PowerPoint Presentation

WELCOME

Project TitlePERFORMANCE STUDY OF MANUAL REAPER COMPARED TO MANUAL AND COMBINE HARVESTING FOR RICE AND WHEAT

SupervisorProf. Md. Ruhul Amin Honble Vice-chancellor, HSTU, Dinajpur. Co-SupervisorProf. Dr. Md. Kamal Uddin SarkerDept. of Agricultural and Industrial Engineering

PresentersRAMANI KANTA BARMANStudent ID. 1107049Session: 2011MD. ABU AYUB SIDDIQUEStudent ID. 1107064Session: 2011MD. MAKSUDUR RAHMANStudent ID. 1107076Session: 2011

INTRODUCTION

In Bangladesh almost 40% people are engaged in agricultural production activities. Agriculture contributes 20.6% of GDP of this country (BBS, 2010)

Only crop contributes about 11% of the total GDP of the country.

Bangladesh is an agro-based and the most densely populated country in the world and The fundamental activity of the people of Bangladesh is agricultureAgriculture contributes 20.6% of GDP of this country (BBS, 2010)3. Crop sub sector alone contributes about 11% of the total GDP of the country and about 75% of the agricultural GDP (GOB, 2011).

5

Rice is one of the leading cereal crops in the worldAbout 12.25 million hectares were under the cultivation of rice in Bangladesh that was 88% of the gross cropped land of the country (BBS, 2014)Annual production of rice was 749.1 million tones with 154 million hectares of cultivable lands under the 113 countries in the world (FAO, 2015)

Wheat is the second leading cereal crop after riceTemperature sensitive One of the most important winter crops and Occupies 4% of the total cropped areaAlso occupies 11% of the area cropped in rabi season Contributes 7% to the total output of food cereals (Anonymous, 2008)In Bangladesh, 24.93% annual mean growth rate (BARI, 2010)

In Bangladesh, traditional harvesting is done by labors with sickle which is Laborious, Costly Time consuming and Greater shattering losses due to late harvesting for the lack of labours available in time.So, suitable machinery specially an intermediate technology for harvesting is necessary to enhance mechanization.

Sl. No.Name of the machinesQuantity01.Power tiller3,50,00002.Tractor40,00003.Seeder2,00004.Weeder2,00,00005.Fertilizer applicator8,50006.Sprayer12,50,00007.Reaper50008.Combine harvester13009.Power thresher2,00,00010.Maize seller2,00011.Winnower200

Present status of farm machinery used in crop production in Bangladesh (IFDC, 2013)Reaper500Combine harvester130

1. Power tiller operated and2. Self-propelledManufacturers and Dealers of Reaper in Bangladesh1. ACI2. ALIM Industries Ltd.3. Solar vision4. BARI reaper5. BAU reaper6. The Metal (pvt.) Industries Ltd.Types of Reaper

The percentages of reaper in different divisions of Bangladesh

Figure: Percentage of reaper available in different divisions (Brishti, 2014)

Objectives of the Study The main objective of the study was to compare the performance of a manual reaper to that of manual and combine harvesting for paddy and wheat. Specific Objectives To study the performance of a manual reaper

To identify the problems and prospects of reaper in harvesting To compare mechanical harvesting with manual harvesting for selected crops To suggest an economically feasible harvesting method for selected crops.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental SiteThe research work was carried out regarding paddy and wheat harvesting during Aman and Robi season in 2015-2016.For wheat at BADC seed production field, Noshipur, DinajpurFor paddy at Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University research field

Fig: Harvesting plot of paddyFig: Harvesting plot of wheat

Equipment used

Figure: Manual reaper

Figure: Combine harvester

Specification of a manual reaperEngine model1E40FEngine typeAir-cooled, 2 stroke, single cylinder petrol Engine power1.25kw/7000r/min(2hp)CarburetorDiaphragm TypeStarting methodManually drawing wound ropeFuel tank capacity (Lit)1.2Ratio of fuel and lubricant30:1TypeHand-type HarvesterPower sourcePetrolcircular saw blade diameter (cm)25 Metal plate height (cm)11Shaft length (mm)1670Shaft diameter (mm)28 Shaft thickness (mm)2ColorredWeight (kg)9.2

