1. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Operations and Equipment Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System
Design Distillation Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids
Drying Heat-Transfer Equipment Transport and Storage of Fluids
Process Economics Process Control Reaction Kinetics Fluid and
Particle Dynamics Heat and Mass Transfer Thermodynamics Mathematics
Physical and Chemical Data Conversion Factors and Mathematical
Symbols Contents Index Analysis of Plant Performance Process
Machinery Drives Materials of Construction Energy Resources,
Conversion and Utilization Process Safety Waste Management
Biochemical Engineering Chemical Reactors Alternative Separation
Processes Handling of Bulk Solids and Packaging of Solids and
Liquids Size Reduction and Size Enlargement Solid-Solid Operations
and Equipment Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment Gas-Solid
Operations and Equipment Adsorption
2. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook Copyright 1999 by The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this
product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click
here to view.
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4. McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland
Bogot Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New
Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Prepared by a staff
of specialists under the editorial direction of Late Editor Robert
H. Perry Editor Don W. Green Deane E. Ackers Professor of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas Associate Editor
James O. Maloney Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering,
University of Kansas PERRYS CHEMICAL ENGINEERS HANDBOOK SEVENTH
EDITION Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
license agreement. Click here to view.
5. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Perrys
chemical engineers handbook. 7th ed. / prepared by a staff of
specialists under the editorial direction of late editor Robert H.
Perry : editor, Don W. Green : associate editor, James OHara
Maloney. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-049841-5 (alk. paper) 1.
Chemical engineeringHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. Perry, Robert H.,
date. II. Green, Don W. III. Maloney, James O. TP151.P45 1997
660dc21 96-51648 CIP Copyright 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941,
1934 by The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright renewed 1962,
1969 by Robert H. Perry. All rights reserved. Printed in the United
States of America. Except as permitted under the United States
Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in
a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written
permission of the pub- lisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 9 0 2 1
0 9 8 7 ISBN 0-07-049841-5 INTERNATIONAL EDITION Copyright 1997.
Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., for
manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported from the
country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill. The International
Edi- tion is not available in North America. When ordering this
title, use ISBN 0-07-115448-5. The sponsoring editors for this book
were Zoe Foundotos and Robert Esposito, the editing supervisor was
Marc Campbell, and the production supervisor was Pamela A. Pelton.
It was set in Caledonia by North Market Street Graphics. Printed
and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. This book was
printed on acid-free paper. Information contained in this work has
been obtained by The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. (McGraw-Hill)
from sources believed to be reli- able. However, neither
McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness
of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor
its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or
damages arising out of use of this information. This work is
published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors
are supplying information but are not attempting to render
engineering or other professional services. If such services are
required, the assis- tance of an appropriate professional should be
sought. Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
license agreement. Click here to view.
6. Dedicated to Robert H. Perry Copyright 1999 by The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this
product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click
here to view.
7. ABOUT THE EDITORS The late Robert H. Perry served as
chairman of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the
University of Oklahoma and program director for graduate research
facilities at the National Sci- ence Research Foundation. He was a
consultant to various United Nations and other international
organizations. From 1973 until his death in 1978 Dr. Perry devoted
his time to a study of the cross impact of technologies within the
next half century. The subjects under his investigation on a global
basis were energy, minerals and metals, transportation and
communications, medicine, food production, and the environment. Don
W. Green is Chair and the Deane E. Ackers distinguished professor
of chemical and petro- leum engineering and codirector of the
Tertiary Oil Recovery Project at the University of Kansas in
Lawrence, Kansas, where he has taught since 1964. He received his
doctorate in chemical engi- neering in 1963 from the University of
Oklahoma, where he was Dr. Perrys first doctoral student. Dr. Green
has won several teaching awards at the University of Kansas, and he
is a fellow of the AIChE and a distinguished member of the Society
of Petroleum Engineers. He is the author of numerous articles in
technical journals. James O. Maloney is Professor Emeritus of the
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engi- neering, University of
Kansas. He holds a Ph.D. degree in chemical engineering from
Pennsylva- nia State University. In 1941 he began his professional
career at the DuPont de Nemours Company, before joining the
University of Kansas in 1945, where he taught for 40 years. He
served as department chairman for nineteen years. He is a fellow of
the AIChE. Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
license agreement. Click here to view.
8. vii Contents For the detailed contents of any section,
consult the title page of that section. See also the alphabetical
index in the back of the handbook. Section Conversion Factors and
Mathematical Symbols James O. Maloney 1 Physical and Chemical Data
Peter E. Liley, George H. Thomson, D. G. Friend, Thomas E. Daubert,
Evan Buck 2 Mathematics Bruce A. Finlayson, James F. Davis, Arthur
W. Westerberg, Yoshiyuki Yamashita 3 Thermodynamics Hendrick C. Van
Ness, Michael M. Abbott 4 Heat and Mass Transfer James G. Knudsen,
Hoyt C. Hottel, Adel F. Sarofim, Phillip C. Wankat, Kent S. Knaebel
5 Fluid and Particle Dynamics James N. Tilton 6 Reaction Kinetics
Stanley M. Walas 7 Process Control Thomas F. Edgar, Cecil L. Smith,
F. Greg Shinskey, George W. Gassman, Paul J. Schafbuch, Thomas J.
McAvoy, Dale E. Seborg 8 Process Economics F. A. Holland, J. K.
Wilkinson 9 Transport and Storage of Fluids Meherwan P. Boyce 10
Heat-Transfer Equipment Richard L. Shilling, Kenneth J. Bell,
Patrick M. Bernhagen, Thomas M. Flynn, Victor M. Goldschmidt,
Predrag S. Hrnjak, F. C. Standiford, Klaus D. Timmerhaus 11
Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying Charles G.
Moyers, Glenn W. Baldwin 12 Distillation J. D. Seader, Jeffrey J.
Siirola, Scott D. Barnicki 13 Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this product is subject
to the terms of its license agreement. Click here to view.
9. Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design James R. Fair,
D. E. Steinmeyer, W. R. Penny, B. B. Crocker 14 Liquid-Liquid
Extraction Operations and Equipment Lanny A. Robbins, Roger W.
Cusack 15 Adsorption and Ion Exchange M. Douglas LeVan, Giorgio
Carta, Carmen M. Yon 16 Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment Mel
Pell, James B. Dunson 17 Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment
Donald A. Dahlstrom, Richard C. Bennett, Robert G. Emmet, Peter
Harriott, Tim Laros, Wallace Leung, Shelby A. Miller, Brooker
Morey, James Y. Oldshue, George Priday, Charles E. Silverblatt, J.
Stephen Slottee, Julian C. Smith 18 Solid-Solid Operations and
Equipment Kalanadh V. S. Sastry, Harrison Cooper, Richard Hogg, T.
L. P. Jespen, Frank Knoll, Bhupendra Parekh, Raj K. Rajamani,
Thomas Sorenson, Ionel Wechsler, Chad McCleary, David B. Todd 19
Size Reduction and Size Enlargement Richard L. Snow, Terry Allen,
Bryan J. Ennis, James D. Litster 20 Handling of Bulk Solids and
Packaging of Solids and Liquids Grantges J. Raymus 21 Alternative
Separation Processes Joseph D. Henry, Jr., Michael E. Prudich,
William Eykamp, T. Alan Hatton, Keith P. Johnston, Richard M.
Lemert, Robert Lemlich, Charles G. Moyers, John Newman, Herbert A.
Pohl, Kent Pollock, Michael P. Thien 22 Chemical Reactors Stanley
M. Walas 23 Biochemical Engineering Henry R. Bungay, Arthur E.
Humphrey, George T. Tsao 24 Waste Management Louis Theodore,
Anthony J. Buonicore, John D. McKenna, Irwin J. Kugelman, John S.
Jeris, Joseph J. Santoleri, Thomas F. McGowan 25 Process Safety
Stanley M. Englund, Frank T. Bodurtha, Laurence G. Britton, Daniel
A. Crowl, Stanley Grossel, W. G. High, Trevor A. Kletz, Robert W.
Ormsby, John E. Owens, Carl A. Schiappa, Richard Siwek, Robert E.
White, David Winegardner, John L. Woodward 26 Energy Resources,
Conversion, and Utilization Walter F. Podolski, Shelby A. Miller,
David K. Schmalzer, Anthony G. Fonseca, Vincent Conrad, Douglas E.
Lowenhaupt, John Bacha, Lawrence K. Rath, Hsue-peng Loh, Edgar B.
Klunder, Howard G. McIlvried, III, Gary J. Stiegel, Rameshwar D.
Srivastava, Peter J. Loftus, Charles E. Benson, John M. Wheeldon,
Michael Krumpelt 27 Materials of Construction Oliver W. Siebert,
John G. Stoecker 28 Process Machinery Drives Heinz P. Bloch, R. H.
Daugherty, Fred K. Geitner, Meherwan P. Boyce, Judson S.
Swearingen, Eric Jennet, Michael M. Calistrat 29 Analysis of Plant
Performance Colin S. Howat 30 Index follows Section 30. viii
CONTENTS Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
license agreement. Click here to view.
10. ix List of Contributors Michael M. Abbott, Ph.D., Howard P.
Isermann Department of Chemical Engineering, Rens- selaer
Polytechnic Institute; Member, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers (Section 4, Ther- modynamics) Terry Allen, Ph.D., Senior
Research Associate (retired), DuPont Central Research and Devel-
opment (Section 20, Size Reduction and Size Enlargement) John D.
Bacha, Ph.D., Consulting Scientist, Chevron Products Company;
Member, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials),
Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubri- cants; American
Chemical Society; International Association for Stability and
Handling of Liquid Fuels, Steering Committee (Section 27, Energy
Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Glenn W. Baldwin, M.S.,
P.E., Staff Engineer, Union Carbide Corporation; Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 12, Psychrometry,
Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying) Scott D. Barnicki, Ph.D.,
Senior Research Chemical Engineer, Eastman Chemical Company
(Section 13, Distillation) Kenneth J. Bell, Ph.D., P.E., Regents
Professor Emeritus, School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State
University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment) Richard C. Bennett, B.S.,
Ch.E., Registered Professional Engineer, Illinois; Member, Ameri-
can Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE); President of
Crystallization Technology, Inc.; For- mer President of Swenson
Process Equipment, Inc. (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and
Equipment) Charles E. Benson, M.Eng., M.E., Director, Combustion
Technology, Arthur D. Little, Inc.; Member, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Combustion Institute (Section 27, Energy
Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Patrick M. Bernhagen, P.E.,
B.S.M.E., Senior Mechanical Engineer, Foster Wheeler USA Cor-
poration, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Section 11,
Heat-Transfer Equipment) Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this product is subject
to the terms of its license agreement. Click here to view.
