Topic

• Link Canals and their salient features

• Barrages in Pakistan

• Dams in Pakistan

• Presented to Sir Asif Aslam

• Presented by Raees Abbas Shah 2011-CE-26

Members• Abdul Mutlib 2011-CE-17• M Shahid 2011-CE-32• Jam Tahir 2011-CE-11• Sajid Manzoor 2011-CE-21• Khawar Abbas 2011-CE-16• Umar Mehmood 2011-CE-37• Sajjad Deol 2011-CE-29• Bilal niazi 2011-CE-22

Canal

What is a Canal?•  An artificial waterway for navigation or for

draining or irrigating land.

Canal System of PakistanThe irrigation and canal system of Pakistan is regarded as best among others worldwide.It is also the largest. About three fourth of the agricultural land of Pakistan comes under this canal system. At present Pakistan has three large dams and eighty five small dams in this system. These dams are controlled by 19 barrages. A total of 57 canals are included in this system. Among these 12 are linked and other 45 are normal canals. In Pakistan canals are the most popular means of irrigation as they supply plenty of water at very cheap rates.

History in Subcontinent

• Controlled irrigation began in around 1859 with the completion of the Upper Bari Doab Canal (UBDC) from Madhopur Headworks (now in India) on Ravi River. Until that time, irrigation was undertaken through a network of inundation canals, which were functional only during periods of high river flow. They provided water for kharif (summer) crops and some soil moisture for rabi (winter) crops.

Types of canals in Pakistan

• Canal System of Pakistan consist of three main important types of canals:

• Perennial Canals• Non-Perennial Canals• Inundation Canals

Perennial Canals Perennial canals ensure regular supply of

water all the year round. These canals supply water to farmer’s field. Perennial canals sprout from barrages or dams.

These are crucial in canal system of Pakistan.

Punjab has many of these canals. These include Lower and upper Bari Doab, Lower & Upper Chenab canal and Sidhnai.

• Apart from these Uper Jehlum and river Sutlej’s Canals are also important. Trimu Headworks is the starting point of Jhelum canals. While canals of Sutlej river originate from it at Islam, Panjnad, Ferozpur and Sulaimanki Headworks.

Non-Perennial Canals Non-perennial canals only run in

Monsoon and summer. They get their water from rains. This category also has many canals. These include Sutlej, Sidhnai (from ravi) and haveli (from chenab) canals. They also constitute an important part in canal system of Pakistan.

Inundation Canals  Rainy weather and season is the only

time when these canals run. It actually happens due to raised level of water in rivers. Uncertain water quantity is supplied by them. Their source of water is also river but there is a difference.  They carry extra flood water. That is why these are also called flood canals. Some canals of Chenab and Indus river are the examples.

Indus water treaty between India & Pakistan

• Treaty of Indus Water was signed between two nations (Pakistan and India) in 1960 due to the water clashes between them . The history of this treaty goes back in the early months after independence. India after division of Punjab got headwaters of all the rivers that flow in Pakistan. They on one occcasion (1948, April) stopped water flow in Pakistani rivers. Pakistan protested against this act. An interim solution was sorted out but the issue was permanently solved in the form of Indus Water Treaty.

• This treaty guaranteed Pakistan the water from 3 western rivers. These include Jehlum, Indus and Chenab. India got water from the 3 remaining eastern rivers. These included Ravi, Sutlej and Bias. After the treaty there started construction of massive dams in Pakistan. Also, the linked canals were constructed to sustain the irrigation system of Pakistan. A total of 8 linked canals were built for this purpose. Indus Water Treaty was signed in the reign of General Ayub Khan. So, this treaty strengthened the Canal system of Pakistan.

Link Canals • The total length of canals in Pakistan is

about 56,073 km (estimated upto 1999).

• There are ten linked canals found in Punjab. These were dug after the Indus Water Treaty.

• We are discussing particular link canals only.

Link canals1. Rasul-Qadirabad 2. Qadirabad-Balloki3. Balloki-Sulaimanki4. Trimmu-Sidhnai5. Sidhnai-Mailsi.6. Mailsi-Bahawal7. Chashma-Jhellum8. Taunsa-Punjnad.

Rasul-Qadirabad Rasul-Qadirabad Links carries water from

Rasul Barrage on the Jhellum to the Chenab.

Salient Features

CM= Canal Mile

Rasul Qadirabad Link Canal, Mandi Bahauddin

Qadirabad-Balloki Qadirabad-Balloki Link is an extension of

Rasul-Qadirabad Link by which the water is transferred to the Ravi river.

Salient Features

Qadirabad-Balloki link canal

Balloki-Sulaimanki Balloki-Sulaimanki Link connects the

Ravi and the Sutlej.

Salient Features

Balloki-Sulaimanki Link canal

Trimmu-Sidhnai Trimmu-Sidhnai transfers water from

Trimmu Barage in to the Ravi.

Salient Features

Trimmu Barrage (Haveli Main Line and Sidhnai Link Canals)

Sidhnai-Mailsi Sidhnai-Mailsi takes the Ravi water in to

the Sutlej.

