View
52
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Microstructural features, properties
and application of magnesium alloy
Vinayak kumar
NIT-TRICHY
Industrial metallurgy
• Found 2.8% in sea water and other forms, i.e., dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2),
magnesite (MgCO3) and Carnallite (KMgCl3.6H2O).
• Magnesium with 99.8% purity are readily available but rarely used in
this stage for engineering applications.
Applications
phone bodies. Magnesium side panels
Alloyed wheel
Gearbox housing in the VW-Passat
Aerospace applications
Cam and mobile
Physical properties of magnesium
• Low strength and toughness and corrosion
resistance.
• Easily flammable with oxygen.
• Alloyed with Al, Zn, Th, rare earth metals to produce alloys with high-
strength-to weight ratios.
• Tends to form compounds with negative valence ion (due to strong
electropositive) rather than solid solution.
• Not readily plastically deformed at room temperature due to HCP structure.
• Cast magnesium alloys dominate 85-90% of all magnesium alloy products,
with Mg-Al-Zn system being the most widely used.
Crystal structure HCP a = 0.3202, c = 0.5199, c/a = 1.624
Atomic diameter 0.320 easily alloyed with Al, Zn, Ag, Zr
Density (g.cm-3) 1.74
Melting point (oC) 650
Classification of magnesium alloys
• ASTM system designated by two capital letter
followed by two or three numbers.
F – Iron G – Magnesium
H – Thorium
K – Zirconium
L – Lithium
M - Manganese N – Nickel
P – Lead
Q - Silver
R - Chromium
S – Silicon T – Tin
Y –Antimony
Z - zinc
A – Aluminium B – Bismuth C – Copper
D – Cadmium
E – Rare earths
• The letters stand for the two major alloying elements
- first letter - the highest amount
- second letter - the second highest amount
• The numbers stand for the amount of the two major
alloying elements
- first number following the letters stands for
the wt% of the first letter element.
- second number stands for the wt% of the second
letter element.
Example
The magnesium alloy contains
2 wt% silver, 2% rare earths
and in the A modification.
T6 – solution heat-treated, quenched
and artificially aged.
QE22A-T6 -
AZ92A - The magnesium alloy contains
9 wt% aluminium, 2 wt% zinc.
Commercial magnesium alloys
•
•
•
•
•
Magnesium- Aluminum based alloys
Magnesium-Zinc based alloys
Magnesium-Rare Earth alloys
Magnesium-Thorium based alloy
High temperature Mg casting alloys
Mg-Al based alloy
• Al is alloyed to increase strength, castability and corrosion resistance
• Maximum solid solubility is ~ 12.7% at 818F • Decreases to 3.2% at 400 F.
• This group includes Magnesium-Aluminum- Manganese and Magnesium- Aluminum- Zinc.
• AZ63A is used where maximum toughness along with moderately high yield strength.
• AZ92A is used where maximum yield strength plus good pressure-tightness are required.
• The microstructure of AZ92A alloy is shown
• The structure in sand-cast condition shows a network of massive δ (Mg17Al12)
However most of the eutectic has separated, the ε phase has joined the
primary ε grains, leaving behind the compound as a white network.
By rapid cooling and subsequently artificial aging can cause precipitation of
the compound as fine particle within the grain.
The wrought alloy M1A (1.2% Mn) is low cost, low strength has excellent
weldability, corrosion resistance and hot formability.
AZ31 with low calcium content(PE alloy) is widely used for magnesium
photoengraving sheet.
AZ61A and AZ80A has good strength and ductility
Chemical composition of Mg-Al based
alloy and applications
Mechanical properties of Mg-Al based
alloys
Mg-Zn based alloys Essentially magnesium-zinc-zirconium (ZK) and magnesium-zinc-thorium
(ZH) casting alloys
Zirconium is added for grain refinement so increases the mechanical
properties
Zn controlling is important as it causes microporosity and hot cracks so
Thorium and rare-earth metal is added with effect on mechanical properties
ZK51A, ZK61A,the highest tensile strength and ductility of any Mg casting
alloy
ZH62A-T5 Lamellar form of Eutectic Mg-Th-Zn
Mg rich solid
solution
Compound
of Mn-Th-
Zn
Chemical composition, application and
mechanical properties of Mg-Zn based alloy
Magnesium-Rare Earth-based alloys Includes of magnesium-rare earth-zirconium(EK), magnesium- rare earth-
zinc
By addition of rare earth elements we get improvement in elevated-
temperature properties
So these alloys are suitable for use up to 480˚C
Alloy EZ33A-T5 sand casing
Mg –E compound
Mg rich solid solution
Magnesium-thorium-based Alloys
Includes magnesium-thorium-zirconium(HK) and magnesium-thorium-
zinc(HZ)
Improved elevated temperature properties
HK31A- short-time elevated temperature under high stress
HZ32A –long-time lower stress applications
High temperature Magnesium casting alloys Primarily used for aerospace applications due to light weight (major consideration)
Application range 200-250oC with tensile strength ~240MPa
Mg-Ag-RE alloys
QE22-has been used for aerospace applications, i.e., landing wheels, gear box
housings.
Mg-Y-RE alloys
WE43-has been developed for improved elevated temperature tensile properties.
Mg-Ag-Th-RE-Zr alloys
Forging of Mg alloys
Advantages of forged magnesium components compared to commonly
used die cast magnesium parts:
Excellent strength, especially with the fibres lying parallel to the main
load direction.
Very good properties for pressure-sealed components because of a
forging process in preventing a porous microstructure
Joining of magnesium alloys
Arc welding ( TIG, MIG )
Laser beam welding
Electron beam welding
Diffusion welding
Friction welding
Spot welding
Engineering design with Magnesium alloys Advantage
Ability to die cast at high productivity rate
Good creep resistance
High damping capacity due to ability to absorb energy elastically
High thermal conductivity permitting rapid heat dissipation
Good machinability
Easily gas-shield arc-welded
Disadvantage High tendency to galvanic corrosion with dissimilar metals or electrolyte. Difficult to deform by cold working
Thank you