11. Heinz P. Bloch, P.E., B.S.M.E., M.S.M.E., Consulting
Engineer, Process Machinery Consult- ing; American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Vibration Institute; Registered Professional
Engi- neer (New Jersey, Texas) (Section 29, Process Machinery
Drives) Frank T. Bodurtha, Sc.D., E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co.,
Inc. (retired), Wilmington, Delaware (retired); Consultant, Frank
T. Bodurtha, Inc. (Section 26, Process Safety) Meherwan P. Boyce,
P.E., Ph.D., President, Boyce Engineering International; ASME
Fellow; Registered Professional Engineer (Texas, Oklahoma) (Section
10, Transport and Storage of Fluids; Section 29, Process Machinery
Drives) Laurence G. Britton, Ph.D., Research Scientist, Union
Carbide Corporation (Section 26, Process Safety) Evan Buck,
M.S.Ch.E., Manager, Thermophysical Property Skill Center, Central
Technology, Union Carbide Corporation (Section 2, Physical and
Chemical Data) Henry R. Bungay, P.E., Ph.D., Professor of Chemical
and Environmental Engineering, Rens- selaer Polytechnic Institute;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical
Society, American Society for Microbiology, American Society for
Engineering Educa- tion, Society for General Microbiology (Section
24, Biochemical Engineering) Anthony J. Buonicore, M.Ch.E., P.E.,
Diplomate AAEE, CEO, Environmental Data Resources, Inc.; Member,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Air and Waste Management
Association (Section 25, Waste Management) Michael M. Calistrat,
B.S.M.E., M.S.M.E., Owner, Michael Calistrat and Associates;
Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Section 29,
Process Machinery Drives) Giorgio Carta, Ph.D., Professor,
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia; Member,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical
Society, International Adsorption Society (Section 16, Adsorption
and Ion Exchange) Vincent Conrad, Ph.D., Group Leader, Technical
Services Development Laboratory, CONSOL, Inc.; Member, Spectroscopy
Society of Pittsburgh, Society for Analytical Chemistry of
Pittsburgh, Society for Applied Spectroscopy (Section 27, Energy
Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Harrison Cooper, Ph.D.,
Harrison R. Cooper Systems, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah (Section 19,
Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) B. B. Crocker, S.M., P.E.,
Consulting Chemical Engineer; Fellow, American Institute of Chem-
ical Engineers; Member, Air Pollution Control Association (Section
14, Gas Absorption and Gas- Liquid System Design) Daniel A. Crowl,
Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering
Depart- ment, Michigan Technological University; Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society (Section
26, Process Safety) Roger W. Cusack, Vice President, Glitsch
Process Systems, Inc.; Member, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers (Section 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations and
Equipment) Donald A. Dahlstrom, Ph.D., Research Professor, Chemical
and Fuels Engineering Depart- ment and Metallurgical Engineering
Department, University of Utah; Member, National Acad- emy of
Engineering, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE),
American Chemical Society (ACS), Society of Mining, Metallurgic
Exploration (SME) of the American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), American Society of
Engineering Edu- cation (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and
Equipment) Thomas E. Daubert, Ph.D., Professor, Department of
Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylva- nia State University (Section
2, Physical and Chemical Data) R. H. Daugherty, Ph.D., Consulting
Engineer, Research Center, Reliance Electric Company; Member,
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Section 29,
Process Machinery Drives) x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Copyright 1999 by
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this
product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click
here to view.
12. James F. Davis, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering,
Ohio State University (Section 3, Mathematics) James B. Dunson,
B.S., Principal Consultant, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.;
Member Amer- ican Institute of Chemical Engineers; Registered
Professional Engineer (Delaware) (Section 17, Gas-Solid Operation
and Equipment) Thomas F. Edgar, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical
Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas (Section 8, Process
Control) Robert C. Emmet, Jr., B.S., Ch.E., Senior Process
Consultant, EIMCO Process Equipment Co.; Member, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), Society of Mining,
Metallurgical and Explo- ration Engineers (SME) (Section 18,
Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Stanley M. Englund, M.S.,
Ch.E., Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Process
Consultant, The Dow Chemical Company (retired) (Section 26, Process
Safety) Bryan J. Ennis, Ph.D., President, E&G Associates, and
Adjunct Professor of Chemical Engi- neering, Vanderbilt University;
Member and Chair of Powder Technology Programming Group of the
Particle Technology Forum, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(Section 20, Size Reduction and Size Enlargement) William Eykamp,
Ph.D., Adjunct Professor of Chemical Engineering, Tufts University;
For- merly President, Koch Membrane Systems; Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society,
American Association for the Advancement of Science, North Amer-
ican Membrane Society, European Society of Membrane Science and
Technology (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes) James R.
Fair, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of
Texas; National Academy of Engineering; Fellow, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society, American
Society for Engineering Education, National Society of Professional
Engineers (Section 14, Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design)
Bruce A. Finlayson, Ph.D., Rehnberg Professor and Chair, Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington; Member, National
Academy of Engineering (Section 3, Mathematics) Thomas M. Flynn,
Ph.D., P.E., Cryogenic Engineer, President CRYOCO, Louisville,
Colorado; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section
11, Heat-Transfer Equipment) Anthony G. Fonseca, Ph.D., Director,
Coal Utilization, CONSOL, Inc.; Member, American Chemical Society,
Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Extraction (Section 27, Energy
Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) D. G. Friend, National
Institutes of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado (Section
2, Physical and Chemical Data) George W. Gassman, B.S.M.E., Senior
Research Specialist, Final Control Systems, Fisher Con- trols
International, Inc., Marshalltown, Iowa (Section 8, Process
Control) Fred K. Geitner, P.Eng., B.S.M.E., M.S.M.E., Consulting
Engineer, Registered Professional Engineer (Ontario, Canada)
(Section 29, Process Machinery Drives) Victor M. Goldschmidt,
Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana (Section 11, Heat-Transfer
Equipment) Stanley Grossel, President, Process Safety & Design,
Inc.; Fellow, American Institute of Chem- ical Engineers; Member,
American Chemical Society; Member, The Combustion Institute; Mem-
ber, Explosion Protection Systems Committee of NFPA (Section 26,
Process Safety) Peter Harriott, Ph.D., Professor, School of
Chemical Engineering, Cornell University; Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineering, American Chemical Society (ACS)
(Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) LIST OF
CONTRIBUTORS xi Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of
its license agreement. Click here to view.
13. T. Alan Hatton, Ph.D., Ralph Landau Professor and Director
of the David H. Koch School of Chemical Engineering Practice,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Founding Fellow, Ameri- can
Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering; Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society,
International Association of Colloid and Interface Scien- tists,
American Association for the Advancement of Science, Neutron
Scattering Society of Amer- ica (Section 22, Alternative Separation
Processes) Joseph D. Henry, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Senior Fellow,
Department of Engineering and Public Pol- icy, Carnegie Mellon
University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
American Society for Engineering Education (Section 22, Alternative
Separation Processes) W. G. High, C.Eng., B.Sc., F.I.Mech.E.,
Burgoyne Consultants Ltd., W. Yorks, England (Sec- tion 26, Process
Safety) Richard Hogg, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Mineral
Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
(Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) F. A. Holland,
D.Sc., Ph.D., Consultant in Heat Energy Recycling; Research
Professor, Univer- sity of Salford, England; Fellow, Institution of
Chemical Engineers, London (Section 9, Process Economics) Hoyt C.
Hottel, S.M., Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Member, National Academy of
Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Combustion
Institute (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer) Colin S. Howat,
Ph.D., P.E., John E. & Winfred E. Sharp Professor, Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American
Society of Engineering Education (Section 30, Analysis of Plant
Performance) Predrag S. Hrnjak, Ph.D., V.Res., Assistant Professor,
University of Illinois at Urbana Cham- paign and Principal
InvestigatorU. of I. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center,
Assistant Professor, University of Belgrade; Member, International
Institute of Refrigeration, American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Section 11, Heat-Transfer
Equipment) Arthur E. Humphrey, Ph.D., Retired, Professor of
Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University; Member, U.S.
National Academy of Engineering, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, American Chemical Society, American Society for
Microbiology (Section 24, Bio- chemical Engineering) Eric Jenett,
M.S.Ch.E., Manager, Process Engineering, Brown & Root, Inc.;
Associate Member, AIChE, Project Management Institute; Registered
Professional Engineer (Texas) (Section 29, Process Machinery
Drives) John S. Jeris, Sc.D., P.E., Professor of Environmental
Engineering, Manhattan College; Envi- ronmental Consultant; Member,
American Water Works Association, Water Environment Feder- ation
Section Director (Section 25, Waste Management) T. L. P. Jespen,
M.S., Min. Proc., Metallurgical Engineer, Basic, Inc., Gabbs,
Nevada (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Keith P.
Johnston, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering,
University of Texas (Austin); Member, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, University of Texas
Separations Research Program (Section 22, Alternative Separation
Processes) Trevor A. Kletz, D.Sc., Senior Visiting Research Fellow,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, U.K.;
Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Royal Acad- emy
of Engineers (U.K.), Institution of Chemical Engineers (U.K.), and
Royal Society of Chem- istry (U.K.) (Section 26, Process Safety)
Edgar B. Klunder, Ph.D., Project Manager, Energy Technology Center
(Pittsburgh), U.S. Department of Energy (Section 27, Energy
Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
license agreement. Click here to view.
14. Kent S. Knaebel, Ph.D., President, Adsorption Research,
Inc.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American
Chemical Society, International Adsorption Society. Professional
Engineer (Ohio) (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer) Frank Knoll,
M.S., Min. Proc., President, Carpco, Inc., Jacksonville, Florida
(Section 19, Solid- Solid Operations and Equipment) James G.
Knudsen, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, Oregon
State Univer- sity; Member, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, American Chemical Society; Registered Professional
Engineer (Oregon) (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer) Michael
Krumpelt, Ph.D., Manager, Fuel Cell Technology, Argonne National
Laboratory; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
American Chemical Society, Electrochemi- cal Society (Section 27,
Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Irwin J. Kugelman,
Sc.D., Professor of Civil Engineering, Lehigh University; Member,
American Society of Civil Engineering, Water Environmental
Federation (Section 25, Waste Management) Tim Laros, M.S. Mineral
Processing, Senior Process Consultant, EIMCO Process Equipment Co.;
Member, Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME of AIME)
(Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Richard M.
Lemert, Ph.D., P.E., Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering,
University of Toledo; Member, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, American Chemical Society, Society of Mining Engineers,
American Society for Engineering Education (Section 22, Alternative
Sepa- ration Processes) Robert Lemlich, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of
Chemical Engineering Emeritus, University of Cincinnati; Fellow,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical
Society, American Society for Engineering Education, American
Chemical Society (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)
Wallace Leung, Sc.D., Director, Process Technology, Bird Machine
Company; Member, Amer- ican Filtration and Separation Society
(Director) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) M.
Douglas LeVan, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of Vir- ginia; Member, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Interna- tional
Adsorption Society (Section 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange) Peter
E. Liley, Ph.D., D.I.C., School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue
University (Section 2, Physical and Chemical Data) James D.
