Swedish Geotechnical Engineering
K. Rainer Massarsch
Geo Risk & Vibration
Scandinavia AB
Sweden
Sweden:Northern Europe
2000 km long10 million inhabitants
12 thousand years ago – Sweden was covered by 2000 m of ice.The rock has rebounded by heave of almost 500 m!!
Sweden has the highest land uplift in the world.
Areas below highest sea level – geotechnical
problems:Stability and settlements
Glacial Rivers createdEskers
Rebound of ground surface – 1 to 10 mm/year
Most of Sweden covered by till (moraine)
“Quick clay”
However, biggest problems in areas with soft clay
The Viking Period: 790 - 1100
Vikings built fortifications along sea shores and lakes
Landslide problems in soft clayDuring construction of railway
lines around 1905 - 1920
Recent landslides in Sweden
Famous slide at Stigbergsquay harbour in Gothenburg initiated first modern stability analysis
Swedish weight sounding around
1920
Wolmar Fellenius (1876 – 1957)
Albert Atterberg (1846 – 1916)
Alfred Nobel (1833 – 1896)
Report by Swedish “Geotechnical Commission”
Settlement problems in centre of Stockholm
Christopher Polhem (1661 – 1751)
Bror Fellenius(1903 – 1990)
Swedish Commission on Pile Research•Precast concrete piles•Static load testing•Dynamic load testing – stress waves•Negative skin friction
Piling Industry – precast concrete piles
Expander Body
Walter Kjellman(1905 – 1955)
Pre-fabricated Drains
Installation of plastic drains in Hong Kong
Drain sticher with protecting plate
Landslide problems – Tuve landslide in 1976
Lime-cement stabilization of soft clay
Monitoring of deep mixing by computerized system
Dry mixing of cement with clay....
Landslide at Vagnhärrad
Landslide in unstabilized area
Vibratory Compaction of Sandby „resonance metod“
Vibration sensor measures ground response
Underwater compaction in Hong Kong