Mosaic and terrazo flooring

MOSAIC FLOORING

SUBMITTED BY –

AISHWARYA PATIL, 1RW15AT008

ANUSHREE V PATIL, 1RW15AT014

DEEKSHA K O, 1RW15AT018

DISHA NR , 1RW15AT022

GAYATHRI V N, 1RW15AT027

1 Building Construction and Materials

FLOORING AND TYPES Floor is a Structural component made to provide a level surface . It is a horizontal sanitary surface that supports the occupants of a building, furniture and equipment.

STRUCTURE OF A FLOOR

The floor is divided into three components-

Sub base

Base

Floor finish

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOOR

•Brick floor

• Earth floor

• Cement concrete floor

• Mosaic floor

• Tile floor

• Marble floor

• Wooden floor.

Building Construction and Materials

BRICK FLOOR EARTH FLOOR

CEMENT CONCRETE FLOOR MARBLE FLOOR

WOODEN FLOOR GRANITE FLOOR 2

INTRODUCTION A mosaic is a piece of art or image made from the assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials( FIG 1&2). It is often used in decorative art or as interior decoration. Most mosaics are made of small, flat, roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of different colours, known as tesserae. Some, especially floor mosaics, are made of small rounded pieces of stone, and called "pebble mosaics". Others are made of other materials. Mosaic Flooring is made up of marble chips laid on thin layer of concrete topping. Widely used in school, residential buildings, hospitals, offices and other public buildings. Terrazzo Is the specially prepared concrete surface containing cement and marble chips in proportion to 1:12 to 1:2.

HISTORY : The earliest known examples of mosaics made of different materials were found at a temple building in Abra, Mesopotamia, and are dated to the second half of 3rd millennium BC. They consist of pieces of colored stones, shells and ivory. Excavations at Susa and Chogha Zanbil show evidence of the first glazed tiles, dating from around 1500 BC.[1] However, mosaic patterns were not used until the times of Sassanid Empire and Roman influence.

3 Building Construction and Materials

FIG 1: MOSAIC AS A PIECE OF IART

FIG 3: MOSAIC FLOORING

FIG 4: MOSAIC CEILING

FIG 2:MOSAIC ART ON WALLS OF CHURCH

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic



CLASSIFICATION OF MOSAIC TILES

GENERAL PURPOSE TILES

These tiles are recommended for flooring in places where light loads are encountered such as residential buildings, offices, schools, colleges, hospitals etc. Based on designs these tiles are further classified as under :

•DESIGNER TILES

These tiles are mainly used in residential buildings and are very popular due to their designs and colourful appearance. These tiles are locally named as Galicha tiles, Crazy tiles, Veins tiles, Marble and Granite print tiles etc.

•CHEQUERED TILES

These tiles are used where non-skiding function is required such as foot paths, ramps, passages, swimming pools, stair cases and entrances of the building etc. These tiles may be with or without stone chips and pigments.

•HEAVY DUTY TILES

These tiles are recommended for heavy traffic conditions such as foot-paths, storage godowns, car parkings, cinema halls, auditoriums and industrial floors etc. • These tiles are made with the use of quartz powder, quartz chips and ironite (Ferrous substance) in place of marble powder and marble chips respectively. These tiles are hydraulically pressed at higher pressure of more than 140 kg/cm2 (2000 PSI

Building Construction and Materials 4

GENERAL PURPOSE TILES

DESIGNER TILES

CHEQUERED TILES

HEAVY DUTY TILES

MOSAIC FLOORING

Mosaic flooring is one of the most

durable and timeless flooring options which can be installed at your homes. Mosaic tiles are beautiful and made up of tiles less than 2 inches. They form a particular design pattern or laid out in single colour. If we want to go for something natural then mosaic tiles would be suitable, as they come in two different textures mosaic hardwood flooring and mosaic stone flooring both give a natural look to home or office.