Litster, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of Queensland; Member, Institute of
Chemical EngineersAustralia (Section 20, Size Reduction and Size
Enlargement) Peter J. Loftus, D. Phil., Arthur D. Little, Inc.;
Member, American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers (Section 27,
Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Hsue-peng Loh,
Ph.D., P.E., Federal Energy Technology Center (Morgantown), U.S.
Depart- ment of Energy; Member, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, American Society of Infor- mation Sciences (Section 27,
Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Douglas E.
Lowenhaupt, M.S., Group Leader, Coke Laboratory, CONSOL, Inc.;
Member, American Society for Testing and Materials, Iron and Steel
Making Society, International Com- mittee for Coal Petrology
(Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) James
O. Maloney, Ph.D., P.E., Emeritus Professor of Chemical
Engineering, University of Kansas; Fellow, American Institute of
Chemical Engineering; Fellow, American Association for the
Advancement of Science; Member, American Chemical Society, American
Society for Engi- neering Education (Section 1, Conversion Factors
and Mathematical Symbols) LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xiii Copyright 1999
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this
product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click
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15. Thomas J. McAvoy, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (Section 8, Process
Control) Chad McCleary, EIMCO Process Equipment Company, Process
Consultant (Section 18, Liq- uid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Thomas F. McGowan, P.E., Senior Consultant, RMT/Four Nines; Member,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Air and Waste Management Association (Section
25, Waste Management) Howard G. McIlvried, III, Ph.D., Senior
Engineer, Burns and Roe Services Corporation, Fed- eral Energy
Technology Center (Pittsburgh), Member, American Chemical Society,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27, Energy
Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) John D. McKenna, Ph.D.,
President and Chairman, ETS International, Inc., Member, Ameri- can
Institute of Chemical Engineers, Air and Waste Management
Association (Section 25, Waste Management) Shelby A. Miller, Ph.D.,
P.E., Resident Retired Senior Engineer, Argonne National
Laboratory; American Association for the Advancement of Science
(Fellow), American Chemical Society, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers (Fellow), American Institutes of Chemists (Fellow), Fil-
tration Society, New York Academy of Sciences, Society of Chemical
Industry (Section 18, Liquid- Solid Operations and Equipment;
Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Booker
Morey, Ph.D., Senior Consultant, SRI International; Member, Society
of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME of AIME), The Filtration
Society, Air and Waste Management Association; Registered
Professional Engineer (California and Massachusetts) (Section 18,
Liquid- Solid Operations and Equipment) Charles G. Moyers, Ph.D.,
P.E., Principal Engineer, Union Carbide Corporation; Fellow,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 12, Psychrometry,
Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying; Section 22, Alternative
Separation Processes) John Newman, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical
Engineering, University of California, Berkeley; Principle
Investigator, Inorganic Materials Research Division, Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)
James Y. Oldshue, Ph.D., President, Oldshue Technologies
International, Inc.; Member, National Academy of Engineering;
Adjunct Professor of Chemical Engineering at Beijing Institute of
Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Member, American Chemical
Society (ACE), American Institute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE),
Traveler Century Club, Executive Committee on the Transfer of
Appropriate Technology for the World Federation of Engineering
Organizations (Sec- tion 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Robert W. Ormsby, M.S., Ch.E. P.E., Manager of Safety, Chemical
Group, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.; Air Products Corp.;
Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 26,
Process Safety) John E. Owens, B.E.E., Electrostatic Consultant,
Condux, Inc.; Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Electrostatics Society of America (Section 26, Process
Safety) Bhupendra Parekh, Ph.D., Associate Director, Center for
Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
Kentucky (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Mel
Pell, Ph.D., Senior Consultant, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.;
Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Registered
Professional Engineer (Delaware) (Section 17, Gas-Solid Operations
and Equipment) W. R. Penney, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical
Engineering, University of Arkansas; Member, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers (Section 14, Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid
System Design) xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Copyright 1999 by The
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product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click
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16. Walter F. Podolski, Ph.D., Chemical Engineer,
Electrochemical Technology Program, Argonne National Laboratory;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27,
Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Herbert A. Pohl,
Ph.D. (deceased), Professor of Physics, Oklahoma State University
(Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes) Kent Pollock, Ph.D.,
Member of Technical Staff, Group 91, Space Surveillance Techniques,
MIT Lincoln Laboratory (Section 22, Alternative Separation
Processes) George Priday, B.S., Ch.E., EIMCO Process Equipment
Company; Member, American Insti- tute of Chemical Engineering
(AIChE), Instrument Society of America (ISA) (Section 18, Liquid-
Solid Operations and Equipment) Michael E. Prudich, Ph.D.,
Professor and Chair of Chemical Engineering, Ohio University;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical
Society, Society of Min- ing Engineers, American Society for
Engineering Education (Section 22, Alternative Separation
Processes) Raj K. Rajamani, Ph.D., Professor, Department of
Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt
Lake City, Utah (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Lawrence K. Rath, B.S., P.E., Federal Energy Technology Center
(Morgantown), U.S. Depart- ment of Energy; Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27, Energy Resources,
Conversion, and Utilization) Grantges J. Raymus, M.E., M.S.,
President, Raymus Associates, Incorporated, Packaging Con-
sultants; Adjunct Professor and Program Coordinator, Center for
Packaging Science and Engi- neering, College of Engineering,
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; formerly Manager of
Packaging Engineering, Union Carbide Corporation; Registered
Professional Engineer, Cali- fornia; Member, Institute of Packaging
Professionals, ASME (Section 21, Handling of Bulk Solids and
Packaging of Solids and Liquids) Lanny A. Robbins, Ph.D., Research
Fellow, Dow Chemical Company; Member, American Insti- tute of
Chemical Engineers (Section 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations
and Equipment) Joseph J. Santoleri, P.E., Senior Consultant,
RMT/Four Nines; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Air and Waste Management
Association (Section 25, Waste Management) Adel F. Sarofim, Sc.D.,
Lammot DuPont Professor of Chemical Engineering and Assistant
Director, Fuels Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
American Chemical Society, Combustion Institute (Section 5, Heat
and Mass Transfer) Kalanadh V. S. Sastry, Ph.D., Professor,
Department of Materials Science and Mineral Engineer- ing,
University of California, Berkeley, CA; Member, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers, Society for Mining, Metallurgy and
Exploration (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Paul
J. Schafbuch, Ph.D., Senior Research Specialist, Final Control
Systems, Fisher Controls International, Inc., Marshalltown, Iowa
(Section 8, Process Control) Carl A. Schiappa, B.S., Ch.E., Process
Engineering Associate, Michigan Division Engineering, The Dow
Chemical Company; Member, AIChE and CCPS (Section 26, Process
Safety) David K. Schmalzer, Ph.D., P.E., Fossil Energy Program
Manager, Argonne National Labora- tory; Member, American Chemical
Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27,
Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) J. D. Seader, Ph.D.,
Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers;
Member, American Chemical Society; Member, American Society for
Engineering Education (Section 13, Distillation) LIST OF
CONTRIBUTORS xv Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of
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17. Dale E. Seborg, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering,
University of California, Santa Bar- bara, California (Section 8,
Process Control) Richard L. Shilling, P.E., B.S.M., B.E.M.E.,
Manager of Engineering Development, Brown Fintube Companya Koch
Engineering Company; Member, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment) F. Greg Shinskey,
B.S.Ch.E., Consultant (retired from Foxboro Co.), North Sandwich,
New Hampshire (Section 8, Process Control) Oliver W. Siebert, P.E.,
B.S.M.E., Washington University, Graduate Metallurgical
Engineering, Sever Institute of Technology; Professor, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Washington Uni- versity, St. Louis,
Missouri; President, Siebert Materials Engineering, Inc., St.
Louis, Missouri; Senior Engineering Fellow (retired), Monsanto Co.;
Mechanical Designer, Sverdrup Corp.; Met- allurgist, Carondelet
Foundry; United Nations Consultant to the Peoples Republic of
China; Fel- low, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Life
Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Past Elected
Director and Fellow, National Association of Corrosion Engineers,
Intl; American Society for Metals, Intl; American Welding Society;
Pi Tau Sigma, Sigma Xi, and Tau Beta Pi (Section 28, Materials of
Construction) Jeffrey J. Siirola, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Eastman
Chemical Company; Member, National Academy of Engineering; Fellow,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical
Society, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, American
Society for Engineering Edu- cation (Section 13, Distillation)
Charles E. Silverblatt, M.S., Ch.E., Peregrine International
Associates, Inc.; Consultant to WesTech Engineering, Inc., American
Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engines (AIME)
(Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Richard Siwek,
M.S., Explosion Protection Manager, Corporate Unit Safety and
Environment, Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (Section 26,
Process Safety) J. Stephen Slottee, M.S., Ch.E., Manager,
Technology and Development, EIMCO Process Equipment Co.; Member,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) (Section 18,
Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Cecil L. Smith, Ph.D.,
Principal, Cecil L. Smith Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana (Section 8,
Process Control) Julian C. Smith, B. Chem., Ch.E., Professor
Emeritus Chemical Engineering, Cornell Univer- sity; Member,
American Chemical Society (ACS), American Institute of Chemical
Engineers (AIChE) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and
Equipment) Richard H. Snow, Ph.D., Engineering Advisor, IIT
Research Institute; Member, American Chemical Society, Sigma Xi;
Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 20, Size
Reduction and Size Enlargement) Thomas Sorenson, M.B.A., Min. Eng.,
President, Galigher Ash (Canada) Ltd. (Section 19, Solid-Solid
Operations and Equipment) Rameshwar D. Srivastava, Ph.D., Fuels
Group Manager, Burns and Roe Services Corporation, Federal Energy
Technology Center (Pittsburgh) (Section 27, Energy Resources,
Conversion, and Utilization) F. C. Standiford, M.S., P.E., Member,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society
(Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment) D. E. Steinmeyer, M.A., M.S.,
P.E., Distinguished Fellow, Monsanto Company; Fellow, Amer- ican
Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society
(Section 14, Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design) Gary J.
