RISK ASSESSMENT FOR SOLID WASTE

Submitted BySAI GOUTHAM GOLIVE2014PCV5192

Submitted TODr. PARUL MATHURIA

In a nutshell “ Solid waste can be regarded as refuse or waste from any kind of source”. But any refuse or waste can be economic resource to others.

Classification of Wastes according to their Properties

Bio-degradable

can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)

Non-biodegradable

cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,

cans, containers and others)

Classification of Wastes according totheir Effects on Human Health and the EnvironmentHazardous wasteswaste that is reactive, toxic, corrosive, or

otherwise dangerous to living things and/or the environment. Many industrial by-products are hazardous.

Non-hazardous Substances safe to use commercially,

industrially, agriculturally, or economically.

From where these comes??

Solid Waste in India7.2 million tonnes of hazardous wasteOne Sq. km of additional landfill area

every-yearRs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal

of these wastes In addition to this industries discharge

about 150 million tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostly dumped on open low lying land areas.

Growth of Solid Waste In India In 1981-91, population of Mumbai

increased from 8.2 million to 12.3 million

During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown from 3200 tonnes to 5355 tonnes, an increase of 67%

Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities

City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per annum, the ever increasing waste has put pressure on hygienic condition of the city

Estimated waste generation is 1,00,000 MT/day.

Per capita waste generation ranges between 0.20 to 0.60 kg.

Waste collection efficiency in bigger sized cities ranges from 70 to 90% and in small sized towns it is up to 50-60%.

S.No City Municipal solid Waste (TPD) Per capita waste (Kg/day)

1. Ahmadabad 1,683 0.585

2. Bangalore 2,000 0.484

3. Bhopal 546 0.514

4. Bombay 5,355 0.436

5. Calcutta 3,692 0.383

6. Coimbatore 350 0.429

7. Delhi 4,000 0.475

8. Hyderabad 1,566 0.382

9. Indore 350 0.321

10 Jaipur 580 0.398

11 Kanpur 1,200 0.640

12 Kochi 347 0.518

13 Lucknow 1,010 0.623

14 Ludhiana 400 0.384

15 Madras 3,124 0.657

16 Madurai 370 0.392

17 Nagpur 443 0.273

18 Patna 330 0.360

19 Pune 700 0.312

20 Surat 900 0.600

21 Vadodara 400 0.389

22 Varanasi 412 0.400

23 Visakhapatnam 300 0.400

Risk Assessment

It is a tool used in risk management. It is the process that scientists and government officials use to estimate the increased risk of health problems in people who are exposed to different amounts of toxic substances.

Using risk estimates and other factors, the government can set regulatory standards to reduce people's exposures to toxic air pollutants and reduce the risk of experiencing health problems.

Steps in Risk Assessment

Hazard Identification

In MSW primary hazards for humans include pathogens andtheir toxins, organic chemicals (many of them are in commonhousehold items such as solvents and cleaners), and heavy metals (from items such as batteries and consumer electronics), as well as mechanical and related hazards.

Hazard Assessment

The most serious health threat, the heat tolerant fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, and several related fungi which cause “aspergillosis” (also known as “brown lung” disease) and other diseases like pulmonary disease , asthma etc.

This fungus, a well known product of silage, manure compost, and wastewater sludge compost, grows well on decaying vegetable matter.

Exposure Assessment

Exposure is the frequency, duration and intensity with which an agent or activity is presented to a subject by various routes .

Exposure can be direct, as for inhalation of MSW compost dusts and ingestion of compost/soil by children, or indirect by ingestion through the food chain(soil-> crop -> soil -> water-> invertebrate -> fish -> subject).

Where exposure is suspected, but not well described and predictable, the common practice is to monitor potentially affected people and the media (air, water, soil, or food) with which they come in contact.

Risk Characterization

Risk characterization sets the stage for risk assessment by developing both the models of exposure-response in test species and human beings and the means to convert one to the other.

Risk Assessment Once we have some knowledge of the distribution of

exposures over time and some understanding of the outcomes from different types of hazard, the formal risk assessment of SW can be undertaken.

Various strategies for risk assessment

1. Most exposed individual (MEI) The MEI approach attempts to estimate the exposure of different parts of the population.

2. Alternative Pollutant Limits (APL) uses realistic exposure scenarios and practical field data to identify the patterns of exposure likely to have unacceptable risk as well as those where risks are minimal.

3. Uncertainty Analysis It is an emerging approach that uses

sophisticated simulation technology to consider the full range and shape of available data and to estimate the frequency with which critical risk values are likely to be exceeded.

For MSW composting and its products it has not yet beenapplied because risk assessors must provide clear, consistent estimates regarding the level of uncertainty for each step and for the overall process.

Risk Management

Ultimately the purpose of risk assessment is to assist in risk management, that is, to help regulators, policy makers, and managers choose an appropriate course of action when necessary.

CONCLUSION

‘We are the inventor rather destroyer

We are the innovator rather polluter

We can use resource rather abuse it

We can utilize solids rather waste it’

Thank U