Upload
wwwmyassignmenthelpnet
View
92
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Learn about Materials Flux Analysis (MFA) at myassignmenthelp.net expert tutors.These slides provides basic idea how to solve MFA questions
Citation preview
Environmental Management
Materials Flux Analysis
http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/engineering-assignment-help.php
http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/engineering-assignment-help.php
Overview
Review– Regional Environmental Management
• Introduction• Approaches to Standard Setting• National SoE reports• Reactive v Anticipatory Environmental Management
Materials Flux Analysis– Aims– System Definition– Method– Cadmium Example– Conclusions
Tutorial
ReferencesBrunner PH and Rechberger H; 2004, Practical handbook of Material Flow
Analysis; Lewis Publ.Brunner P and Baccini P, 1993; Regional Material Management and
Environmental Protection, WM&R
Review
Development of indices/measures for environmental quality– EIS– EMS
• Public Environmental Reports– Corporate– Regional, State, Nation
Regional Environmental Management :Introduction
Regional Environmental Management Plans– Emission standards --> project performance
Regional Environmental Management :National SoE Reports 1996
Ongoing development of key indicators and composite indicators
Regional Environmental Management :Reactive v Anticipatory Env. Mgt.
Time scale problems with monitoring emissions and effects
An alternative approach
R E
ENVIRONMENT
ANTHROPOSPHERE
Stock
2
13
Materials Flux Analysis :Aims
Background :– Chemical Engineers : mass balance for reactors– Civil Engineers : water balance in regions– --> MFA : mass balance with regions as reactor
Aims :– fundamental and holistic understanding of pollution problem– where to concentrate resources – predictive ability– input to human toxicology and ecotoxicology
– Sustainable development requires :• early recognition• more efficient feedback mechanism
Materials Flux Analysis :System Definition
Select substanceDetermine goods
Balance goods through processesCalculate substance balance
I = o + Δ , for ΔT
Sustainability criteria:
• Is the mining of non-renewable resources sustainable? Is recycling efficient enough?
• Is the outflow from the economy too high compared to geogenic flows:– Volcanoes, weathering
and erosion, bushfires, dissolution of minerals in groundwater.
Volcano in Iceland, April 2010
Materials Flux Analysis :General Regional System Definition: Cd
Example : Cd in NiCd batteries– O : Mine 1: concentrate– A: Smelter/recycler 2: Cd– B: NiCd Battery plant 3: NiCd batteries– C: household 4: Used NiCds– X: Household outside region 5: NiCds– Y: Recycler outside region 6: used NiCds
– Other goods for Cd : intentional, unintentional– --> Cd balance for region
system boundary
O
Y
X
goodprocessstock
Legend:
1A
B
C6
52
4
3
LF
Sources of Cadmium
Zinc ore– zinc and cadmium metal
Phosphate rock and limestone– Cd contamination
Intentional Uses– Dispersive: plating, PVC stabiliser, pigment – Concentrated: NiCd batteries
Unintentional Uses– with phosphate fertilizer– contaminants in other materials
EU Environmental Problems
Resource depletion ?Environmental contamination
– food products– soils– aquatic ecosystems– locally around landfills
Bioaccumulative– toxic
What problem here?
What diseases?
MFA for Cd in EU 1987
What goods?
Where from?What is the geogenic flow?
Is this a problem for the EU?
( +Iceland volcano2010)
1987 Key Cd Stocks and FlowsEnvironmental processes
Agricultural Soils ( +634T/yr)– 77% of Cd from P fertilizer and manure– 80% of ultimate origin from phosphate rock
Surface waters ( +161T/yr)– 69% from industrial and sewage effluents– ultimate origin : 38% P rock, 40% zinc
Landfill ( environmental compartment ?) ( +2428T/yr)– 58% from industrial wastes, 32 % from h’hold waste– ultimate origin : 9% P rock, 77% zinc and Cd
Key flowsEconomic processes
Economic stocks ( + 6309 t/yr)– 89% Cd products– ultimate origin : 97% zinc ore and Cd import
Economic stocks become wastes– unrecycled to landfill, biggest env sink
Is Cd contained in landfill ?– if no, a significant environmental load– in Australia ?