Stiegel, M.S., P.E., Program Coordinator, Federal Energy Technology
Center (Pitts- burgh), U.S. Department of Energy (Section 27,
Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) xvi LIST OF
CONTRIBUTORS Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
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18. John G. Stoecker II, B.S.M.E., University of Missouri
School of Mines and Metallurgy; Princi- pal Consultant, Stoecker
& Associates, St. Louis, Missouri; Principal Materials
Engineering Specialist (retired), Monsanto Co.; High-Temperature
Design/Application Engineer, Abex Corporation; Member, NACE
International, ASM International (Section 27, Energy Resources,
Conversion, and Utilization) Judson S. Swearingen, Ph.D., Retired
President, Rotoflow Corporation (Section 29, Process Machinery
Drives) Louis Theodore, Sc.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering,
Manhattan College; Member, Air and Waste Management Association
(Section 25, Waste Management) Michael P. Thien, Sc.D., Senior
Research Fellow, Merck & Co., Inc.; Member, American Insti-
tute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society,
International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineers (Section 22,
Alternative Separation Processes) George H. Thomson, AIChE Design
Institute for Physical Property Data (Section 2, Physical and
Chemical Data) James N. Tilton, Ph.D., P.E., Senior Consultant,
Process Engineering, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.; Member,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Registered Professional
Engineer (Delaware) (Section 6, Fluid and Particle Dynamics) Klaus
D. Timmerhaus, Ph.D., P.E., Professor and Presidents Teaching
Scholar, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; Fellow,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Soci- ety for
Engineering Education, American Association for the Advancement of
Science; Member, American Astronautical Society, National Academy
of Engineering, Austrian Academy of Science, International
Institute of Refrigeration, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Con- ditioning Engineers, American Society of
Environmental Engineers, Engineering Society for Advancing Mobility
on Land, Sea, Air, and Space, Sigma Xi, The Research Society
(Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment) David B. Todd, Ph.D.,
President, Todd Engineering; Member, American Association for the
Advancement of Science (AAAS), American Chemical Society (ACS),
American Institute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE), American Oil
Chemists Society (AOCS), Society of Plastics Engi- neers (SPE), and
Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI); Registered Professional
Engineer, Michi- gan (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and
Equipment) George T. Tsao, Ph.D., Director, Laboratory for
Renewable Resource Engineering, Purdue University; Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society,
American Society for Microbiology (Section 24, Biochemical
Engineering) Hendrick C. Van Ness, D.Eng., Howard P. Isermann
Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers;
Member, American Chemical Society (Section 4, Thermodynamics)
Stanley M. Walas, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engi- neering, University of Kansas; Fellow, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 7, Reaction Kinetics;
Section 23, Chemical Reactors) Phillip C. Wankat, Ph.D., Professor
of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University; Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society,
International Adsorp- tion Society (Section 5, Heat and Mass
Transfer) Ionel Wechsler, M.S., Min. and Met., Vice President, Sala
Magnetics, Inc., Cambridge, Massa- chusetts (Section 19,
Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Arthur W. Westerberg, Ph.D.,
Swearingen University Professor of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University; Member, National Academy of Engineering (Section
3, Mathematics) John M. Wheeldon, Ph.D., Electric Power Research
Institute (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and
Utilization) LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xvii Copyright 1999 by The
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19. Robert E. White, Ph.D., Principal Engineer, Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute
(Section 26, Process Safety) J. K. Wilkinson, M.Sc., Consultant
Chemical Engineer; Fellow, Institution of Chemical Engi- neers,
London (Section 9, Process Economics) David Winegarder, Ph.D.,
Engineering Associate, Michigan Division Engineering, The Dow
Chemical Company; Member AIChE and CCPS (Section 26, Process
Safety) John L. Woodward, Ph.D., Principal, DNV Technica, Inc.
(Section 26, Process Safety) Yoshiyuki Yamashita, Ph.D., Associate
Professor of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
(Section 3, Mathematics) Carmen M. Yon, M.S., Development
Associate, UOP, Des Plaines, Illinois; Member, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers (Section 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange)
xviii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill
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20. xix Preface to the Seventh Edition Perrys has been an
important source for chemical engineering information since 1934.
The signif- icant contributions of the editors who have guided
preparation of the previous editions is acknowl- edged. These
include John H. Perry (first to third editions), Robert H. Perry
(fourth to sixth editions), Cecil H. Chilton (fourth and fifth
editions), and Sidney D. Kirkpatrick (fourth edition). Ray
Genereaux (DuPont) contributed to each of the first six editions,
and Shelby Miller (Argonne National Lab) worked on the second
through the seventh. The current editors directed both the sixth
and seventh editions. Advances in the technology of chemical
engineering have continued as we have moved toward the twenty-first
century, and this edition will carry us into that century. The
Handbook has been reorganized. The first group of sections focuses
on chemical and physi- cal property data and the fundamentals of
chemical engineering. The second and largest group of sections
deals with processes, generally divided as heat transfer
operations, distillation, kinetics, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid,
and so on. The last group treats auxiliary information such as
materials of construction, process machinery drives, waste
management, and process safety. All sections have been revised and
updated, and several sections are entirely new or have been
extensively revised. Examples of these sections are mathematics,
mass transfer, reaction kinetics, process control, trans- port and
storage of fluids, alternative separation processes, heat-transfer
equipment, chemical reac- tions, liquid-solid operations and
equipment, process safety, and analysis of plant performance.
Significant new information has also been included in the physical
and chemical data sections. Several section editors and
contributors worked on this seventh edition, and these persons and
their affiliations are listed as a part of the front material.
Approximately one-half of the section edi- tors are fellows of the
AIChE. In addition, the following chemical engineering students at
the Uni- versity of Kansas assisted in the preparation of the
index: Jason Canter, Pau Ying Chong, Mei Ling Chuah, Li Phoon Hor,
Siew Pouy Ng, Francis J. Orzulak, Scott C. Renze, Page B. Surbaugh,
and Stephen F. Weller. Shari L. Gladman and Sarah Smith provided
extensive secretarial assistance. Much of Bob Perrys work carries
over into this edition and his influence is both recognized and
remembered. DON W. GREEN JAMES O. MALONEY University of Kansas
April, 1997 Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
license agreement. Click here to view.
21. blank page xx Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,
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22. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook Copyright 1999 by The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this
product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click
here to view.
23. blank page xxii Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill
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24. CONVERSION FACTORS Fig. 1-1 Graphic Relationships of SI
Units with Names . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Table 1-1 SI Base and
Supplementary Quantities and Units. . . . . . . 1-3 Table 1-2a
Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names. . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Table 1-2b Additional Common Derived Units of SI . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 1-3 Table 1-3 SI Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 Table 1-4 Conversion
Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 Table 1-5
Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Table 1-6 Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions . . . . . . .
. . 1-15 Table 1-7 Common Units and Conversion Factors . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 1-18 Table 1-8 Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion
Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18 Table 1-9 Values of the
Gas-Law Constant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18
Table 1-10 United States Customary System of Weights and Measures.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1-19 Table 1-11 Temperature Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19 Table 1-12 Specific Gravity, Degrees
Baum, Degrees API, Degrees Twaddell, Pounds per Gallon, Pounds per
Cubic Foot . . . 1-20 Table 1-13 Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-21 Table 1-14 Fundamental
Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22
CONVERSION OF VALUES FROM U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS TO SI UNITS
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS Table 1-15 Mathematical Signs, Symbols, and
Abbreviations . . . . . . . 1-24 Table 1-16 Greek Alphabet . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24
1-1 Section 1 Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols* James O.
Maloney, Ph.D., P.E., Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering,
Univer- sity of Kansas; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical
Engineering; Fellow, American Associa- tion for the Advancement of
Science; Member, American Chemical Society, American Society for
Engineering Education * Much of the material was taken from Sec. 1.
of the fifth edition. The contribution of Cecil H. Chilton in
developing that material is acknowledged. Copyright 1999 by The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this
product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click
here to view.
25. 1-2 FIG. 1-1 Graphic relationships of SI units with names
(U.S. National Bureau of Standards, LC 1078, December 1976.)
Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
license agreement. Click here to view.
26. 1-3 TABLE 1-1 SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and
Units SI unit symbol (abbreviation); Use roman Quantity or
dimension SI unit (upright) type Base quantity or dimension length
meter m mass kilogram kg time second s electric current ampere A
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K amount of substance mole* mol
luminous intensity candela cd Supplementary quantity or dimension
plane angle radian rad solid angle steradian sr *When the mole is
used, the elementary entities must be specified; they may be atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of
such particles. TABLE 1-2a Derived Units of SI that Have Special
Names Quantity Unit Symbol Formula frequency (of a periodic
phenomenon) hertz Hz l/s force newton N (kgm)/s2 pressure, stress
pascal Pa N/m2 energy, work, quantity of heat joule J Nm power,
radiant flux watt W J/s quantity of electricity, electric charge
coulomb C As electric potential, potential difference, volt V W/A
electromotive force capacitance farad F C/V electric resistance ohm
V/A conductance siemens S A/V magnetic flux weber Wb Vs
magnetic-flux density tesla T Wb/m2 inductance henry H Wb/A
luminous flux lumen lm cdsr illuminance lux lx lm/m2 activity (of
radionuclides) becquerel Bq l/s absorbed dose gray Gy J/kg TABLE
1-2b Additional Common Derived Units of SI Quantity Unit Symbol
acceleration meter per second squared m/s2 angular acceleration
radian per second squared rad/s2 angular velocity radian per second
rad/s area square meter m2 concentration (of amount of mole per
cubic meter mol/m3 substance) current density ampere per square
meter A/m2 density, mass kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
electric-charge density coulomb per cubic meter C/m3 electric-field
strength volt per meter V/m electric-flux density coulomb per
square meter C/m2 energy density joule per cubic meter J/m3 entropy
joule per kelvin J/K heat capacity joule per kelvin J/K heat-flux
density, watt per square meter W/m2 irradiance luminance candela
per square meter cd/m2 magnetic-field strength ampere per meter A/m
molar energy joule per mole J/mol molar entropy joule per
mole-kelvin J/(molK) molar-heat capacity joule per mole-kelvin
J/(molK) moment of force newton-meter Nm permeability henry per
meter H/m permittivity farad per meter F/m radiance watt per
square-meter- W/(m2 sr) steradian radiant intensity watt per
steradian W/sr specific-heat capacity joule per kilogram-kelvin
J/(kgK) specific energy joule per kilogram J/kg specific entropy
joule per kilogram-kelvin J/(kgK) specific volume cubic meter per
kilogram m3 /kg surface tension newton per meter N/m thermal
conductivity watt per meter-kelvin W/(mK) velocity meter per second
m/s viscosity, dynamic pascal-second Pas viscosity, kinematic
square meter per second m2 /s volume cubic meter m3 wave number 1
per meter 1/m TABLE 1-3 SI Prefixes Multiplication factor Prefix
Symbol 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018 exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000
= 1015 peta P 1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 tera T 1 000 000 000 = 109
giga G 1 000 000 = 106 mega M 1 000 = 103 kilo k 100 = 102 hecto* h
10 = 101 deka* da 0.1 = 101 deci* d 0.01 = 102 centi c 0.001 = 103
milli m 0.000 001 = 106 micro 0.000 000 001 = 109 nano n 0.000 000
000 001 = 1012 pico p 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 1015 femto f 0.000
000 000 000 000 001 = 1018 atto a *Generally to be avoided.
Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
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license agreement. Click here to view.
27. TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly
Used Units to SI Units Conversion factor; multiply Customary or
commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to Quantity used unit
SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit Space, time Length naut mi km 1.852*
E + 00 mi km 1.609 344* E + 00 chain m 2.011 68* E + 01 link m
2.011 68* E 01 fathom m 1.828 8* E + 00 yd m 9.144* E 01 ft m
3.048* E 01 cm 3.048* E + 01 in mm 2.54* E + 01 in cm 2.54 E + 00
mil m 2.54* E + 01 Length/length ft/mi m/km 1.893 939 E 01
Length/volume ft/U.S. gal m/m3 8.051 964 E + 01 ft/ft3 m/m3 1.076
391 E + 01 ft/bbl m/m3 1.917 134 E + 00 Area mi2 km2 2.589 988 E +
00 section ha 2.589 988 E + 02 acre ha 4.046 856 E 01 ha m2 1.000
000* E + 04 yd2 m2 8.361 274 E 01 ft2 m2 9.290 304* E 02 in2 mm2
6.451 6* E + 02 cm2 6.451 6* E + 00 Area/volume ft2 /in3 m2 /cm3
5.699 291 E 03 ft2 /ft3 m2 /m3 3.280 840 E + 00 Volume cubem km3
4.168 182 E + 00 acreft m3 1.233 482 E + 03 ham 1.233 482 E 01 yd3
m3 7.645 549 E 01 bbl (42 U.S. gal) m3 1.589 873 E 01 ft3 m3 2.831
685 E 02 dm3 L 2.831 685 E + 01 U.K. gal m3 4.546 092 E 03 dm3 L
4.546 092 E + 00 U.S. gal m3 3.785 412 E 03 dm3 L 3.785 412 E + 00
U.K. qt dm3 L 1.136 523 E + 00 U.S. qt dm3 L 9.463 529 E 01 U.S. pt
dm3 L 4.731 765 E 01 U.K. fl oz cm3 2.841 307 E + 01 U.S. fl oz cm3
2.957 353 E + 01 in3 cm3 1.638 706 E + 01 Volume/length (linear
bbl/in m3 m 6.259 342 E + 00 displacement) bbl/ft m3 /m 5.216 119 E
01 ft3 /ft m3 /m 9.290 304* E 02 U.S. gal/ft m3 /m 1.241 933 E 02
L/m 1.241 933 E + 01 Plane angle rad rad 1 deg () rad 1.745 329 E
02 min () rad 2.908 882 E 04 sec () rad 4.848 137 E 06 Solid angle
sr sr 1 Time year a 1 week d 7.0* E + 00 h s 3.6* E + 03 min 6.0* E
+ 01 min s 6.0* E + 01 h 1.666 667 E 02 ms ns 1 Mass, amount of
substance Mass U.K. ton Mg t 1.016 047 E + 00 U.S. ton Mg t 9.071
847 E 01 U.K. cwt kg 5.080 234 E + 01 U.S. cwt kg 4.535 924 E + 01
lbm kg 4.535 924 E 01 oz (troy) g 3.110 348 E + 01 oz (av) g 2.834
952 E + 01 gr mg 6.479 891 E + 01 1-4 Copyright 1999 by The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this
product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click
here to view.
28. 1-5 TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and
Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Conversion factor;
multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor
to Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit Amount of
substance lbmmol kmol 4.535 924 E 01 std m3 (0C, 1 atm) kmol 4.461
58 E 02 std ft3 (60F, 1 atm) kmol 1.195 30 E 03 Enthalpy, calorific
value, heat, entropy, heat capacity Calorific value, enthalpy
Btu/lbm MJ/kg 2.326 000 E 03 (mass basis) kJ/kg J/g 2.326 000 E +
00 kWh/kg 6.461 112 E 04 cal/g kJ/kg J/g 4.184* E + 00 cal/lbm J/kg
9.224 141 E + 00 Caloric value, enthalpy kcal/(gmol) kJ/kmol 4.184*
E + 03 (mole basis) Btu/(lbmol) kJ/kmol 2.326 000 E + 00 Calorific
value (volume Btu/U.S. gal MJ/m3 kJ/dm3 2.787 163 E 01 basissolids
and liquids) kJ/m3 2.787 163 E + 02 kWh/m3 7.742 119 E 02 Btu/U.K.
gal MJ/m3 kJ/dm3 2.320 800 E 01 kJ/m3 2.320 800 E + 02 Btu/ft3
kWh/m3 6.446 667 E 02 MJ/m3 kJ/dm3 3.725 895 E 02 kJ/m3 3.725 895 E
+ 01 kWh/m3 1.034 971 E 02 cal/mL MJ/m3 4.184* E + 00 (ftlbf)/U.S.
gal kJ/m3 3.581 692 E 01 Calorific value (volume cal/mL kJ/m3 J/dm3
4.184* E + 03 basisgases) kcal/m3 kJ/m3 J/dm3 4.184* E + 00 Btu/ft3
kJ/m3 J/dm3 3.725 895 E + 01 kWh/m3 1.034 971 E 02 Specific entropy
Btu/(lbmR) kJ/(kgK) J/(gK) 4.186 8* E + 00 cal/(gK) kJ/(kgK) J/(gK)
4.184* E + 00 kcal/(kgC) kJ/(kgK) J/(gK) 4.184* E + 00
Specific-heat capacity (mass kWh/(kgC) kJ/(kgK) J/(gK) 3.6* E + 03
basis) Btu/(lbmF) kJ/(kgK) J/(gK) 4.186 8* E + 00 kcal/(kgC)
kJ/(kgK) J/(gK) 4.184* E + 00 Specific-heat capacity (mole
Btu/(lbmolF) kJ/(kmolK) 4.186 8* E + 00 basis) cal/(gmolC)
kJ/(kmolK) 4.184* E + 00 Temperature, pressure, vacuum Temperature
(absolute) R K 5/9 K K 1 Temperature (traditional) F C 5/9(F 32)
Temperature (difference) F K, C 5/9 Pressure atm (760 mmHg at 0C or
14,696 psi) MPa 1.013 250* E 01 kPa 1.013 250* E + 02 bar 1.013
250* E + 00 bar MPa 1.0* E 01 kPa 1.0* E + 02 mmHg (0C) = torr MPa
6.894 757 E 03 kPa 6.894 757 E + 00 bar 6.894 757 E 02 mHg (0C) kPa
3.376 85 E + 00 bar kPa 2.488 4 E 01 mmHg = torr (0C) kPa 1.333 224
E 01 cmH2O (4C) kPa 9.806 38 E 02 lbf/ft2 (psf) kPa 4.788 026 E 02
mHg (0C) Pa 1.333 224 E 01 bar Pa 1.0* E + 05 dyn/cm2 Pa 1.0* E 01
Vacuum, draft inHg (60F) kPa 3.376 85 E + 00 inH2O (39.2F) kPa
2.490 82 E 01 inH2O (60F) kPa 2.488 4 E 01 mmHg (0C) = torr kPa
1.333 224 E 01 cmH2O (4C) kPa 9.806 38 E 02 Liquid head ft m 3.048*
E 01 in mm 2.54* E + 01 cm 2.54* E + 00 Pressure drop/length psi/ft
kPa/m 2.262 059 E + 01 Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the
terms of its license agreement. Click here to view.
29. 1-6 TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and
Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Conversion factor;
multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor
to Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit Density,
specific volume, concentration, dosage Density lbm/ft3 kg/m3 1.601
846 E + 01 g/m3 1.601 846 E + 04 lbm/U.S. gal kg/m3 1.198 264 E +
02 g/cm3 1.198 264 E 01 lbm/U.K. gal kg/m3 9.977 633 E + 01 lbm/ft3
kg/m3 1.601 846 E + 01 g/cm3 1.601 846 E 02 g/cm3 kg/m3 1.0* E + 03
lbm/ft3 kg/m3 1.601 846 E + 01 Specific volume ft3 /lbm m3 /kg
6.242 796 E 02 m3 /g 6.242 796 E 05 ft3 /lbm dm3 /kg 6.242 796 E +
01 U.K. gal/lbm dm3 /kg cm3 /g 1.002 242 E + 01 U.S. gal/lbm dm3
/kg cm3 /g 8.345 404 E + 00 Specific volume (mole basis) L/(gmol)
m3 /kmol 1 ft3 /(lbmol) m3 /kmol 6.242 796 E 02 Specific volume
bbl/U.S. ton m3 /t 1.752 535 E 01 bbl/U.K. ton m3 /t 1.564 763 E 01
Yield bbl/U.S. ton dm3 /t L/t 1.752 535 E + 02 bbl/U.K. ton dm3 /t
L/t 1.564 763 E + 02 U.S. gal/U.S. ton dm3 /t L/t 4.172 702 E + 00
U.S. gal/U.K. ton dm3 /t L/t 3.725 627 E + 00 Concentration
(mass/mass) wt % kg/kg 1.0* E 02 g/kg 1.0* E + 01 wt ppm mg/kg 1
Concentration (mass/volume) lbm/bbl kg/m3 g/dm3 2.853 010 E + 00
g/U.S. gal kg/m3 2.641 720 E 01 g/U.K. gal kg/m3 g/L 2.199 692 E 01
lbm/1000 U.S. gal g/m3 mg/dm3 1.198 264 E + 02 lbm/1000 U.K. gal
g/m3 mg/dm3 9.977 633 E + 01 gr/U.S. gal g/m3 mg/dm3 1.711 806 E +
01 gr/ft3 mg/m3 2.288 351 E + 03 lbm/1000 bbl g/m3 mg/dm3 2.853 010
E + 00 mg/U.S. gal g/m3 mg/dm3 2.641 720 E 01 gr/100 ft3 mg/m3
2.288 351 E + 01 Concentration (volume/volume) ft3 /ft3 m3 /m3 1
bbl/(acreft) m3 /m3 1.288 931 E 04 vol% m3 /m3 1.0* E 02 U.K.
gal/ft3 dm3 /m3 L/m3 1.605 437 E + 02 U.S. gal/ft3 dm3 /m3 L/m3
1.336 806 E + 02 mL/U.S. gal dm3 /m3 L/m3 2.641 720 E 01 mL/U.K.
gal dm3 /m3 L/m3 2.199 692 E 01 vol ppm cm3 /m3 1 dm3 /m3 L/m3 1.0*
E 03 U.K. gal/1000 bbl cm3 /m3 2.859 403 E + 01 U.S. gal/1000 bbl
cm3 /m3 2.380 952 E + 01 U.K. pt/1000 bbl cm3 /m3 3.574 253 E + 00
Concentration (mole/volume) (lbmol)/U.S. gal kmol/m3 1.198 264 E +
02 (lbmol)/U.K. gal kmol/m3 9.977 644 E + 01 (lbmol)/ft3 kmol/m3
1.601 846 E + 01 std ft3 (60F, 1 atm)/bbl kmol/m3 7.518 21 E 03
Concentration (volume/mole) U.S. gal/1000 std ft3 (60F/60F) dm3
/kmol L/kmol 3.166 91 E + 00 bbl/million std ft3 (60F/60F) dm3
/kmol L/kmol 1.330 10 E 01 Facility throughput, capacity Throughput
(mass basis) U.K. ton/year t/a 1.016 047 E + 00 U.S. ton/year t/a
9.071 847 E 01 U.K. ton/day t/d 1.016 047 E + 00 t/h 4.233 529 E 02
U.S. ton/day t/d 9.071 847 E 01 t/h 3.779 936 E 02 U.K. ton/h t/h
1.016 047 E + 00 U.S. ton/h t/h 9.071 847 E 01 lbm/h kg/h 4.535 924
E 01 Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
license agreement. Click here to view.