Salient Features

Sidhnai-Mailsi link canal

Mailsi-Bahawal Mailsi-Bahawal Link supplies water to the

Bahawal Canal.

Salient Features

Mailsi-Bahawal link canal

Chashma-Jhellum Chashma-Jhellum Link transfers water

from Chashma Barrage on the Indus to the Jhelum river.

Salient Features

Chashma-Jhellum link canal

Taunsa-Punjnad

Taunsa-Punjnad Link carries water from Taunsa on the Indus to the Chenab river to feed the Punjab canals.

Salient Features

Taunsa-Punjnad link canal

Barrage

Barrage• What is a barrage?

• An artificial structure or obstruction placed in river or water course , to increase the depth of water(to some feet), so that the water can be diverted into canals is called barrage.

What is difference between Barrage and Headworks?

• The head works are built on river or water course between two banks at the same level of river to control water, distribute it through canals for irrigation or other purpose of supplying water.

• Barrage is made in similar way but main difference is that barrage is designed in such a way so that it could increase the water level and serve as a storage. Electricity can be produced at a barrage after construction of hydro power plants but could not be at a head work.

Barrages• At present pakistan has• 16 barrages & • 3 Head Works which include

Barrages• Qadirabad • Rasul • Sidhnai • Sulemanki • Taunsa • Trimmu • Islam • Guddu

• Balloki• Chashma • Islam • Jinnah • Sukkhur• Kotri • Marala • Panjnad

Head Works• Khanki• Mangla• Muhammad wala

Sukkur Barrage

• It is the largest barrage of pakistan and was build during british rule.

• It was known as Lloyd Barrage.

Salient Features

Guddu barrage

Salient Features

Chashma barrage

Salient Features

Jinnah Barrage

Salient Features

Kotri barrage

• It is also known as Ghulam Muhammad Barrage.

Salient Features

Taunsa barrage

Salient Features

Khanki Head Works

• Khanki Headworks is a headworks situated on the River Chenab in Gujranwala District of the Punjab province of Pakistan.

• It was constructed in 1889 and is considered to be the oldest headworks in Pakistan.

• Khanki Headworks is used for irrigation and flood control.

Dams

What is a Dam ?• A dam is a barrier that impounds water or

underground streams. The reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but provide water for various needs to include irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture and navigability.

• A dam is also the basic key element for hydropower generation.

Dams in Pakistan•  At present Pakistan has three large dams

and eighty five small dams in this system. These dams are controlled by 19 barrages. A total of 57 canals are included in this system. Among these 12 are linked and other 45 are normal canals.

Tarbela Dam

Tarbela Dam It is one of the world’s largest earth and

rock filled Dam and greatest water resources development project , which was completed in 1976 as a component part of Indus Basin Project. The Dam is built on Pakistan’s largest river i.e INDUS.

• It is the Largest Earth Filled Dam of Asia. &• It is also considered as the biggest Dam of

the world after Syncrude Tailings Dam (Canada).

Main Features

• The Project consists of a 9,000 (2,743 meters) long, 465 feet (143 meters) high (above the river bed) earth and rock fill embankment across the entire width of the river with two spillways cutting through the left bank discharging into a side valley. Its main spillway has a discharge capacity of 650,000 cusecs (18,406 cumecs) and auxiliary spillway 850,000 cusecs (24,070 cusecs).

Tarbela Reservoir• The reservoir is 50 miles (80.5 km) long

100 square, miles (260 square kilometers) in area and has a gross storage capacity of 11.6 MAF (17.109 million cu. Meters) with a live  storage capacity of 9.7 MAF (14,307 million cu. Meters). The total catchment area above Tarbela is spread over 65,000 sq. miles (168,000 sq. kilometers)

Tarbela Power station• A power station on the right bank near the

toe of the main dam houses fourteen(14), power units, 4 units,  each with installed generating capacity of 175 MW are installed on tunnel 1

• 6 units (NO.5 to 10), 175 MW each on tunnel NO.2 and

• 4 Units ( NO.11-14)  of 432 MW each on Tunnel 3, thus making  total generating capacity of Tarbela Power Station as 3478 MW.

Mangla Dam

• The dam was constructed between 1961 to 1967 across the Jhelum River, about 67 miles (108 km) south-east of the Pakistani capital, Islamabad in Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

• This dam was constructed as a part of the Indus Waters Treaty signed in 1960.

• The Mangla Dam was the first of the two dams constructed to reduce this shortcoming and strengthen the irrigation system of the country as part of the Indus Basin Project, the other being Tarbela Dam on River Indus.

• It is an Embankment Dam.• And second largest dam of pakistan so far.

Turbine Outflow Stream

General Description• Height =147 m (482 ft)• Length =3,140 m (10,302 ft)• Total capacity 9.12 km3(7,390,000 acre·ft)• Surface area 97 sq mi (251 km2)• Installed capacity 1,150 MW

Rawal Lake Dam

Rawal Dam• Rawal Dam was constructed across the

Korang Nullah in 1960-1962 to supply water for domestic purpose to the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad.

