outside engineering
7) A mix of first six options
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Engineering as a Profession
Involves activities that require knowledge and skill
not commonly possessed by the general public.
Has group consciousness for the promotion of
knowledge and professional ideas and for rendering
social services.
Has a legal status and requires well-formulated
standards of admission.
Process of Engineering
Think
Sketch
Make
Show
Think
Sketch
Make
Show
Analysi
s Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Economy
Environmental
Ethics
Use Use
Math
Law
Politics
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Brainstorming
Rule : There are
no stupid ideas in
a brainstorm
Process of Engineering
Need
Analysis of Problem
Statement of Problem
Conceptual Design
Selected Schemes
Embodiment of Schemes
Detailing
Working drawings, etc..
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What is a product or process?Object produced, substance, material, arrangement,
service, step sequence, manufactured good,transformation of something, system, organization.
Example 1 : Water bottle made of biodegradableplastic
Example 2 : Biorefinery for ethanol productionfrom biomass
Example 3 : Bio-repellant coatings
Example 4 : Flood control structures
Example 5: Contaminant/pollutant removalsystems
Example 6: Structures for wildlife migration
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Examples in bio-based products
Materials and Chemicals
- Wood
- Wood-based
- Paper
- Biodiesel fuel
- Bio-based plastics
- Biodegradable plastics (e.g. drink bottles)
- Ethanol (bio-based)
--
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Examples in bioprocessing
Utilization of living cells or their components to obtain
desired products
- Ethanol fermentation from corn
- Antibody production via fungal fermentation
- Anaerobic digestion to treat wastewater
- Biodegradable plastics (e.g. PLA) production from corn
- Enzymatic hydrolysis to produce sugar from cellulose
-
-
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What is engineering design?
• Engineering design is the set of decision-making
processes and activities used determine the form of an
object given the functions desired by the customer.
(Gov of MA)
• Engineering design is the process of devising a system,
component, or process to meet desired needs.
• It is a decision-making process (often iterative), in
which the basic science and mathematics and
engineering sciences are applied to convert resources
optimally to meet a stated objective.
• Among the fundamental elements of the design process
are the establishment of objectives and criteria,
synthesis, analysis, construction, testing and evaluation.
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Context of Design Historical
Precedents
Ideal Society
Projections
Cosmological
Global
Regional
State
City
Ward
House
Person
Bodypart
Organ
Cell
Organelle
Molecular
Atomic
Government
Commercial
Industry
Military
Non-profit NGO’s
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
MathematicsFamily
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Product Design
• New products are critical for corporate
prosperity
• Approximately 33% of revenues come from
products that did not sell 5 years ago
• Successful new products are profitable– Median achieve 33% ROI or better
– Median have payback of 2 years or less
– Median achieve market share of 35%
• Significant R&D expenditures and
investment
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Manufacturing of Chemical Products
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Process Engineering Design
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Environmental Design
• Changing human needs mean the need
for the design of new infrastructures
• Design with a focus on natural processes
• Designs should mimic nature – i.e., self-
adaptive, self-sustaining, and resilient
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Engineering Design vs Engineering Analysis
• Engineering analysis: Predicted behavior is the solution to
an analysis problem
– Formulating
– Solving
– Checking
• Engineering design:
– Formulating
– Generating
– Analyzing
– Evaluating
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Design Step
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Process of Engineering
[ SSL (2004) ]
Map
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Process of Engineering (cont.)
Map
[ SSL (2004) ]
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Issues in design
Utility and cost
Single and multi-functionality
Batch or mass production
Patents
Aesthetics
Integrity of product (wholeness)
Whole life-cycle planning
Health effects and safety
Recycling and disposal
End of product life and replacement issues
Failure modes
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Ethical issues design
Philosophical and practical ethics
Codes of Ethics
- Health and welfare of humans and nature
- Informing client/employers of consequences
- Statements and information in truthful manner
- Treating people fairly (avoiding conflict of interest)
- Limits of professional competence
- Building professional reputations according to merits
- Continuing professional development
- Issues with intellectual property.
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Issues
• Life systems preservation
• Maintenance of quality of life
• Maintaining high standards of personal and professional conduct
• Managing intra-professional customs, identifiers, habits, and limits.
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Economic analysis
What is the relevance of economic analysis to design?
Economic assumption : Measure of value is “monetary”
Process cost in context of the company
Reporting costs, financial status, and transactions.
Value today, value tomorrow.
Material cost, labour cost, indirect cost
Manufacturing cost, storage cost, transport cost
Product cost scaling and correction factors
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Statistical analysis
What relevance is statistics to design?
Statistical focus : “The one and the many”
Measures of central tendency
Measures of variation
Probability
Uncertainty analysis
Linear regression
Six sigma quality concept
Optimization and development of designs
Statistics in process control for quality
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THANK YOU
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