There are different types of mosaic flooring -

• Glass

• Ceramic

• Porcelain

• Stone


GLASS MOSAIC FLOORING PORCELAIN MOSAIC FLOORING

STONE MOSAIC FLOORING CERAMIC MOSAIC FLOORING

TYPES OF MOSAIC FLOORING

Mosaic effects can change the feel of your home as they are natural and beautiful. Even the shapes of mosaic tiles are different such as square, hexagonal and round. Porcelain mosaic flooring is commonly used and found to be most durable as they can be glazed or unglazed. They are usually used in bathroom areas(FIG 5). Stone flooring is also known as pebble flooring which is usually installed in bathrooms and pool areas. It is naturally striking and stands apart from others (FIG 7). Mosaic hardwood flooring is another option which is cost effective and sets a distinctive tone for any home or office. Hardwood and shimmering glass lend your home or office luxurious look of elegance and style(FIG 8). Though it may costs you more depending on the quality material used but each one is custom made by artisan and the impact they create is worth the cost.


FIG 5:PORCELAIN MOSAIC FLOORING IN BATHROOM

FIG 6:GLASS MOSAIC FLOORING IN POOL AREAS

FIG 7:STONE MOSAIC FLOORING IN POOL AREAS

FIG 8:MOSAIC HARDWOOD FLOORING


MOSAIC FLOORING REQUIREMENTS The base for mosaic floor is of plain cement concrete (1:2:4). The topping shall not be less than 3’8” thick and shall be laid with a bottom layer of cement concrete (1:2:4). The total thickness of topping of cement concrete should mot be less than 1-3’8”. Normally 2” thickness is used, 1-1’2” concrete (1:2:4) and ½” mosaic. The mosaic topping shall consist of one part of cement (including15% to30% marble powder) and two parts of marble chips. The mosaic topping shall be laid while the bottom concrete is still fresh preferably on the next day or after 24 hours to have better bond. The surface should be rough to get better bonding.

INSTALLATION OF MOSAIC FLOORING :

Mosaic flooring is easy to install, here are few steps through which we can easily make our home beautiful by installing mosaic tiles.

• Prepare the floor by cleaning the surface where you need to install your mosaic tiles. • Gently clean the floor with dry cloth to ensure that the floor is free of all dust. • Before using mosaic tiles apply stone sealer to the mosaic so as to protect the stone during installation. This

sealer has to be left for 2-3 hours to ensure that sealer is absorbed by the mosaic tile. • Now take the plastic protection off the back of the mosaic leaving only mesh. • Gently buff out the backing of the mosaic to remove some of the excess glue and make sure that the mesh

is exposed as much as possible. This buffing can be done with a metal brush and remember not to over buff the surface or you will run the risk of breaking the mesh.

• Clean the debris with a vacuum or broom. After that prepare and apply the thinset over the surface. • Apply at least 1/8 of thinset and mark 2mm deep canals across the surface, as recommended by the

manufacturer. • Now set the mosaic in place over the thinset slightly giving pressure so that the thinset penetrates deep

through the mesh and between some of the tesserae of your mosaic. • Continue and clean the mosaic surface with a wet sponge to make sure that the excess of the thinset

doesn’t accumulate over the mosaic. • Leave the mosaic and thinset to dry for about 24 hours. • Prepare a non sand grouting mix and use the minimum grouting thickness which is usually made from

grouting less than 1/8. • Grout the surface of the marble mosaic like any other tile. The grouting color should not be dark or light

from the mosaic but an average grout can be used.


TESTS REQUIREMENT (as per BIS : 1237 - 1989):

1. Water absorption (Average) 10% Maxi.

2. Wet transverse strength 3N/mm2 Mini.

3. Resistance to wear

a) For general purpose tile:

• Average wear 3.5 mm

• Wear on individual specimen 4.0 mm

b) For heavy duty tile

• Average wear 2.0 mm

• Wear on individual specimen 2.5 mm

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN CARE DURING INSTALLATION PROCESS:

• After demoulding, tile should be kept in cool or moist place and not

• under direct sunlight.

• Tile should be cured as recommended above.

• Curing tank should be cleaned periodically.

• Mould should be vibrated sufficiently to release entrapped air.

• Each tile should be given minimum pressure of 140 kg/cm2 during moulding.

• Proportion of cement to aggregate in backing layer should not be

• leaner than 1:3 by mass.

• Thickness of facing layer should be such as to provide final thickness


Sizes (mm) Thickness (mm) 200 x 200 20 250 x 250 22 300 x 300 25 450 x 450 30 Besides the above sizes, Mosaic tiles of different shapes and sizes can be manufactured as per the agreement between buyer and manufacturer.

COST OF MOSAIC- Rs .300 per square metre. BEDDING LAYER- Rs 80 per square metre. LAYING AND POLISHING- Rs- 150

per square metre.