30. 1-7 TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and
Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Conversion factor;
multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor
to Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit Throughput
(volume basis) bbl/day t/a 5.803 036 E + 01 m3 /d 1.589 873 E 01
ft3 /day m3 /h 1.179 869 E 03 bbl/h m3 /h 1.589 873 E 01 ft3 /h m3
/h 2.831 685 E 02 U.K. gal/h m3 /h 4.546 092 E 03 L/s 1.262 803 E
03 U.S. gal/h m3 /h 3.785 412 E 03 L/s 1.051 503 E 03 U.K. gal/min
m3 /h 2.727 655 E 01 L/s 7.576 819 E 02 U.S. gal/min m3 /h 2.271
247 E 01 L/s 6.309 020 E 02 Throughput (mole basis) (lbmmol)/h
kmol/h 4.535 924 E 01 kmol/s 1.259 979 E 04 Flow rate Flow rate
(mass basis) U.K. ton/min kg/s 1.693 412 E + 01 U.S. ton/min kg/s
1.511 974 E + 01 U.K. ton/h kg/s 2.822 353 E 01 U.S. ton/h kg/s
2.519 958 E 01 U.K. ton/day kg/s 1.175 980 E 02 U.S. ton/day kg/s
1.049 982 E 02 million lbm/year kg/s 5.249 912 E + 00 U.K. ton/year
kg/s 3.221 864 E 05 U.S. ton/year kg/s 2.876 664 E 05 lbm/s kg/s
4.535 924 E 01 lbm/min kg/s 7.559 873 E 03 lbm/h kg/s 1.259 979 E
04 Flow rate (volume basis) bbl/day m3 /d 1.589 873 E 01 L/s 1.840
131 E 03 ft3 /day m3 /d 2.831 685 E 02 L/s 3.277 413 E 04 bbl/h m3
/s 4.416 314 E 05 L/s 4.416 314 E 02 ft3 /h m3 /s 7.865 791 E 06
L/s 7.865 791 E 03 U.K. gal/h dm3 /s L/s 1.262 803 E 03 U.S. gal/h
dm3 /s L/s 1.051 503 E 03 U.K. gal/min dm3 /s L/s 7.576 820 E 02
U.S. gal/min dm3 /s L/s 6.309 020 E 02 ft3 /min dm3 /s L/s 4.719
474 E 01 ft3 /s dm3 /s L/s 2.831 685 E + 01 Flow rate (mole basis)
(lbmol)/s kmol/s 4.535 924 E 01 (lbmol)/h kmol/s 1.259 979 E 04
million scf/D kmol/s 1.383 45 E 02 Flow rate/length (mass basis)
lbm/(sft) kg/(sm) 1.488 164 E + 00 lbm/(hft) kg/(sm) 4.133 789 E 04
Flow rate/length (volume basis) U.K. gal/(minft) m2 /s m3 /(sm)
2.485 833 E 04 U.S. gal/(minft) m2 /s m3 /(sm) 2.069 888 E 04 U.K.
gal/(hin) m2 /s m3 /(sm) 4.971 667 E 05 U.S. gal/(hin) m2 /s m3
/(sm) 4.139 776 E 05 U.K. gal/(hft) m2 /s m3 /(sm) 4.143 055 E 06
U.S. gal/(hft) m2 /s m3 /(sm) 3.449 814 E 06 Flow rate/area (mass
basis) lbm/(sft2 ) kg/(sm2 ) 4.882 428 E + 00 lbm/(hft2 ) kg/(sm2 )
1.356 230 E 03 Flow rate/area (volume basis) ft3 /(sft2 ) m/s m3
/(sm2 ) 3.048* E 01 ft3 /(minft2 ) m/s m3 /(sm2 ) 5.08* E 03 U.K.
gal/(hin2 ) m/s m3 /(sm2 ) 1.957 349 E 03 U.S. gal/(hin2 ) m/s m3
/(sm2 ) 1.629 833 E 03 U.K. gal/(minft2 ) m/s m3 /(sm2 ) 8.155 621
E 04 U.S. gal/(minft2 ) m/s m3 /(sm2 ) 6.790 972 E 04 U.K.
gal/(hft2 ) m/s m3 /(sm2 ) 1.359 270 E 05 U.S. gal/(hft2 ) m/s m3
/(sm2 ) 1.131 829 E 05 Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the
terms of its license agreement. Click here to view.
31. 1-8 TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and
Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Conversion factor;
multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor
to Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit Energy, work,
power Energy, work therm MJ 1.055 056 E + 02 kJ 1.055 056 E + 05
kWh 2.930 711 E + 01 U.S. tonfmi MJ 1.431 744 E + 01 hph MJ 2.684
520 E + 00 kJ 2.684 520 E + 03 kWh 7.456 999 E 01 chh or CVh MJ
2.647 780 E + 00 kJ 2.647 780 E + 03 kWh 7.354 999 E 01 kWh MJ 3.6*
E + 00 kJ 3.6* E + 03 Chu kJ 1.899 101 E + 00 kWh 5.275 280 E 04
Btu kJ 1.055 056 E + 00 kWh 2.930 711 E 04 kcal kJ 4.184* E + 00
cal kJ 4.184* E 03 ftlbf kJ 1.355 818 E 03 lbfft kJ 1.355 818 E 03
J kJ 1.0* E 03 (lbfft2 )/s2 kJ 4.214 011 E 05 erg J 1.0* E 07
Impact energy kgfm J 9.806 650* E + 00 lbfft J 1.355 818 E + 00
Surface energy erg/cm2 mJ/m2 1.0* E + 00 Specific-impact energy
(kgfm)/cm2 J/cm2 9.806 650* E 02 (lbfft)/in2 J/cm2 2.101 522 E 03
Power million Btu/h MW 2.930 711 E 01 ton of refrigeration kW 3.516
853 E + 00 Btu/s kW 1.055 056 E + 00 kW kW 1 hydraulic
horsepowerhhp kW 7.460 43 E 01 hp (electric) kW 7.46* E 01 hp [(550
ftlbf)/s] kW 7.456 999 E 01 ch or CV kW 7.354 999 E 01 Btu/min kW
1.758 427 E 02 (ftlbf)/s kW 1.355 818 E 03 kcal/h W 1.162 222 E +
00 Btu/h W 2.930 711 E 01 (ftlbf)/min W 2.259 697 E 02 Power/area
Btu/(sft2 ) kW/m2 1.135 653 E + 01 cal/(hcm2 ) kW/m2 1.162 222 E 02
Btu/(hft2 ) kW/m2 3.154 591 E 03 Heat-release rate, mixing power
hp/ft3 kW/m3 2.633 414 E + 01 cal/(hcm3 ) kW/m3 1.162 222 E + 00
Btu/(sft3 ) kW/m3 3.725 895 E + 01 Btu/(hft3 ) kW/m3 1.034 971 E 02
Cooling duty (machinery) Btu/(bhph) W/kW 3.930 148 E 01 Specific
fuel consumption (mass lbm/(hph) mg/J kg/MJ 1.689 659 E 01 basis)
kg/kWh 6.082 774 E 01 Specific fuel consumption (volume m3 /kWh dm3
/MJ mm3 /J 2.777 778 E + 02 basis) U.S. gal/(hph) dm3 /MJ mm3 /J
1.410 089 E + 00 U.K. pt/(hph) dm3 /MJ mm3 /J 2.116 806 E 01 Fuel
consumption U.K. gal/mi dm3 /100 km L/100 km 2.824 807 E + 02 U.S.
gal/mi dm3 /100 km L/100 km 2.352 146 E + 02 mi/U.S. gal km/dm3
km/L 4.251 437 E 01 mi/U.K. gal km/dm3 km/L 3.540 064 E 01
Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
license agreement. Click here to view.
32. 1-9 TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and
Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Conversion factor;
multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor
to Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit Velocity
(linear), speed knot km/h 1.852* E + 00 mi/h km/h 1.609 344* E + 00
ft/s m/s 3.048* E 01 cm/s 3.048* E + 01 ft/min m/s 5.08* E 03 ft/h
mm/s 8.466 667 E 02 ft/day mm/s 3.527 778 E 03 m/d 3.048* E 01 in/s
mm/s 2.54* E + 01 in/min mm/s 4.233 333 E 01 Corrosion rate in/year
(ipy) mm/a 2.54* E + 01 mil/year mm/a 2.54* E 02 Rotational
frequency r/min r/s 1.666 667 E 02 rad/s 1.047 198 E 01
Acceleration (linear) ft/s2 m/s2 3.048* E 01 cm/s2 3.048* E + 01
Acceleration (rotational) rpm/s rad/s2 1.047 198 E 01 Momentum
(lbmft)/s (kgm)/s 1.382 550 E 01 Force U.K. tonf kN 9.964 016 E +
00 U.S. tonf kN 8.896 443 E + 00 kgf (kp) N 9.806 650* E + 00 lbf N
4.448 222 E + 00 dyn mN 1.0 E 02 Bending moment, torque U.S. tonfft
kNm 2.711 636 E + 00 kgfm Nm 9.806 650* E + 00 lbfft Nm 1.355 818 E
+ 00 lbfin Nm 1.129 848 E 01 Bending moment/length (lbfft)/in
(Nm)/m 5.337 866 E + 01 (lbfin)/in (Nm)/m 4.448 222 E + 00 Moment
of inertia lbmft2 kgm2 4.214 011 E 02 Stress U.S. tonf/in2 MPa
N/mm2 1.378 951 E + 01 kgf/mm2 MPa N/mm2 9.806 650* E + 00 U.S.
tonf/ft2 MPa N/mm2 9.576 052 E 02 lbf/in2 (psi) MPa N/mm2 6.894 757
E 03 lbf/ft2 (psf) kPa 4.788 026 E 02 dyn/cm2 Pa 1.0* E 01
Mass/length lbm/ft kg/m 1.488 164 E + 00 Mass/area structural
loading, U.S. ton/ft2 Mg/m2 9.764 855 E + 00 bearing capacity (mass
lbm/ft2 kg/m2 4.882 428 E + 00 basis) Miscellaneous transport
properties Diffusivity ft2 /s m2 /s 9.290 304* E 02 m2 /s mm2 /s
1.0* E + 06 ft2 /h m2 /s 2.580 64* E 05 Thermal resistance (Cm2
h)/kcal (Km2 )/kW 8.604 208 E + 02 (Fft2 h)/Btu (Km2 )/kW 1.761 102
E + 02 Heat flux Btu/(hft2 ) kW/m2 3.154 591 E 03 Thermal
conductivity (calcm)/(scm2 C) W/(mK) 4.184* E + 02 (Btuft)/(hft2 F)
W/(mK) 1.730 735 E + 00 (kJm)/(hm2 K) 6.230 646 E + 00 (kcalm)/(hm2
C) W/(mK) 1.162 222 E + 00 (Btuin)/(hft2 F) W/(mK) 1.442 279 E 01
(calcm)/(hcm2 C) W/(mK) 1.162 222 E 01 Heat-transfer coefficient
cal/(scm2 C) kW/(m2 K) 4.184* E + 01 Btu/(sft2 F) kW/(m2 K) 2.044
175 E + 01 cal/(hcm2 C) kW/(m2 K) 1.162 222 E 02 Btu/(hft2 F)
kW/(m2 K) 5.678 263 E 03 kJ/(hm2 K) 2.044 175 E + 01 Btu/(hft2 R)
kW/(m2 K) 5.678 263 E 03 kcal/(hm2 C) kW/(m2 K) 1.162 222 E 03
Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
license agreement. Click here to view.