Engine power1.25kw/7000r/min(2hp)

Weight (kg)9.2

Specification of the Farmtrac-FT70 Combine Harvester ModelFarmtrac FT70Power60hp44.76 kw

Harvested Plots

Fig: Paddy harvesting by reaper

Fig: Harvested plot by reaper

Fig: Wheat harvesting by reaper

Fig: Harvested plot by reaper

Fig: Wheat harvest by combine harvester Fig: Wheat harvest manually

Operation Time and Cutting Area

Fig: Harvested plot (paddy) by reaper Fig: Harvested plot (paddy) manually Fig: Harvested plot (paddy) by reaper Fig: Harvested plot (paddy) manually

Fig: Harvested plot (wheat) by reaper Fig: Harvested plot (wheat) manually

Fig: Harvested plot (wheat) by combine harvester

19

Fuel ConsumptionFuel consumption was calculated by using standard method as follows Where, Fc = Fuel consumption (lit/hr) q = Quantity of fuel consumed (lit) t = Consumption time (hr)Effective Field Capacity By using the following formula field capacity and field efficiency were calculated Where, C = field capacity (ha/hr) T = total time for the reaping operation (hr) A= area of land reaped at specified time (ha)

Theoretical Field CapacityTheoretical field capacity, computed based on the forward speed and the cutting width of reaper. Where, TFC = Theoretical field capacity (ha/hr) W = Cutting width (m) S = Operating speed (km/hr) C = Constant, 10Field EfficiencyField efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual field capacity to theoretical field capacity, expressed in percent Where, Ef = Field Efficiency (%) EFC = Actual field capacity (ha/hr) TFC = Theoretical field capacity (ha/hr)

Harvesting Cost (Fixed cost + Variable cost)Fixed cost1. Depreciation2. Interest on investment 3. Tax, insurance and shelterVariable cost1. Repair and Maintenance 2. Fuel cost 3. Lubricant cost4. Labour cost

Fixed cost1. Depreciation was determined by straight-line method by the following equation Where, D = Mean yearly depreciation (Tk/yr) P = Purchase value (Tk) S = Salvage value (Tk) L = Useful life (yr)2. Interest is an actual cost in agricultural machinery and was determined by straight line method by the following equation Where, I = Interest on investment (Tk/yr) P = Purchase value (Tk) S = Salvage value (Tk) i = interest rate (%)

Total fixed cost was calculated asFC = Depreciation + Interest on investment + Tax, insurance and shelter3. Tax, insurance and shelterFor manual reaper was considered 0.03% of purchase price.For combine harvester was considered 2.5% of purchase price (Hunt, 1973).Total variable cost was calculated asVC = R&M + Fuel cost + Lubricant cost + Labor cost Where, VC = Variable Cost (Tk/ha) R&M= Repair and Maintenance cost (0.025% of purchase price) Fuel cost= 68 Tk/lit (Diesel) Lubricant cost= 15% of Fuel cost Labor cost= 300 Tk/day

Break-even AreaThe break-even area in which the harvesting cost per unit area is equal for machine and manual was determined by the following equation (Alizadeh et al., 2007).Where, B = Break-even point (ha/yr) F = Fixed cost of machine (Tk/yr) Va = Variable costs of manual method (Tk/ha) Vm= Variable costs for machinery method (Tk/ha)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Field PerformancePerformance test of manual reaper (for paddy)Plot No.Length (m)Width (m)Area (m2)Fuel consumption ( lit/hr)Average fuel consumption (lit/hr)Field capacity( m2/hr)Field capacity (ha/hr)Field capacity (ha/day)AverageField capacity (ha/day)0110.15.555.551.095555.50.05550.444028.11.310.530.5500.755344.620.0350.2760.3485038.11.612.960.620405.70.0410.325

0.7550.3485

27

Performance test of manually harvested plot (for paddy)Plot No.Length (m)Width (m)Area (m2)Field capacity (m2/hr)Field capacity (ha/hr)Field capacity(ha/man day)Average field capacity(ha/man day)0136.5725.91947.52411.080.040.027023420680302.220.030.03020.0310703402811204480.0450.036