EU Action Programme for Cd:What can they do?
MFA for Cd in EU post controls
9829
2094
3206
3063
29
6309
Has the problem been solved?
MFA Analysis of outcomes
Transfer Cd emissions to landfillUnintentional uses ( a contaminant) continues, 10% of intentional usesConcentrated intentional uses increase - NiCd batteries now 80%, increasing demandCd supply to economy linked to zinc demandNiCd battery recycling 15%>>, 50-60%Env stock increases at slower rateLandfill and economy stocks increase at higher rate
Cd in Switzerland 1990..do as an exercise
Is Cd use in Switzerland sustainable?
Global Cadmium Cycle
Stock Variation=?6 000t/yr
Cd to Env= 11 000t/yr
Geogenic Flow= 6 400t/yr
Q:Is this sustainable?
2008 Cd global situation
20 000 T/year demand for new goods (mostly NiCd batteries)
Increasing recycling of Ni and Cd in NICd batteries….4000T/year Cd
Primary Cd demand reduced over past 10 years from 24 000 T/year -> 16 000 T/yr
Increasing demand and supply of Zinc concentrates…increased >10% over past 10 years…
Where is the non-demanded Cd going??
Possible Additional Cd ControlsWhat else can we do?
• If environmental contamination still a problem :– limit regional input to :
• allowed economic stock increase
• allowed env emission rate
– control waste outputs:• stock as future
resource• or, immobilise
– Cd stored at zinc refinery, future resource
– Ban zinc
i.e. need to recycle toReplace old goods
Cd Management in Australia
Controls– Fertilizer…<300mgCd/Kg P– Mineral supplements (zinc sulphate)– point source discharge limits– some industrial NiCd battery recycling, voluntary consumer NiCd battery recycling.
Environmental contamination:– 10%(92/93) and 2% ( 93/94) inland river (NSW) contamination– 6-10% of seafood in NSW with above 0.2mg/kg allow level– 5 of 2236 wheat samples above allow level– Acid Sulphate Soils– 1997 review report
Mineral Supplements
*
*
MFA for Cd in Australia
MFA for Cd in Australia– do not follow other region’s rules– include Australian economy
Test a range of Cd controls– use MFA to test outcomes of CP strategies
Examine fate of Cd in landfills, other sinks– what is fate of Cd in environment ?
• long term issuesFor NiCd batteries :
– now 80% of intentional use of Cd– How should NiCd batteries be collected– How should NiCd batteries be recycled
Conclusions
" A complete understanding of the metabolism of the anthroposphere is essential for the welfare of humans and the biosphere“
" first analysis indicates dynamics of material flow are not under sufficient control to secure resources and environmental quality"
The method of material flux analysis an indispensable tool in understanding the metabolism of the anthroposphere
Materials flux analysis enables / facilitates the setting of limits (carrying capacity)- compare geogenic + anthropogenic fluxes- ( less often) ----> ecotoxicology study
Material flux analysis should be applied to account for regional materials fluxes and to control them
Civilizations that have developed improved measurement and controls in their economies have succeeded:EgyptVenice….
Now:- 1930s money crisis ---> economic models / control- 1960s energy crisis ---> energy audits and control- annual material flux analysis
integration of economics and environment Sustainability?
MFA Example : Lead in a Region
Is lead use in the region sustainable? If no, what should be done?
What is the stock variation in Pb in household, why?
What is stock variation in PBL; Soils; River; ARA; Landfill; Industry; Sewer
Is the Pb in the landfill a problem? Or an opportunity?
MFA Tutorial : Lead in a Region
Is lead use in the region sustainable?
Thank youIncase you need help in any assignment:
Visit: http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/engineering-assignment-help.php