PLASMA ANTENNA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

SUBMITEED BY:

RIGVENDRA KUMAR VARDHAN

M.TECH ECE 1ST YEAR

REG. NO: 14304022

OUTLINE

What is Plasma.

What is Antenna.

Plasma Antenna Technology.

Features of Plasma Antenna

Characteristics of Plasma

Antenna

Plasma antenna Vs

traditional antenna

Types of Plasma Antenna

How Plasma Antenna

Works.

Why we use Plasma

Antenna.

Working Principle

Advantages

Applications

Disadvantages

Conclusion

CHANGE OF MATTER

Plasma has properties quite unlike those of solids,

liquids, or gases and is considered be a distinct state of

matter.

COMPARISION OF STATE OF MATTERS PRESENT IN OUR UNIVERSE

WHAT IS PLASMA?

Sir William Crookes, identified a matter, called plasma, in 1879.

According to Markland’s technology, plasmas are conductive assemblies of

charged and neutral particles and fields that exhibit collective effects.

By supplying energy the states of matter changes: from solid to liquid and from

liquid to gas. If further energy is added to a gas it becomes ionized and passes

over into the Plasma state – a fourth state of matter.

Plasma is a state of matter similar to gas in which a certain portion of the

particles are ionized. Heating a gas may ionize its molecules or atoms, thus

turning it into a plasma, which contains charged particles: positive ions and

negative electrons. Ionization can be induced by other means, such as strong

electromagnetic field applied with a laser or microwave generator, and is

accompanied by the dissociation of molecular bonds, if present.

Plasmas carry electrical currents and generate magnetic fields.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLASMA

PLASMA

COLD PLASMA(at room temperature)

LOW TEMPERATURE PLASMA

HIGH TEMPERATURE PLASMA(at temperature of 10^8-10^9 K)

HOT PLASMA(at temperature of 200-

20000k)

PLASMA FREQUENCY

the electron plasma frequency the ion plasma frequency

the plasma frequency

as the electrons are so much lighter than ions

ANTENNA

Antenna is defined as an electrical conductor of specific length that

radiate radio waves generated by a transmitter and collects that waves at

receiver

Antenna is a device used as transmitter and receiver in signal

transmission and receiving.

Both transmitting and receiving antenna must have equal impedance.

PRINCIPLE:

When voltage is applied to an antenna, electric field is produced.

It causes current to flow in antenna.

Due to current flow, magnetic field is produced.

These two fields are emitted from an antenna and propagate through

space over very long distance.

PLASMA ANTENNAS

Plasma Antennas is a type of radio antenna currently under development.

Plasma is used instead of metal for conduction i.e. plasma discharge

tubes are used as the antenna element.

Plasma antenna are Radio frequency antenna that employ plasma as a

guiding medium for electromagnetic radiation.

It uses ionized gas instead of metal conducting element of conventional

antenna to transmit and receive signals, decreasing interference and

boosting the functionality.

When the gas of plasma tube is electrically charged or ionized ,it

becomes conductive and allowing radio frequency signals to be

transmitted or received.

When gas is not ionized, the antenna element ceases to exit.

PLASMA ANTENNAS

Ionized gas is an efficient conducting element with a number of

important advantages. Since the gas is ionized only for the time of

transmission or reception," ringing" and associated effects of solid wire

antenna design are eliminated.

The design allows for extremely short pulses, important to many forms

of digital communication and radars.

It is compact and dynamically reconfigured for frequency, direction,

bandwidth, gain and beam width.

This technology enable to design antenna that are efficient, low in weight

and smaller in size .

WHY WE USE PLASMA ANTENNA?

Plasma devices are fully steerable.

Are a low cost replacement for both mechanically steered antennas.

No antenna ringing provides an improved signal to noise ratio

comparison to traditional antennas.

A airborne Plasma antenna provides stealth technology to it.

Plasma Antennas leads the world in developing low cost plas76

antennas across the band 1 GHz to 300 GHz.

A circular scan can be performed electronically with no moving parts at

a higher speed than traditional mechanical antenna structures.

KEY FEATURES

High directional gain: concentrates RF power to increase link budget,

dramatically enhancing network coverage and capacity.

Low side lobes reduce interference, enabling improved frequency re-

use and substantially higher utilization.

Wide bandwidth supports simultaneous multi-band or UWB operation

from a single compact antenna.

High speed beam switching enables spatial time division multiplexing

to boost spectral efficiency and throughput.

Compact and lightweight form factor reduces site and mast costs,

simplifies installation and minimizes environmental impact.

Maintenance free - auto-aligning with no moving parts and requires

no calibration, minimizing total cost.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A PLASMA ANTENNA

Plasma antenna can operate up to 90 GHz.

Plasma antenna can transmit and receive from the same aperture

provided the frequencies are widely separated.

A single dynamic antenna structure can use time multiplexing so that

many RF subsystems can share one antenna resource.

Changes in the ion density can result in instantaneous changes in

bandwidth over wide dynamic ranges.

In Plasma Antenna ,Gas ionizing process can manipulate resistance and

when deionised, the gas has infinite resistance and doesn’t interact with

RF radiation.

Reduces computer signal processing requirements.

Ability to focus a single beam.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

A Plasma antenna technology employs ionized gas enclosed in a tube as

a conducting element of an antenna.

When supply is given to the tube, the gas inside it gets ionized to

plasma. When plasma is highly energized, it behaves as a conductor

that allowing radio frequency (RF) signals to be transmitted or received.