0.03107

Comparison of the performance of reaper, combine harvester and manual harvesting for wheatMethodLength (m)Width (m)Area (m2)Fuel consumption ( lit/hr)Field capacity ( m2/hr)Field capacity (ha/hr)Field capacity (ha/day)Manual reaper79.2420.421618.080.625404.520.040.3236Combine harvester152.39212.4532374.6148093.650.8096.474Manual17.6712.802226.176_56.5440.00560.0452

0.625140.32366.4740.0452

Harvesting CostEstimated total cost of reaper and manual harvesting (for paddy) Machine harvesting cost Manual harvesting costCost itemsTk/yrTk/haTk/hrTk/haTk/hrFixed costConsidered 32 nos. labors per hectare37.5DepreciationInterest on investmentTaxes, insurances and shelterTotal fixed cost1080792300217249821.72Variable costFueloillaborRepair and maintenanceTotal variable cost173375.5522.3172175281.23534154Total cost of harvesting4032175.72960037.5

40329600

Estimated total cost of reaper and manual harvesting (for wheat) Machine harvesting cost Manual harvesting costCost itemsTk/yrTk/haTk/hrTk/haTk/hrFixed costConsidered 23 nos. labors per hectare37.5DepreciationInterest on investmentTaxes, insurances and shelterTotal fixed cost1080792300217249821.72Variable costFueloillaborRepair and maintenanceTotal variable cost96662.5532.3172175281.22768141Total cost of harvesting3266163690037.5

32666900

Estimated total fixed cost of reaper and combine harvester (for wheat)Cost itemCombine harvesterReaperTk/yrTk/haTk/hrTk./yrTk/haTk/hrFixed costDepreciation320100 1080Interest on investment195940792Shelter, Tax and Insurance97000300Total Fixed cost61304021051703217249821.72

2105498

Estimated total variable cost of reaper and combine harvester (for wheat)Cost itemCombine harvesterReaperTk/haTk./hrTk/haTk./hrVariable costFuel cost1181.55955.8796662.5Oil cost176143532.3Labour cost185.41150172175Repair and maintenance888.16718.52 28 1.2Total variable cost243219682768141Total harvesting cost (total variable cost + total fixed cost)485043243266163

48503266

Comparative harvesting cost of reaper and manual harvesting (for paddy)Harvesting cost (Tk./ha)Harvesting time ( hr/ha)Percent cost saved over manual harvesting (%)Percent labor saved over manual harvesting (%)Reaper (including labor for binding and collecting)ManualReaper (including labor for binding and collecting)Manual40329600241805886

Comparative harvesting cost of reaper and manual harvesting (for wheat)Harvesting cost (Tk/ha)Harvesting time (hr/ha)Percent cost saved over manual harvesting (%)Percent labor saved over manual harvesting (%)Reaper (including labor for binding and collecting)ManualReaper (including labor for binding and collecting)Manual32666900251775385

5886

5385

Break-even AreaFig: Cost/ha against area of operation showing break-even area0.32

Fig: Cost/ha against area of operation showing break-even area0.52

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The experimental results shows that For paddyLabor saved by manual reaper over manual harvesting was 86% Cost saved by manual reaper over manual harvesting was 58%

Average Field capacity of manual reaper was 0.3485 ha/day Average Field capacity of manual harvesting was 0.03107 ha/man day Total cost of harvesting by manual reaper was 4032 Tk/ha Total cost of manual harvesting was 9600 Tk/ha

For wheatField capacity of manual reaper was 0.3236 ha/day

Field capacity of manual harvesting was 0.0452 ha/man day

Field capacity of combine harvester was 6.474 ha/day

Total cost of harvesting by manual reaper was 3266 Tk/ha

Total cost of manual harvesting was 6900 Tk/ha

Total cost of combine harvester was 4850 Tk/ha

Cost saved by manual reaper over manual harvesting was 53%Labor saved by manual reaper over manual harvesting was 85%

Labor saved by combine harvester over manual harvesting was 98%

Cost saved by combine harvester over manual harvesting was 75%

Therefore, harvesting by manual reaper would be economically efficient than manual harvesting and combine harvesting for fragmented lands. However, study on field acceptance by farmer is needed for expansion of the device in the field level.