33. 1-10 TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and
Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Conversion factor;
multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor
to Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit Volumetric
heat-transfer Btu/(sft3 F) kW/(m3 K) 6.706 611 E + 01 coefficient
Btu/(hft3 F) kW/(m3 K) 1.862 947 E 02 Surface tension dyn/cm mN/m 1
Viscosity (dynamic) (lbfs)/in2 Pas (Ns)/m2 6.894 757 E + 03
(lbfs)/ft2 Pas (Ns)/m2 4.788 026 E + 01 (kgfs)/m2 Pas (Ns)/m2 9.806
650* E + 00 lbm/(fts) Pas (Ns)/m2 1.488 164 E + 00 (dyns)/cm2 Pas
(Ns)/m2 1.0* E 01 cP Pas (Ns)/m2 1.0* E 03 lbm/(fth) Pas (Ns)/m2
4.133 789 E 04 Viscosity (kinematic) ft2 /s m2 /s 9.290 304* E 02
in2 /s mm2 /s 6.451 6* E + 02 m2 /h mm2 /s 2.777 778 E + 02 ft2 /h
m2 /s 2.580 64* E 05 cSt mm2 /s 1 Permeability darcy m2 9.869 233 E
01 millidarcy m2 9.869 233 E 04 Thermal flux Btu/(hft2 ) W/m2 3.152
E + 00 Btu/(sft2 ) W/m2 1.135 E + 04 cal/(scm2 ) W/m2 4.184 E + 04
Mass-transfer coefficient (lbmol)/[hft2 (lbmol/ft3 )] m/s 8.467 E
05 (gmol)/[sm2 (gmol/L)] m/s 1.0 E + 01 Electricity, magnetism
Admittance S S 1 Capacitance F F 1 Charge density C/mm3 C/mm3 1
Conductance S S 1 (mho) S 1 Conductivity S/m S/m 1 /m S/m 1 m /m
mS/m 1 Current density A/mm2 A/mm2 1 Displacement C/cm2 C/cm2 1
Electric charge C C 1 Electric current A A 1 Electric-dipole moment
Cm Cm 1 Electric-field strength V/m V/m 1 Electric flux C C 1
Electric polarization C/cm2 C/cm2 1 Electric potential V V 1 mV mV
1 Electromagnetic moment Am2 Am2 1 Electromotive force V V 1 Flux
of displacement C C 1 Frequency cycles/s Hz 1 Impedance 1
Linear-current density A/mm A/mm 1 Magnetic-dipole moment Wbm Wbm 1
Magnetic-field strength A/mm A/mm 1 Oe A/m 7.957 747 E + 01 gamma
A/m 7.957 747 E 04 Magnetic flux mWb mWb 1 Copyright 1999 by The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this
product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click
here to view.
34. 1-11 TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and
Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Conversion factor;
multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor
to Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit Magnetic-flux
density mT mT 1 G T 1.0* E 04 gamma nT 1 Magnetic induction mT mT 1
Magnetic moment Am2 Am2 1 Magnetic polarization mT mT 1 Magnetic
potential A A 1 difference Magnetic-vector potential Wb/mm Wb/mm 1
Magnetization A/mm A/mm 1 Modulus of admittance S S 1 Modulus of
impedance 1 Mutual inductance H H 1 Permeability H/m H/m 1
Permeance H H 1 Permittivity F/m F/m 1 Potential difference V V 1
Quantity of electricity C C 1 Reactance 1 Reluctance H1 H1 1
Resistance 1 Resistivity cm cm 1 m m 1 Self-inductance mH mH 1
Surface density of change mC/m2 mC/m2 1 Susceptance S S 1 Volume
density of charge C/mm3 C/mm3 1 Acoustics, light, radiation
Absorbed dose rad Gy 1.0* E 02 Acoustical energy J J 1 Acoustical
intensity W/cm2 W/m2 1.0* E + 04 Acoustical power W W 1 Sound
pressure N/m2 N/m2 1.0* Illuminance fc lx 1.076 391 E + 01
Illumination fc lx 1.076 391 E + 01 Irradiance W/m2 W/m2 1 Light
exposure fcs lxs 1.076 391 E + 01 Luminance cd/m2 cd/m2 1 Luminous
efficacy lm/W lm/W 1 Luminous exitance lm/m2 lm/m2 1 Luminous flux
lm lm 1 Luminous intensity cd cd 1 Radiance W/m2 sr W/m2 sr 1
Radiant energy J J 1 Radiant flux W W 1 Radiant intensity W/sr W/sr
1 Radiant power W W 1 Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the
terms of its license agreement. Click here to view.
35. 1-12 TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and
Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Concluded) Conversion factor;
multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor
to Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit Wavelength nm
1.0* E 01 Capture unit 103 cm1 m1 1.0* E + 01 103 cm1 1 m1 m1 1
Radioactivity Ci Bq 3.7* E + 10 *An asterisk indicates that the
conversion factor is exact. Conversion factors for length, area,
and volume are based on the international foot. The international
foot is longer by 2 parts in 1 million than the U.S. Survey foot
(land-measurement use). NOTE: The following unit symbols are used
in the table: Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name A ampere lm lumen a
annum (year) lx lux Bq becquerel m meter C coulomb min minute cd
candela minute Ci curie N newton d day naut mi U.S. nautical mile C
degree Celsius Oe oersted degree ohm dyn dyne Pa pascal F farad rad
radian fc footcandle r revolution G gauss S siemens g gram s second
gr grain second Gy gray sr steradian H henry St stokes h hour T
tesla ha hectare t tonne Hz hertz V volt J joule W watt K kelvin Wb
weber L, , l liter NOTE: Copyright SPE-AIME, The SI Metric System
of Units and SPEs Tentative Metric Standard, Society of Petroleum
Engineers, Dallas, 1977. Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this product is subject
to the terms of its license agreement. Click here to view.
36. 1-13 TABLE 1-5 Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical
Multiples of SI Units The first two digits of each numerical entry
represent a power of 10. For example, the entry 02 2.54 expresses
the fact that 1 in = 2.54 102 m. To convert from To Multiply by To
convert from To Multiply by abampere ampere +01 1.00 fluid ounce
(U.S.) meter3 05 2.957 352 abcoulomb coulomb +01 1.00 foot meter 01
3.048 abfarad farad +09 1.00 foot (U.S. survey) meter 01 3.048 006
abhenry henry 09 1.00 foot of water (39.2F) newton/meter2 +03 2.988
98 abmho mho +09 1.00 footcandle lumen/meter2 +01 1.076 391 abohm
ohm 09 1.00 footlambert candela/meter2 +00 3.426 259 abvolt volt 08
1.00 furlong meter +02 2.011 68 acre meter2 +03 4.046 856 gal
(galileo) meter/second2 02 1.00 ampere (international of ampere 01
9.998 35 gallon (U.K. liquid) meter3 03 4.546 087 1948) gallon
(U.S. dry) meter3 03 4.404 883 angstrom meter 10 1.00 gallon (U.S.
liquid) meter3 03 3.785 411 are meter2 +02 1.00 gamma tesla 09 1.00
astronomical unit meter +11 1.495 978 gauss tesla 04 1.00
atmosphere newton/meter2 +05 1.013 25 gilbert ampere turn 01 7.957
747 bar newton/meter2 +05 1.00 gill (U.K.) meter3 04 1.420 652 barn
meter2 28 1.00 gill (U.S.) meter3 04 1.182 941 barrel (petroleum 42
gal) meter3 01 1.589 873 grad degree (angular) 01 9.00 barye
newton/meter2 01 1.00 grad radian 02 1.570 796 British thermal unit
(ISO/ joule +03 1.055 06 grain kilogram 05 6.479 891 TC 12) gram
kilogram 03 1.00 British thermal unit joule +03 1.055 04 hand meter
01 1.016 (International Steam Table) hectare meter2 +04 1.00
British thermal unit (mean) joule +03 1.055 87 henry (international
of 1948) henry +00 1.000 495 British thermal unit joule +03 1.054
350 hogshead (U.S.) meter3 01 2.384 809 (thermochemical) horsepower
(550 ft lbf/s) watt +02 7.456 998 British thermal unit (39F) joule
+03 1.059 67 horsepower (boiler) watt +03 9.809 50 British thermal
unit (60F) joule +03 1.054 68 horsepower (electric) watt +02 7.46
bushel (U.S.) meter3 02 3.523 907 horsepower (metric) watt +02
7.354 99 cable meter +02 2.194 56 horsepower (U.K.) watt +02 7.457
caliber meter 04 2.54 horsepower (water) watt +02 7.460 43 calorie
(International Steam joule +00 4.1868 hour (mean solar) second
(mean solar) +03 3.60 Table) hour (sidereal) second (mean solar)
+03 3.590 170 calorie (mean) joule +00 4.190 02 hundredweight
(long) kilogram +01 5.080 234 calorie (thermochemical) joule +00
4.184 hundredweight (short) kilogram +01 4.535 923 calorie (15C)
joule +00 4.185 80 inch meter 02 2.54 calorie (20C) joule +00 4.181
90 inch of mercury (32F) newton/meter2 +03 3.386 389 calorie
(kilogram, joule +03 4.186 8 inch of mercury (60F) newton/meter2
+03 3.376 85 International Steam Table) inch of water (39.2F)
newton/meter2 +02 2.490 82 calorie (kilogram, mean) joule +03 4.190
02 inch of water (60F) newton/meter2 +02 2.4884 calorie (kilogram,
joule +03 4.184 joule (international of 1948) joule +00 1.000 165
thermochemical) kayser 1/meter +02 1.00 carat (metric) kilogram 04
2.00 kilocalorie (International joule +03 4.186 74 Celsius
(temperature) kelvin tK = tc + 273.15 Steam Table) centimeter of
mercury (0C) newton/meter2 +03 1.333 22 kilocalorie (mean) joule
+03 4.190 02 centimeter of water (4C) newton/meter2 +01 9.806 38
kilocalorie (thermochemical) joule +03 4.184 chain (engineers)
meter +01 3.048 kilogram mass kilogram +00 1.00 chain (surveyors or
meter +01 2.011 68 kilogram-force (kgf) newton +00 9.806 65
Gunters) kilopond-force newton +00 9.806 65 circular mil meter2 10
5.067 074 kip newton +03 4.448 221 cord meter3 +00 3.624 556 knot
(international) meter/second 01 5.144 444 coulomb (international of
coulomb 01 9.998 35 lambert candela/meter2 +04 1/ 1948) lambert
candela/meter2 +03 3.183 098 cubit meter 01 4.572 langley
joule/meter2 +04 4.184 cup meter3 04 2.365 882 lbf (pound-force,
newton +00 4.448 221 curie disintegration/second +10 3.70
avoirdupois) day (mean solar) second (mean solar) +04 8.64 lbm
(pound-mass, kilogram 01 4.535 923 day (sidereal) second (mean
solar) +04 8.616 409 avoirdupois) degree (angle) radian 02 1.745
329 league (British nautical) meter +03 5.559 552 denier
(international) kilogram/meter 07 1.111 111 league (international
meter +03 5.556 dram (avoirdupois) kilogram 03 1.771 845 nautical)
dram (troy or apothecary) kilogram 03 3.887 934 league (statute)
meter +03 4.828 032 dram (U.S. fluid) meter3 06 3.696 691
light-year meter +15 9.460 55 dyne newton 05 1.00 link (engineers)
meter 01 3.048 electron volt joule 19 1.602 10 link (surveyors or
Gunters) meter 01 2.011 68 erg joule 07 1.00 liter meter3 03 1.00
Fahrenheit (temperature) kelvin tK = (5/9)(tF + lux lumen/meter2
+00 1.00 459.67) maxwell weber 08 1.00 Fahrenheit (temperature)
Celsius tc = (5/9)(tF meter wavelengths Kr 86 +06 1.650 763 32)
micrometer meter 06 1.00 farad (international of 1948) farad 01
9.995 05 mil meter 05 2.54 faraday (based on carbon coulomb +04
9.648 70 mile (U.S. statute) meter +03 1.609 344 12) mile (U.K.