A plasma antenna generates localized concentrations of plasma to form

a plasma mirror which deflects an RF beam launched from a central

feed located at the focus of the mirror.

The plasma can be freely moved to the desired geometry of the

reflector by plasma diodes which enables the beam to be steered

quickly without the need for mechanical motion.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

An ionized region, or solid state plasma, can be generated in silicon

using electronically controlled devices (plasma diodes) that are

positioned between closely spaced metalized surfaces which constrain

the beam.

When the gas is not ionized or a plasma antenna is turned off - it is

transparent and allowing other adjacent antennas to transmit or receive

without interference.

In some realizations, the silicon disc (i.e. Si wafer) act as a cylindrical

lens, to form a lens/reflector system that enables the RF energy to be

collimated.

In order for plasma to have significant effect on an electromagnetic

wave, the electronic density must be increased by several orders of

magnitude.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The resulting pattern forms a rosette of overlapping reflectors only one

of which is active at any time.

When plasma jet enters into the spiral field, signals are emitted. The

spiral is localized concentration of plasma. These spirals behave as

plasma mirrors which help in transmission of RF signals.

TYPES OF PLASMA ANTENNAS

Laser Induced Antenna

Plasma Antennas Using Tube Structures

Explosively Formed Plasma Dielectric

Antennas

LASER INDUCED ANTENNA

The transmission was realized along a plasma channel that was created

by the atmosphere breakdown.

The atmosphere breakdown was created by the focused laser emission.

The laser is used to designate the path of the antenna while an

electrical discharge is employed to create and sustain the plasma.

PLASMA ANTENNAS USING TUBE STRUCTURES

Using tube structures, we can achieve low base-band noise for HF and

VHF transmission.

When the plasma creating voltage is turned off, the antenna effectively

disappears.

PLASMA DIELECTRIC ANTENNAS

A simple explosive charge design, called a plasma cartridge, can be

used to generate a column of ionized gas.

In this design. 1-3 grams of seeded explosive charge, which contained

Fe, Pb, C, N, K, Cl, and O was used to create plasma.

Due to high temperatures generated by the explosive material, the

surrounding gases became ionized, forming a plasma column.

The maximum attainable temperature that can be achieved is dependent

upon the available oxygen for the fuel recombination.

It has been proven that a plasma jet antenna is feasible.

SOME TYPE OF PLASMA ANTENNA

Plasma Parabolic Reflector

SOME TYPE OF PLASMA ANTENNA

IONIZED GAS PLASMA ANTENNA PLASMA TUBE ANTENNA

SOME TYPE OF PLASMA ANTENNA

MULTIPLE TUBE PLASMA ANTENNA SELECTABLE MULTIBEAM

ANTENNA

PLASMA ANTENNA VS TRADITIONAL ANTENNA

PLASMA ANTENNA

Electronic movement is made

even more easily inside the

plasma antenna, because of

electrons are in a free state

inside the hot gas.

Plasma antenna greatly reduces

the effects of interference.

TRADITIONAL ANTENNA

Solid metal antenna can

function because electrons

can move freely in the metal

conductor .

Conventional metal antennas

can pick up various noises or

Interference that bounce of

the surrounding metal objects

PLASMA ANTENNA VS TRADITIONAL ANTENNA

Unlike simple directional antennas, Plasma Antennas’ selectable multi-

beam antennas are electronically steered, avoiding the need for manual

or mechanical alignment and realignment of fixed point-to-point

communication links. Plasma Antennas’ selectable multi-beam antennas

provide similar advantages to phased array antennas but at a fraction of

the cost, together with much wider bandwidth of operation.

VS

ADVANTAGES

Higher Power

Enhanced bandwidth

Higher efficiency

Lower noise

Perfect reflector

Low in weight

Smaller in size

Improved reliability

High gain

Affordable

Low interference

Compact and lightweight

Wide bandwidth

Maintenance free

Modular

DISADVANTAGES

Ionizer adds weight and volume .

Ionizer increases power consumption .

Stable and repeatable plasma volumes: Not all of the gas is ionized to

become plasma, some parts remain unionized. Thus the volume of the

plasma formed during each time should be same to generate stable

electromagnetic waves. This can be achieved by keeping the current

flowing through it constant, which will excite the same amount of

particles

APPLICATION

MILLITARY APPLICATIONS

Shipboard/submarine antenna

replacements.

Unmanned air vehicle sensor

antennas.

land-based vehicle antennas.

Stealth aircraft antenna

replacements.

Defense, Space and Homeland Security.

Military applications for its stealth,

weight and easily reconfiguration.

Detection and tracking of ballistic

missiles.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

Telemetry & broad-band

communications.

Ground penetrating radar.

Navigation.

Weather radar and wind shear detection.

Collision avoidance .

Network Equipment Providers and

Systems Integrators

High-speed data communication.

In radio antenna.

Used for transmission and modulation techniques(PM,AM,FM).

CONCLUSION

Plasma antenna is a wide band width and capable of any

communication systems

The light weight of antenna system provide easy usage.

Multidirectional antenna in microwave communication

It is more advantageous than other antenna due to ionized gas.

Its action has many general with the dielectric antenna action.

It helps in pulse operation.

REFERENCES

www.wikipedia.org

www.seminaron.in

www.seminarelectronicstopic.com

www.techalone.com

www.authorstream.com

THANK YOU

QUERIES