• This 700 feet long concrete dam is a fine example of stone masonry. With a storage capacity of 47,500 acre feet, it not only supplies drinking water to the twin cities but also irrigates an area of 500 acres.

 Rawal Lake dam

General Description

• Type of dam: partly arched gravity dam (stone masonry)

• Crest level: 1,742 ft (531 m)• Crest length: 700 ft (210 m)• Maximum height: 133.5 ft (40.7 m)

Rawal lake

Rawal Lake• The reservoir of Rawal Dam is called

Rawal Lake and is spread over an area of 8.8 km square .

• It  is an artificial reservoir that provides the water needs for the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad.

• The view of rawal lake and reservoir is shown in the figure below.

Rawal Lake Dam

Gomal Zam Dam• Gomal Zam Dam is a multi-purpose gravity dam in South

Waziristan Agency of Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

Characteristics• Gomal Dam is a Roller Compacted

Concrete (RCC) gravity dam with a height of 437 feet (133 m).

• It produces 17.4 MW of electricity.• It has a gross storage capacity of

1,140,000 acre feet (1.41 km3) and the 60.5 km long main canal will irrigate about 163,000 acres (660 km2) of barren land.

Purpose• The purpose of the dam is irrigation, flood

control and Hydoelectric power generation.

Background• Construction of the dam began in August

2001 and was completed in April 2011. The powerhouse was completed in March 2013.

Khanpur Dam

Khanpur Dam• Khanpur Dam is a dam located on

the Haro River near Potowar Plateau and the village of Khanpur, KPK near Islamabad.

•  Khanpur dam has a storage capacity of 106,000 acre feet of water and is 67 feet high.

• Khanpur dam is of prime importance as it is the primary source of water supply (both domestic and industrial) to Islamabad and Rawalpindi the twin city.

• It also irrigates the surrounding agricultural areas.

Background• The dam was completed in 1983 after a

15-year construction period.• It is built adjacent to Khanpur lake.

Khanpur Lake

Warsak Dam

• Warsak Dam is a mass concrete gravity dam located on the Kabul River near Peshawar  in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.

• Warsak Dam was completed under the Colombo Plan in two phases and financed by the Canadian Government.

Warsak Dam

Development & Capacity• The first phase was completed in 1960

having four units of 40 MV capacity.• Two additional generating units of 41.48

MW capacity each were added in 1980-81 in the second phase.

• The total installed capacity of the Warsak Dam Hydropower Project is 243 MW.

Mirani dam

• Mirani Dam is a medium-size multi-purpose concrete-faced rock-filled dam located on the Dasht River south of the Central Makran Range in Kech District in Balochistan province.

• Mirani Dam was completed in July 2006.• It is fed by  Kech River and the Nihing

River• It also impounds dasht river.

Purpose

• The primary purpose of Mirani Dam was to store water from the three rivers during the summer season and during floods, so that water could be available for irrigation purposes throughout the year in order to bring 33,200 acres of hitherto uncultivated land in Kech Valley under cultivation.

• The secondary purpose of Mirani Dam is to ensure a constant supply of clean drinking water to the towns of Turbat and Gwadar throughout the year.

Hub Dam• Hub Dam  is a reservoir on the Hub River.

It is situated 56 km from Karachi city in Karachi and Lasbela Districts on Sindh and Balochistan provinces border.

Characteristics• The dam is extended to 24300 acres with

gross storage capacity of 857000 acre feet.

• It is the Pakistan's third largest dam.• It is an important source that provides the

drinking water to the metropolitan city Karachi.

Future Projects• The future projects of pakistan whom need

is inevitable in the current scenerio of critical energy crisis and flood hazards include

Diamer-Bhasha Dam• Diamer-Bhasha Dam is a gravity dam,

in the preliminary stages of construction, on the River Indus in Pakistan Azad Kashmir,Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Its foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani of Pakistan on 18 October 2011. Upon completion, Diamer-Bhasha Dam would be the highest RCC dam in the world. 

Incentives

• Upon completion, Diamer-Bhasha Dam would Produce 4,500 megawatts of electricity through environmentally clean hydropower generation.

• Store an extra 8,500,000 acre feet (10.5 km3) of water for Pakistan that would be used for irrigation and drinking.

• Extend the life of Tarbela Dam located downstream by 35 years.

• and Control flood damage by the River Indus downstream during high floods.

 Kalabagh Dam• The Kalabagh Dam is a

proposed hydroelectric dam on the Indus River at Kalabagh in the Mianwali District of Punjab Province in Pakistan. Intensely debated and deemed a necessity since its inception, if constructed the dam would have 3,600 megawatts (4,800,000 hp) of electricity generation capacity.

Political Issues

• But due to some severe political biased behaviors the construction of the dam is due.

• Sindh and Kpk have issues regarding the design ,site and outflow including other issues of the dam.

•Wikipedia•http://irrigation.punjab.gov.pk/

• Research journals etc