ADVANTAGES OF MOSAIC FLOORING: Fire resistant and durable Dense hard and tough Mosaic tile comes in a wide variety of colours and textures Easy to customize yourself Water and bacteria resistant Low maintenance

DISADVANTAGES OF MOSAIC FLOORING: Glazed tiles can be slippery if wet Cold and hard underfoot Tiles may damage or crack

MOSAIC FLOORING

APPLICATIONS OF MOSAIC FLOORING :

Mosaic is an art which dates back to the Greek and Roman times when it was used to decorate temples and palaces. Nowadays we use this technique to decorate our homes, to make them more beautiful and more original. There are lots of different uses for mosaic tiles. They can be used indoors but also outdoors and in basically any room of the house.

In bathrooms, half wall designs, full wall mosaic , counter part and back splash design, mosaic floors and in kitchens etc.

it is also used as finishing materials and glass mosaics have been widely used to decorate pools, bathroom areas.

the art of mosaic creates unique paintings, murals and iconic art and portraits and friezes.


MOSAIC USED IN BATHROOMS

MOSAIC FLOORING

TERRAZO FLOORING


INTRODUCTION : Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast, which is used for floor and wall treatments. It consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite, glass, or other suitable material, poured with a cementitious binder (for chemical binding), polymeric (for physical binding), or a combination of both. Terrazzo was created by Venetian construction workers as a low cost flooring material to surface the patios around their living quarters. Originally consisting of scrap marble chips set in clay and sealed with goat milk, production of terrazzo became much easier after the introduction of electric industrial grinders and other power equipment in the 1920s


HISTORY OF TERRAZO TILES:

Terrazzo may have been yet another of mankind's accidental discoveries. In the 15th century, mosaic artisans in northern Italy swept waste marble chips out onto their terraces, terrazzi, and smoothed the surface simply by walking over it. When workers learned to press the chips into a more permanent clay base, then grind and polish them with heavy stones, terrazzo caught on.

TERRAZO FLOORING :

Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast, which is used for floor and wall treatments. It consists of chips of marble,quartz,granite,glass, or other suitable material, poured with a cementitious binder (for chemical binding),polymeric (for physical binding), or a combination of both. Metal strips divide sections, or changes in colour or material in a pattern. Additional chips may be sprinkled atop the mix before it sets. After it is cured it is ground and polished smooth or otherwise finished to produce a uniformly textured surface.


TERRAZZO FLOORING

TYPES OF TERRAZZO MATERIAL


TYPES OF TERRAZO FLOORING :

• Epoxy terrazzo: epoxy terrazzo is potentially the type with requires the lowest maintenance. And it is also one of the more versatile types as it can be used for both flooring and counter top installations. Add to this, the flexibility for design customization is almost limitless – in terms of color combination, the aggregate materials that can be added. One setback of epoxy terrazzo is that is not advisable for exterior use as it is unable to withstand the harsher weather conditions; otherwise it makes for stunning interior countertops and flooring.

• Cement terrazzo: This type of terrazzo is particularly preferred for areas with high foot traffic like malls, airport terminals, universities because of its durability and the fact that it’s cost-effective and versatile, designwise. Preferably, during installation of cementitious terrazzo, weather conditions have to be suitable to ensure that no cracks are formed as a result. Extreme care should also be taken in mixing, laying out cement terrazzo to ensure that the installation would last as long as 60 years and onwards.

• Rustic terrazzo: Much like epoxy terrazzo only more suitable for exterior use because of its smooth and marble-like surface with a rough surface added as a means to increase slip resistance. Rustic terrazzo can be found more commonly in outdoor areas of hotels, malls, museums, townhouses and most commercial establishments with water features like pools, fountains and man-made waterfalls.

• Sand Cushion Terrazzo: The most prominent characteristic of this type of terrazzo is its basic construction. When used as flooring, it is made up of different layers of material – such as wire meshes or reinforcing, isolation sheets and layers of sand. This is to allow for minor defects whilst preventing mirroring on the surface which makes it perfect for incorporating designs such as logos and works of art with multiple colors.