nautical) meter +03 1.853 184 faraday (chemical) coulomb +04 9.649
57 mile (international nautical) meter +03 1.852 faraday (physical)
coulomb +04 9.652 19 mile (U.S. nautical) meter +03 1.852 fathom
meter +00 1.828 8 millibar newton/meter2 +02 1.00 fermi
(femtometer) meter 15 1.00 millimeter of mercury (0C) newton/meter2
+02 1.333 224 Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
license agreement. Click here to view.
37. 1-14 TABLE 1-5 Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical
Multiples of SI Units (Concluded) The first two digits of each
numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry 02
2.54 expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 102 To convert from To
Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by minute (angle) radian 04
2.908 882 second (ephemeris) second +00 1.000 000 minute (mean
solar) second (mean solar) +01 6.00 second (mean solar) second
(ephemeris) Consult minute (sidereal) second (mean solar) +01 5.983
617 American month (mean calendar) second (mean solar) +06 2.628
Ephemeris nautical mile (international) meter +03 1.852 and
Nautical nautical mile (U.S.) meter +03 1.852 Almanac nautical mile
(U.K.) meter +03 1.853 184 second (sidereal) second (mean solar) 01
9.972 695 oersted ampere/meter +01 7.957 747 section meter2 +06
2.589 988 ohm (international of 1948) ohm +00 1.000 495 scruple
(apothecary) kilogram 03 1.295 978 ounce-force (avoirdupois) newton
01 2.780 138 shake second 08 1.00 ounce-mass (avoirdupois) kilogram
02 2.834 952 skein meter +02 1.097 28 ounce-mass (troy or
apothecary) kilogram 02 3.110 347 slug kilogram +01 1.459 390 ounce
(U.S. fluid) meter3 05 2.957 352 span meter 01 2.286 pace meter 01
7.62 statampere ampere 10 3.335 640 parsec meter +16 3.083 74
statcoulomb coulomb 10 3.335 640 pascal newton/meter2 +00 1.00
statfarad farad 12 1.112 650 peck (U.S.) meter3 03 8.809 767
stathenry henry +11 8.987 554 pennyweight kilogram 03 1.555 173
statmho mho 12 1.112 650 perch meter +00 5.0292 statohm ohm +11
8.987 554 phot lumen/meter2 +04 1.00 statute mile (U.S.) meter +03
1.609 344 pica (printers) meter 03 4.217 517 statvolt volt +02
2.997 925 pint (U.S. dry) meter3 04 5.506 104 stere meter3 +00 1.00
pint (U.S. liquid) meter3 04 4.731 764 stilb candela/meter2 +04
1.00 point (printers) meter 04 3.514 598 stoke meter2 /second 04
1.00 poise (newton-second)/meter2 01 1.00 tablespoon meter3 05
1.478 676 pole meter +00 5.0292 teaspoon meter3 06 4.928 921
pound-force (lbf newton +00 4.448 221 ton (assay) kilogram 02 2.916
666 avoirdupois) ton (long) kilogram +03 1.016 046 pound-mass (lbm
kilogram 01 4.535 923 ton (metric) kilogram +03 1.00 avoirdupois)
ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) joule +09 4.20 pound-mass (troy or
kilogram 01 3.732 417 ton (register) meter3 +00 2.831 684
apothecary) ton (short, 2000 lb) kilogram +02 9.071 847 poundal
newton 01 1.382 549 tonne kilogram +03 1.00 quart (U.S. dry) meter3
03 1.101 220 torr (0C) newton/meter2 +02 1.333 22 quart (U.S.
liquid) meter3 04 9.463 529 township meter2 +07 9.323 957 rad
(radiation dose joule/kilogram 02 1.00 unit pole weber 07 1.256 637
absorbed) volt (international of 1948) volt +00 1.000 330 Rankine
(temperature) kelvin tK = (5/9)tR watt (international of 1948) watt
+00 1.000 165 rayleigh (rate of photon 1/second-meter2 +10 1.00
yard meter 01 9.144 emission) year (calendar) second (mean solar)
+07 3.1536 rhe meter2 /(newton- +01 1.00 year (sidereal) second
(mean solar) +07 3.155 815 second) year (tropical) second (mean
solar) +07 3.155 692 rod meter +00 5.0292 year 1900, tropical,
Jan., day second (ephemeris) +07 3.155 692 roentgen
coulomb/kilogram 04 2.579 76 0, hour 12 rutherford
disintegration/second +06 1.00 year 1900, tropical, Jan., day
second +07 3.155 692 second (angle) radian 06 4.848 136 0, hour 12
Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its
license agreement. Click here to view.
38. TABLE 1-6 Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions To
convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by Acres
Square feet 43,560 B.t.u. (60F.) per degree Fahrenheit Calories per
degree centigrade 453.6 Acres Square meters 4074 Bushels (U.S. dry)
Cubic feet 1.2444 Acres Square miles 0.001563 Bushels (U.S. dry)
Cubic meters 0.03524 Acre-feet Cubic meters 1233 Calories, gram
B.t.u. 3.968 103 Ampere-hours (absolute) Coulombs (absolute) 3600
Calories, gram Foot-pounds 3.087 Angstrom units Inches 3.937 109
Calories, gram Joules 4.1868 Angstrom units Meters 1 1010 Calories,
gram Liter-atmospheres 4.130 102 Angstrom units Microns 1 104
Calories, gram Horsepower-hours 1.5591 106 Atmospheres Millimeters
of mercury at 32F 760 Calories, gram, per gram per degree C. Joules
per kilogram per degree Kelvin 4186.8 Atmospheres Dynes per square
centimeter 1.0133 106 Calories, kilogram Kilowatt-hours 0.0011626
Atmospheres Newtons per square meter 101,325 Calories, kilogram per
second Kilowatts 4.185 Atmospheres Feet of water at 39.1F 33.90
Candle power (spherical) Lumens 12.556 Atmospheres Grams per square
centimeter 1033.3 Carats (metric) Grams 0.2 Atmospheres Inches of
mercury at 32F 29.921 Centigrade heat units B.t.u. 1.8 Atmospheres
Pounds per square foot 2116.3 Centimeters Angstrom units 1 108
Atmospheres Pounds per square inch 14.696 Centimeters Feet 0.03281
Bags (cement) Pounds (cement) 94 Centimeters Inches 0.3937 Barrels
(cement) Pounds (cement) 376 Centimeters Meters 0.01 Barrels (oil)
Cubic meters 0.15899 Centimeters Microns 10,000 Barrels (oil)
Gallons 42 Centimeters of mercury at 0C. Atmospheres 0.013158
Barrels (U.S. liquid) Cubic meters 0.11924 Centimeters of mercury
at 0C. Feet of water at 39.1F. 0.4460 Barrels (U.S. liquid) Gallons
31.5 Centimeters of mercury at 0C Newtons per square meter 1333.2
Barrels per day Gallons per minute 0.02917 Centimeters of mercury
at 0C. Pounds per square foot 27.845 Bars Atmospheres 0.9869
Centimeters of mercury at 0C. Pounds per square inch 0.19337 Bars
Newtons per square meter 1 105 Centimeters per second Feet per
minute 1.9685 Bars Pounds per square inch 14.504 Centimeters of
water at 4C. Newtons per square meter 98.064 Board feet Cubic feet
112 Centistokes Square meters per second 1 106 Boiler horsepower
B.t.u. per hour 33,480 Circular mils Square centimeters 5.067 106
Boiler horsepower Kilowatts 9.803 Circular mils Square inches 7.854
107 B.t.u. Calories (gram) 252 Circular mils Square mils 0.7854
B.t.u. Centigrade heat units (c.h.u. or p.c.u.) 0.55556 Cords Cubic
feet 128 B.t.u. Foot-pounds 777.9 Cubic centimeters Cubic feet
3.532 105 B.t.u. Horsepower-hours 3.929 104 Cubic centimeters
Gallons 2.6417 104 B.t.u. Joules 1055.1 Cubic centimeters Ounces
(U.S. fluid) 0.03381 B.t.u. Liter-atmospheres 10.41 Cubic
centimeters Quarts (U.S. fluid) 0.0010567 B.t.u. Pounds carbon to
CO2 6.88 105 Cubic feet Bushels (U.S.) 0.8036 B.t.u. Pounds water
evaporated from and Cubic feet Cubic centimeters 28,317 at 212F
0.001036 Cubic feet Cubic meters 0.028317 B.t.u. Cubic
foot-atmospheres 0.3676 Cubic feet Cubic yards 0.03704 B.t.u.
Kilowatt-hours 2.930 104 Cubic feet Gallons 7.481 B.t.u. per cubic
foot Joules per cubic meter 37,260 Cubic feet Liters 28.316 B.t.u.
per hour Watts 0.29307 Cubic foot-atmospheres Foot-pounds 2116.3
B.t.u. per minute Horsepower 0.02357 Cubic foot-atmospheres
Liter-atmospheres 28.316 B.t.u. per po