EPOXY TERRAZO

CEMENT TERRAZO

RUSTIC TERRAZO

SAND CUSHION TERRAZO

TERRAZZO INSTALLATION


Terrazzo flooring consists of (1) Concrete bed, (2) Mortar bed, 1 cm of cement mortar (cement sand mixture 1:3), (3) Metal strips, (4) Marble cheeps 3 to 6mm. Terrazzo is concrete containing marble chipping

as an aggregate. Terrazzo mixture is made up of cement and marble chips in different proportions. First of all, a concrete bed is formed as a base course which is covered by tarred paper. Over this, a layer of rich mortar is spread. This mortar bedding is struck off about 1 to 1.5 cm below the finished floor level. After that metal dividing strips of 20 gauges in thickness are inserted into the mortar base and the terrazzo covering. After the mortar base has hardened the terrazzo mixture is placed at the top level of the dividing strips. After the terrazzo mixture has hardened the surface is ground by hand or by a machine. After cutting we use waxing for glazing floor.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRAZZO:

• Composition: Marble, granite, quartz and/or glass chips mixed with Portland

cement or epoxy resin.

• Occurrence: Terrazzo is man-made, but with natural materials like marble or other stone pieces and a sand/cement mix. Because of it's all-natural material, Terrazzo lasts so long.

• Physical Characteristics: Terrazzo flooring is hard, heavy, durable and long lasting.

• Seamless flooring: Terrazzo floors are poured and polished at the site and so has a seamless appearance.

• Porosity: Terrazzo is impenetrable to water.

• Scratches: Terrazzo floors tend to take scratches because of the embedded Marble pieces.

• Stains: Terrazzo floors are not completely stain-resistant.

• Choices: Terrazzo is available in a wide choice of colours, textures, and shapes.

• Cost: Terrazzo is relatively expensive as it needs specialized installation. Maintenance: Terrazzo flooring is easy to maintain because of it’s shiny surface.

• Green rating: Terrazzo is made of natural materials and doesn't harm the environment. Also it is recyclable.


TERRAZZO FLOORING.

ADVANTAGES OF TERRAZZO FLOORING:

• Durable: It is very durable material. This type of flooring should last a lifetime if maintained properly.

• Dense: Terrazzo flooring is very dense and if sealed well, is impermeable to water.

• Water resistant: It is nearly impenetrable to water due to its low moisture absorbency and hydrophobic nature (non-affinity for water). Therefore, it keeps the floor from harbouring bacteria.

• Easy to maintain: It requires less and inexpensive maintenance. You simply have to sweep up the floor often to remove the dust that can act as an abrasive.

• Cool under foot: It is cool under feet.

• Appearance: Terrazzo provides an elegant look to a room as it almost looks like Granite. Because of the unique way that terrazzo flooring is made, it is quite unlike any other flooring and no two floors will be exactly alike.

• Environment-friendly: Terrazzo flooring doesn't harm the environment. It is constructed out of all natural materials including sand, marble, and other types of stone. You can even recycle this type of floor.


APPEARANCE OF A TERRAZZO FLOOR

VARIETY OF TERRAZZO MATERIAL

DISADVANTAGES OF TERRAZZO FLOORING:

• Professional installation: Terrazzo flooring can only be installed by a professional because it is made, poured and cured at the point of installation.

• Relatively expensive: Because of the specialised installation, the upfront cost is considerably higher than resilient flooring but when viewed long-term, it can actually be less expensive.

• Slippery: Terrazzo can be slippery when wet.

• Hard underfoot: Terrazzo doesn't have any cushioning, so it will be hard to stand on for an extended period of time.

• Cold: It is a good conductor of heat so it leads to a lot of heat loss in room heating.

• Stains: Terrazzo tiles are prone to stain marks caused by acidic substances like vinegar and tamarind.

• Maintenance: Terrazzo requires heavy polishing at the time of laying. Periodic polishing is required to maintain that shine.


TERRAZZO FLOOR-RESTORATION

• Terrazzo is a durable, long lasting and cheaper option to marble and granite flooring. It is used in entryways, the entire house and public and commercial buildings.

• Terrazzo is hypoallergenic and is water and bacteria-resistant. For these reasons, it is often used in kitchens, bathrooms, laundries and recreation rooms.


TERRAZZO FLOOR-OUTDOOR

TERRAZZO FLOOR-COMMERCIAL BUILDING

TERRAZZO FLOOR-KITCHEN

APPLICATIONS OF TERRAZO FLOORING

MINIMUM COST OF TERAZZO- Rs.1300 MAXIMUM COST OF TERAZZO- Rs 6500


THANK YOU

Engineering

Mosaic and terrazo flooring